{"pk":41454,"title":"A case study on the risk of spread of citrus huanglongbing in family farming in São Paulo and Minas Gerais States, Brazil","subtitle":null,"abstract":"<p>Since its detection in Brazil in 2004, huanglongbin g (HLB) has caused expressive damage to the citrus belt in São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Paraná states. The disease incidence is higher in small groves mainly related to family farming. A risk analysis was performed in citrus regions in São Paulo and Minas Gerais with the objective of identifying the main factors associated with the introduction and spread of HLB in this farm profile. A structured questionnaire was applied comprising 27 closed questions with binary answers (0 or 1 as no or yes ) to 39 citrus growers along 12 municipalities. The regions were selected according to the HLB incidence and relevance of citrus family farming, and farms were assessed by non-probabilistic and convenience sampling. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to prioritize and weigh specific criteria related to the factors evaluated. Based on the answers, each farm was classified into four risk classes: low (0 to 0.25), intermediate (0.26 to 0.50), high (0.51 to 0.75) and very high (0.76 to 1). The introduction risks into the sampled farms were very high due to the disease occurrence in neighboring areas. However, factors that most contributed to the spread risk within groves were different between the two regions evaluated. In South MG, lack of basic knowledge about HLB pathosystem and low use of control measures were major issues, whereas in East SP the spread was more related to grove age, productivity and density, and absence of area-wide management.</p>","language":"eng","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"Citrus spp."},{"word":"Candidatus Liberibacter spp."},{"word":"Diaphorina citri"},{"word":"decision support"},{"word":"dissemination"},{"word":"production system"},{"word":"quarantine pest"}],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/74m566cc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Manuela","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sulzbach","name_suffix":"","institution":"Departamento de Horticultura e Silvicultura, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitotecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Ester","middle_name":"Alice","last_name":"Ferreira","name_suffix":"","institution":"Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Unidade Regional Sul, Rodovia Lavras/Ijaci Km 02, Campus da Universidade Federal Lavras, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Fernando","middle_name":"Alves de","last_name":"Azevedo","name_suffix":"","institution":"Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, Rod. Anhanguera, km 158, CEP 13490-970, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Renato","middle_name":"Beozzo","last_name":"Bassanezi","name_suffix":"","institution":"Fundecitrus, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Av. Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201, CEP 14807-040, Araraquara, SP, Brazil","department":""},{"first_name":"Sérgio","middle_name":"Francisco","last_name":"Schwarz","name_suffix":"","institution":"Departamento de Horticultura e Silvicultura, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitotecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Roberto","middle_name":"Pedroso de","last_name":"Oliveira","name_suffix":"","institution":"Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR-392, km 78, CEP 96010-971, Pelotas, RS, Brazil","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Francisco","middle_name":"Ferraz","last_name":"Laranjeira","name_suffix":"","institution":"Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Rua Embrapa, CEP 44380-000, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Eduardo","middle_name":"Augusto","last_name":"Girardi","name_suffix":"","institution":"Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Rua Embrapa, CEP 44380-000, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil and Fundecitrus, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Av. Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201, CEP 14807-040, Araraquara, SP, Brazil","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2021-02-19T14:54:45Z","date_accepted":"2025-12-17T00:16:42Z","date_published":"2025-05-19T07:00:00Z","render_galley":{"label":"Other","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/iocv_journalcitruspathology/article/41454/galley/47590/download/"},"galleys":[{"label":"Other","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/iocv_journalcitruspathology/article/41454/galley/47590/download/"}]}