Introduction: Ambulances are often left to idle, which may contribute to maintenance costs, environmental harm, and resource inefficiencies. Engine idling affects the health of first responders due to the consequences of exhaust. Our study objective was to gain understanding of current emergency medical services (EMS) policies and perspectives on ambulance engine idling.
\nMethods: We designed an anonymous, 48-question survey that was distributed to all levels of EMS clinicians. There were 684 total survey responses from 11 states. We excluded those that only included demographics, yielding 507 responses. The response rate was 10.8%. The questions surveyed demographics, service characteristics, and current policies and perspectives on idling. We used multiple question types, including some that asked participants to rate their level of concern on a five-point Likert scale. “Strongly disagree” was coded as 1, and “strongly agree” was coded as 5. “Neither agree or disagree” was considered a neutral response and was coded as 3. Additionally, we conducted a thematic analysis on data derived from the free-text responses to identify themes.
\nResults: Few (12%) respondents reported written policies on idling. The biggest concerns regarding idling involved the following (reported as median (IQR, 25th and 75th percentiles): patient comfort (4, IQR 4-5); EMS clinician comfort (4, IQR 4-5), and medication compromise (4, IQR 4-5). There was a neutral level of concern regarding equipment failure (3, IQR 3-4) and response delays (3, IQR 3-5). There was a less than neutral level of concern regarding engine failure (2, IQR 2-4); vehicle theft (2, IQR 2-4), air quality (2, IQR 2-3); increased fuel usage (2, IQR 2-3); and carbon emissions (2, IQR 2-3). Six themes emerged: fear of harming patient; safety; effects on air quality; habits and indifference; cost of idling; and frustration.
\nConclusion: Emergency medical services clinicians mainly hesitate to turn off their engines out of concern for patient/personnel harm and potential equipment failure. The theme of frustration, noted in free-text responses, describes EMS clinicians’ feelings of suspicion and concern for an ulterior motive behind the study, which highlights the need for a collaborative effort at addressing this collective issue.
","language":"eng","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"ambulances"},{"word":"emergency medical services"},{"word":"environment"},{"word":"surveys and questionnaires"},{"word":"policy"},{"word":"Public health"}],"section":"Emergency Medical Services","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3g3339kk","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Matthew","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lyons","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky","department":""},{"first_name":"Aaron","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Kuzel","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky","department":""},{"first_name":"Stephen","middle_name":"","last_name":"Marks","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky","department":""},{"first_name":"Craig","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ziegler","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Louisville, Office of Graduate Medical Education, Louisville, Kentucky","department":""},{"first_name":"Kahra","middle_name":"","last_name":"Nix","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2025-04-07T07:24:50.940000+06:00","date_accepted":"2025-07-08T09:02:53.674000+06:00","date_published":"2025-09-26T08:45:00+06:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/47186/galley/40004/download/"}]}