{"pk":62797,"title":"Chemically Enhanced Treatment Wetland to Improve Water Quality and Mitigate Land Subsidence in the Sacramento‒San Joaquin Delta: Cost and Design Considerations","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Water quality impairment and land surface subsidence threaten the viability of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (Delta), a critical component of California’s water conveyance system. Current-day irrigation drainage through Delta island peat soils affects drinking water treatment and is linked to mercury transport, potentially posing both ecological and public health concerns. To cost-effectively treat agricultural drainage water from subsided Delta islands to reduce the export of drinking Water Quality Constituents of Concern and mitigate land subsidence through accretion, we studied hybrid coagulation-treatment wetland systems, termed Chemically Enhanced Treatment Wetlands (CETWs). We provide cost estimates and design recommendations to aid broader implementation of this technology. Over a 20-year horizon using a Total Annualized Cost analysis, we estimate treatment costs of $602 to $747 per acre-foot (ac‑ft) water treated, and $36 to $70 per kg dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removed, depending upon source water DOC concentrations for a small 3-acre CETW system. For larger CETW systems scaled for island sizes of 3,500 to 14,000 acres, costs decrease to $108 to $239 per ac-ft water treated, and $11 to $14 per kg DOC removed. We estimated the footprints of CETW systems to be approximately 3% of the area being treated for 4-day hydraulic retention time (HRT) systems, but they would decrease to less than 1% for 1-day HRT systems. CETWs ultimately address several of the Delta’s key internal issues while keeping water treatment costs competitive with other currently available treatment technologies at similar scales on a per-carbon-removed basis. CETWs offer a reliable system to reduce out-going DOC and mercury loads, and they provide the additional benefit of sediment accretion. System costs and treatment efficacy depend significantly on inflow source water conditions, land availability, and other practical matters. To keep costs low and removal efficacy high, wetland design features will need site-specific evaluation.","language":"en","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"coagulation"},{"word":"hybrid treatment wetland"},{"word":"in situ water treatment"},{"word":"dissolved organic carbon"},{"word":"mercury"},{"word":"disinfection byproducts"},{"word":"nutrients"},{"word":"cost analysis"},{"word":"treatment system design"},{"word":"land accretion"}],"section":"Research Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/968934w3","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Philip","middle_name":"A. M.","last_name":"Bachand","name_suffix":"","institution":"Bachand & Associates","department":""},{"first_name":"Tamara","middle_name":"E. C.","last_name":"Kraus","name_suffix":"","institution":"California Water Science Center\nU.S. Geological Survey","department":""},{"first_name":"William","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Horwarth","name_suffix":"","institution":"Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources\nUniversity of California, Davis","department":""},{"first_name":"Nathan","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Hatch","name_suffix":"","institution":"Bachand & Associates","department":""},{"first_name":"Sandra","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Bachand","name_suffix":"","institution":"Bachand & Associates","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2019-09-13T14:10:08-07:00","date_accepted":"2019-09-13T14:10:08-07:00","date_published":"2019-09-19T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/jmie_sfews/article/62797/galley/48478/download/"}]}