{"pk":17714,"title":"Optimizing a Drone Network to Respond to Opioid Overdoses","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Introduction: \nEffective out-of-hospital administration of naloxone in opioid overdoses is dependent on timely arrival of naloxone. Delays in emergency medical services (EMS) response time could potentially be overcome with drones to deliver naloxone efficiently to the scene for bystander use. Our objective was to evaluate a mathematical optimization simulation for geographical placement of drone bases in reducing response time to opioid overdose.\nMethods:\n Using retrospective data from a single EMS system from January 2016–February 2019, we created a geospatial drone-network model based on current technological specifications and potential base locations. Genetic optimization was then used to maximize county coverage by drones and the number of overdoses covered per drone base. From this model, we identified base locations that minimize response time and the number of drone bases required.\nResults: \nIn a drone network model with 2,327 opioid overdoses, as the number of modeled drone bases increased the calculated response time decreased. In a geospatially optimized drone network with four drone bases, response time compared to ambulance arrival was reduced by 4 minutes 38 seconds and covered 64.2% of the county.\nConclusion:\n In our analysis we found that in a mathematical model for geospatial optimization, implementing four drone bases could reduce response time of 9–1–1 calls for opioid overdoses. Therefore, drones could theoretically improve time to naloxone delivery.","language":"en","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"opioid, overdose, naloxone, drone"}],"section":"Behavioral Health","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6h1803gp","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Cox","name_suffix":"","institution":"Other","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Jinny","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Ye","name_suffix":"","institution":"Duke University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Durham, North Carolina","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Chixiang","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zhang","name_suffix":"","institution":"Duke University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Durham, North Carolina","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Lee","middle_name":"","last_name":"Van Vleet","name_suffix":"","institution":"Durham County Emergency Medical Services, Durham, North Carolina","department":"None"},{"first_name":"João","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Nickenig Vissoci","name_suffix":"","institution":"Duke University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Buckland","name_suffix":"","institution":"Duke University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Duke University, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Durham, North Carolina","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2022-12-14T00:47:06-08:00","date_accepted":"2022-12-14T00:47:06-08:00","date_published":"2023-08-30T13:32:05-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/17714/galley/9045/download/"}]}