{"pk":62152,"title":"The 2nd/3rd Sg. Endings of the Future Passive Imperative in Latin","subtitle":null,"abstract":"

In this paper I provide a comprehensive analysis of the 51 instances I have found of the future passive imperative in Latin, offering new suggestions about the chronology of the creation of the three different 2nd/3rd singular endings, -tō, -minō, and -tor, and their usage. The data suggest that -minō is the most archaic ending attested for the 2nd/3rd sg. future passive imperative. I argue that the preserved instances of passive use of the ending -tō represent a more recent development rather than deriving directly from the situation reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European. In Latin, this use seems instead to be a transfer of the active ending onto deponents via common verbs. Further, the lack of transparency of the ending -minō has several consequences for this verbal category in Latin, such as the creation of a more clearly marked passive ending -tor. I consider also whether the situation in Latin reflects a paradigmatic gap.

","language":"eng","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"imperative"},{"word":"Latin"},{"word":"second person"},{"word":"third person"},{"word":"singular"},{"word":"Ending"},{"word":"future"},{"word":"passive"},{"word":"active"},{"word":"deponent"},{"word":"verb"}],"section":"Paper","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1tx5v8p8","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Sólveig","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hilmarsdóttir","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Cambridge","department":"","country":"United Kingdom"}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":"2025-11-19T09:25:00+06:00","date_published":"2026-01-22T11:41:00+06:00","render_galley":{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/weciec/article/62152/galley/48005/download/"},"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/weciec/article/62152/galley/48005/download/"}]}