{"pk":50853,"title":"Quantifying History Across Eras: Benchmarking the Battle of Granicus from Troy to WWII through DEA Analysis","subtitle":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper aims to suggest Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), as a preliminary tool of military efficiency. This approach examines battles as a decision-making unit (DMU) characterized by multiple inputs and outputs. Data: Data are measurable indicators such as battles won, territorial expansion, casualties, and historical impact. By assigning quantitative values, the study facilitates cross-temporal comparisons of military effectiveness. Analysis: The strategic performance of Alexander the Great at the Battle of Granicus River (334 BCE) serves as a primary case study of DEA employment. The scope of analysis extends to a range of historically significant conflicts, from the Trojan War to World War II to compare with and be used as benchmarks. Results: The study demonstrates the practical utility of quantifying historical events into a single comparable metric, facilitating clearer comparisons across diverse battles ranked from highest to lowest values. </p>","language":"eng","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"Quantifying history"},{"word":"Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)"},{"word":"Battle of Granicus River"},{"word":"Battlefield Benchmarking"},{"word":"Military History Modeling"}],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/07k5m5q4","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Christina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Laspa","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""},{"first_name":"Alexander","middle_name":"","last_name":"Laspas","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2025-09-05T21:32:30.543000Z","date_accepted":"2025-11-18T12:09:13.950000Z","date_published":"2025-12-25T09:32:00Z","render_galley":{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cliodynamics/article/50853/galley/48751/download/"},"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cliodynamics/article/50853/galley/48751/download/"}]}