{"pk":32900,"title":"Language Differences in Face-to-Face and Keyboard-to-Keyboard Tutoring Sessions","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Face-to-face and keyboard-to-keyboard tutoring sessions were recorded and analyzed as a first step in building a machine tutor that can understand and generate natural language dialogue. There were striking differences between these modes of interaction. The number of turns in an hour-long session dropped and so did the length of the sentences, although the number of sentences per turn stayed roughly the same. Students contributed 3 7 % of the words in the face-to-face sessions; their share dropped to 2 5 % in the keyboard sessions. Sentence structure is simpler in the keyboard sessions. The tutors ask more questions in the keyboard sessions; they explain this as a deliberate strategy to keep the dialogue going. The tutors also use a much wider range of expressions of acknowledgement in the keyboard sessions in a deliberate attempt to communicate verbally the kind of encouragement that is often expressed nonverbally in a face-to-face situation.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Paper Presentations -- Computer Interfaces","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7dh9q229","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jai","middle_name":"","last_name":"Seu","name_suffix":"","institution":"Illinois Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Ru-Charn","middle_name":"","last_name":"Chang","name_suffix":"","institution":"Illinois Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Jun","middle_name":"","last_name":"Li","name_suffix":"","institution":"Illinois Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Martha","middle_name":"","last_name":"Evens","name_suffix":"","institution":"Illinois Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Joel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Michael","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rush Medical College","department":""},{"first_name":"Allen","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rovick","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rush Medical College","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1991-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32900/galley/23960/download/"}]}