{"pk":5819,"title":"Do Marine Mammals Experience Stress Related to Anthropogenic Noise?","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper could not have been written without the financial and organizational support from Dieter Paulmann and Jo Hastie respectively. Thanks are also due to two anonymous reviewers, whose comments on an earlier version of the manuscript greatly improved the paper. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone and do not represent those of Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, the U.S. National Marine Sanctuary Program, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA and/or any other institution or agency. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Andrew Wright, Leviathan Sciences, U.S.A. (marinebrit@gmail.com). Sound travels much further than light in the marine environment. As a result, marine mammals, especially cetaceans, rely heavily on sound for many important life functions, including breeding and foraging. This reliance on sound means it is quite likely that exposure to noise will have some detrimental effects on these life functions. However, there has been little application to marine mammals of the knowledge available in other species of stress responses to noise and other stressors. In this paper we begin to integrate what is known about marine mammals with the current knowledge gained in terrestrial mammals about stress physiology, specifically considering physiological and psychological context and thus also cumulative and synergistic impacts. We determined that it is reasonable to extrapolate information regarding stress responses in other species to marine mammals, because these responses are highly conserved among all species in which they have been examined to date. As a result, we determined that noise acts as a stressor to marine mammals. Furthermore, given that marine mammals will likely respond in a manner consistent with other species studied, repeated and prolonged exposures to stressors (including or induced by noise) will be problematic for marine mammals of all ages. A range of issues may arise from the extended stress response including, but not limited to, suppression of reproduction (physiologically and behaviorally), accelerated aging and sickness-like symptoms. We also determined that interpretation of a reduction in behavioral responses to noise as acclimation will be a mistake in many situations, as alternative reasons for the observed results are much more likely. We recommend that research be conducted on both stress responses and life-history consequences of noise exposure in marine mammals, while emphasizing that very careful study designs will be required. We also recommend that managers incorporate the findings presented here in decisions regarding activities that expose marine mammals to noise. In particular, the effects of cumulative and synergistic responses to stressors can be very important and should not be dismissed lightly.","language":"en","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology"},{"word":"Behavior"},{"word":"Behaviour"},{"word":"learning"},{"word":"Behavioral Taxonomy"},{"word":"cognition"},{"word":"Cognitive Processes"},{"word":"Conditioning"},{"word":"marine mammal"},{"word":"Experience"},{"word":"Stress"},{"word":"anthropogenic"},{"word":"Noise"},{"word":"Cetacean"}],"section":"Research Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6t16b8gw","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Andrew","middle_name":"J","last_name":"Wright","name_suffix":"","institution":"Leviathan Sciences, U.S.A.","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Natacha","middle_name":"Aguilar","last_name":"Soto","name_suffix":"","institution":"La Laguna University, Spain","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Ann","middle_name":"Linda","last_name":"Baldwin","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Arizona, U.S.A","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Melissa","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bateson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Newcastle University, United Kingdom","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Colin","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Beale","name_suffix":"","institution":"Macaulay Institute, United Kingdom","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Charlotte","middle_name":"","last_name":"Clark","name_suffix":"","institution":"Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Terrence","middle_name":"","last_name":"Deak","name_suffix":"","institution":"State University of New York at Binghamton, U.S.A.","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Elizabeth","middle_name":"F.","last_name":"Edwards","name_suffix":"","institution":"Southwest Fisheries Science Center U.S.A.","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Antonio","middle_name":"","last_name":"Fernández","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Ana","middle_name":"","last_name":"Godinho","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Leila","middle_name":"T","last_name":"Hatch","name_suffix":"","institution":"Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.A.","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Antje","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kakuschke","name_suffix":"","institution":"GKSS Research Centre, Institute for Coastal Research, Germany","department":"None"},{"first_name":"David","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lusseau","name_suffix":"","institution":"Dalhousie University, Canada University of Aberdeen,United Kingdom","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Martineau","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Montreal, Canada","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"L","last_name":"Romero","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tufts University, U.S.A.","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Linda","middle_name":"S","last_name":"Weilgart","name_suffix":"","institution":"Dalhousie University, Canada","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Brendan","middle_name":"A","last_name":"Wintle","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Melbourne, Australia","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Giuseppe","middle_name":"","last_name":"Notarbartolo-di-Sciara","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tethys Research Institute, Italy","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Vidal","middle_name":"","last_name":"Martin","name_suffix":"","institution":"Society for the Study of Cetaceans in the Canary Archipelago (SECAC) / Canary Island Cetacean Museum, Spain","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2009-04-29T09:00:00+02:00","date_accepted":"2009-04-29T09:00:00+02:00","date_published":"2007-12-31T09:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5819/galley/3574/download/"}]}