{"pk":4307,"title":"Copper-based Metallurgy (up to 332 BCE)","subtitle":null,"abstract":"<p><em>Copper played a central role in the material culture of ancient Egypt. Appearing in the archaeological record as early as the fourth millennium BCE, copper and copper alloys were the most widely used metals throughout pharaonic history. Significant copper ore deposits, such as those of the Eastern Desert and Sinai, were located in proximity to the Nile Valley and were usually mined through large state-organized expeditions. In addition to textual and iconographic evidence, copper alloy objects constitute a valuable source for our understanding of the procurement, use, and circulation of goods within ancient Egyptian society. With the advancement of scientific methods their analysis has become part of the wider development of archaeometallurgy, which aims to shed light on the entire production chain of metals in their historical and social contexts. Indeed, Egyptology, archaeology, and archaeometallurgy are complementary and can benefit from the same research questions.</em></p>","language":"eng","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"Copper-alloy"},{"word":"Metallurgy"},{"word":"production"}],"section":"Material Culture, Art and Architecture","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rn017r8","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Frederik","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rademakers","name_suffix":"","institution":"British Museum","department":"Department of Scientific Research"},{"first_name":"Martin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Odler","name_suffix":"","institution":"Charles University, Prague","department":"Czech Institute of Egyptology","country":"Czech Republic"},{"first_name":"Johannes","middle_name":"","last_name":"Auenmüller","name_suffix":"","institution":"Museo Egizio, Turin","department":"None","country":"Italy"}],"date_submitted":"2009-01-12T18:46:44Z","date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2024-09-29T16:57:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"Corrected version","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/nelc_uee/article/4307/galley/28662/download/"}]}