Introduction: Vital sign monitoring is essential to the management of critically ill and injured patients. Recent advances in patient monitoring systems have the potential to improve outcomes by providing real-time data and predictive insights, which are particularly valuable in prehospital and resource-limited settings. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess the capabilities, performance, and clinical impact of patient monitoring technologies designed for these environments.
\nMethods: In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we conducted a systematic review using PubMed and Scopus search engines on studies published between 2018-2022 that proposed or tested novel patient monitorint systems with utility in prehospital or resource-limited settings. Two reviewers independently screened studies, and discrepancies were resolved by a senior author. Of 217 studies identified in the search, 40 met the proposed inclusion criteria.
\nResults: Compared to standard platforms, wearable and contactless systems for patient monitoring demonstrated high accuracy but with delayed responsiveness and less reliable temperature measurements. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based platforms consistently outperformed well-accepted scoring systems in predicting outcomes such as mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and clinical decompensation. In this review we summarize proposals for prototypes of integrated patient monitoring systems that combine biosensors, AI algorithms, global positioning system, and wireless communication designed to facilitate triage in prehospital settings, and we then compare their components. Various platforms were piloted and demonstrated minimal disruption to workflow and positive user feedback, although most lacked comprehensive cost analyses.
\nConclusions: Emerging patient monitoring system technologies may enhance remote triage and care delivery, particularly in resource-limited settings. However, significant barriers remain, including cost, limited testing in real-world environments, and the lack of higher tiers of evidence. Future efforts should prioritize field-based testing, usability in low-resource settings, and cost-effectiveness analyses to guide clinical adoption.
","language":"eng","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"prehospital"},{"word":"emergency medical services"},{"word":"vital signs"},{"word":"triage"}],"section":"Emergency Medical Services","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0496b9zg","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Justin","middle_name":"E.","last_name":"Markel","name_suffix":"","institution":"Huntington Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Pasadena, California","department":""},{"first_name":"Tanner","middle_name":"","last_name":"Smida","name_suffix":"","institution":"West Virginia University School of Medicine, Department of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Morgantown, West Virginia","department":""},{"first_name":"Brad","middle_name":"","last_name":"Price","name_suffix":"","institution":"West Virginia University, Department of Business and Economics, Morgantown, West Virginia","department":""},{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bardes","name_suffix":"","institution":"West Virginia University School of Medicine, Department of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Morgantown, West Virginia","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2025-04-15T17:55:58.539000Z","date_accepted":"2025-11-20T21:28:38.834000Z","date_published":"2026-02-11T03:54:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/47239/galley/49069/download/"}]}