{"pk":5361,"title":"Subjective and Real Time: Coding Under Different Drug States","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Organisms are constantly extracting information from the temporal structure of the environment, which allows them to select appropriate actions and predict impending changes.  Several lines of research have suggested that interval timing is modulated by the dopaminergic system.  It has been proposed that higher levels of dopamine cause an internal clock to speed up, whereas less dopamine causes a deceleration of the clock.  In most experiments the subjects are first trained to perform a timing task while drug free.  Consequently, most of what is known about the influence of dopaminergic modulation of timing is on well-established timing performance.  In the current study the impact of altered DA on the acquisition of temporal control was the focal question.  Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed randomly into three different groups (haloperidol, d-amphetamine or vehicle).  Each animal received an injection 15 min prior to the start of every session from the beginning of interval training.  The subjects were trained in a Fixed Interval (FI) 16s schedule followed by training on a peak procedure in which 64s non-reinforced peak trials were intermixed with FI trials.  In a final test session all subjects were given vehicle injections and 10 consecutive non-reinforced peak trials to see if training under drug conditions altered the encoding of time.  The current study suggests that administration of drugs that modulate dopamine do not alter the encoding temporal durations but do acutely affect the initiation of responding.","language":"en","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"timing"},{"word":"Temporal Information Processing"},{"word":"acquisition"},{"word":"Recall"},{"word":"Haloperidol"},{"word":"methamphetamine"},{"word":"dopamine"}],"section":"Special Issue on Timing and Time Perception","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6hf5t7zz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Hugo","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sanchez-Castillo","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Kathleen","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Taylor","name_suffix":"","institution":"Department of Psychology\nColumbia University","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Ryan","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Ward","name_suffix":"","institution":"Department of Psychology\nUniversity of Otago","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Diana","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Paz-Trejo","name_suffix":"","institution":"Neuropsychopharmacology and Timing Lab.\nDepto. de Psicobiología y Neurociencias\nUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Maria","middle_name":"","last_name":"Arroyo-Araujo","name_suffix":"","institution":"Neuropsychopharmacology and Timing Lab.\nDepto. de Psicobiología y Neurociencias\nUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Oscar","middle_name":"","last_name":"Galicia Castillo","name_suffix":"","institution":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias\nUniversidad Iberoamericana","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Peter","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Balsam","name_suffix":"","institution":"New York State Psychiatric Institute\nDepartment of Psychiatry\nColumbia University","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2015-04-14T19:05:41Z","date_accepted":"2015-04-14T19:05:41Z","date_published":"2015-11-02T22:26:36Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5361/galley/3217/download/"}]}