{"count":38755,"next":"https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=json&limit=100&offset=13800","previous":"https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=json&limit=100&offset=13600","results":[{"pk":30110,"title":"Linguistic stability and change under small-scale egalitarian language contact: amixture model approach","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the outcomes of small-scale egalitar-ian language contact in an attempt to address whether differentlinguistic domains exhibit different degrees of stability and re-sistance to convergence among cohabitant speakers of Jahaiand Jedek, two closely related Aslian (Austroasiatic) languagevarieties spoken in northern Peninsular Malaysia. Using non-parametric Bayesian mixture models, we find that basic vocab-ulary items show a signal that strongly matches the linguisticidentity of individuals, while data from other domains do not.This result is in agreement with other findings from the studyof language contact: basic vocabulary is said to be a domainwhere distinctions in linguistic identity are often emphasizedand maintained, while other parts of the vocabulary may beless salient for the purposes of indexing speaker identity, andare thus more prone to the effects of convergence. We demon-strate that this finding is an artifact of neither data coverage normodel choice; at the same time, we are able to identify varia-tion in basic vocabulary items across linguistic groups which issuppressed by the model we use, and outline alternative meth-ods for analyzing data of this sort.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Linguistics; Language contact; Languagechange; Bayesian modeling"}],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3b280987","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Chundra","middle_name":"Aroor","last_name":"Cathcart","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Zurich","department":""},{"first_name":"Joanne","middle_name":"","last_name":"Yager","name_suffix":"","institution":"Lund University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30110/galley/19964/download/"}]},{"pk":29758,"title":"Listeners Big Five Personality Traits Predict Changes in Pupil Size During SpokenLanguage Comprehension","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We report on findings from a pupillometry study that investigated auditory language comprehension in adults. Specifically,we assessed the participants Big Five traits and correlated them with changes in pupil size in response to socio-culturalclashes violating common gender stereotypes, such as I always buy my bras at Hudsons Bay spoken by a male speaker.Morpho-syntactic errors, such as She usually drive (as opposed to drives) her car slowly, and semantic anomalies, such asPeople often read heads (as opposed to books), were included as controls.Results obtained from 88 native speakers of North American English suggest that the processing of different kinds oflinguistic clashes is correlated with different Big Five traits. The results expand on findings in Hubert and Jrvikivi (2019),and add support to theories of linguistic comprehension in which extra-linguistic variables are considered early in theprocess (see e.g. Van Berkum et al., 2008, 2009).","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/85p3d30p","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Isabell","middle_name":"Hubert","last_name":"Lyall","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Alberta","department":""},{"first_name":"Juhani","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jrvikivi","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Alberta","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29758/galley/19613/download/"}]},{"pk":30042,"title":"Look before you leap: Quantitative tradeoffs between peril and reward in actionunderstanding","subtitle":null,"abstract":"When we reason about the goals of others, how do we balance the positive outcomes that actions led to, with the potentiallybad ways those actions could have ended? In a four-part experiment, we tested whether and how adults (full study) and6- to 8-year-old children (ongoing study) expect other agents to take account of the ways their goal-directed action couldhave failed. Across 4 different tasks, we found that adults expected others to negatively appraise perilous situations (deeptrenches), to minimize the danger of their actions, and to trade off danger and reward in their action plans. Our preliminarychildrens study shows similar trends. These results suggest that people appeal to peril-how badly things could go if onesactions fail-when explaining and predicting other peoples actions, and also make quantitative inferences that are finelytuned to the degree of peril and reward that others face.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7tt8j524","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Nensi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gjata","name_suffix":"","institution":"Harvard University","department":""},{"first_name":"Tomer","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Ullman","name_suffix":"","institution":"Harvard University","department":""},{"first_name":"Elizabeth","middle_name":"","last_name":"Spelke","name_suffix":"","institution":"Harvard University","department":""},{"first_name":"Shari","middle_name":"","last_name":"Liu","name_suffix":"","institution":"Harvard University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30042/galley/19896/download/"}]},{"pk":30072,"title":"Looking downward to the future: Chinese minds eye in time space","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Westerners are reported to more often direct their eyes upward when thinking about the future and downward whenconceptualizing the past. It is unknown whether this vertical space-time mapping is universally true. We studied Mandarinspeakers gaze positions when they mentally displaced themselves for one minute into the past or future. Unlike westerners,Chinese directed their eyes more downward when conceptualizing the future than the past; such effects were not due todifferences in emotion or thinking difficulty between the past and future. Another study of Chinese peoples eyes duringsentence comprehension showed that participants had higher gazing positions when processing past-related sentencesthan when processing future-related sentences. These eye-gaze related correlates of a vertical mental timeline appearedearlier when processing sentences with space-time metaphors than with neutral time expressions. The differences betweenChinese and westerners show that language and culture can shape peoples eye movements when processing time.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5k44r8q4","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Yeqiu","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zheng","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tilburg University","department":""},{"first_name":"Yan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gu","name_suffix":"","institution":"University College London","department":""},{"first_name":"Rein","middle_name":"","last_name":"Cozijn","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tilburg University","department":""},{"first_name":"Marc","middle_name":"","last_name":"Swerts","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tilburg University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30072/galley/19926/download/"}]},{"pk":29425,"title":"Loss Functions Modulate the Optimal Bias-Variance Trade-off","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Prediction problems vary in the extent to which accuracy isrewarded and inaccuracy is penalized—i.e., in their loss func-tions. Here, we focus on a particular feature of loss functionsthat controls how much large errors are penalized relative tohow much precise correctness is rewarded: convexity. Weshow that prediction problems with convex loss functions (i.e.,those in which large errors are particularly harmful) favor sim-pler models that tend to be biased, but exhibit low variability.Conversely, problems with concave loss functions (in whichprecise correctness is particularly rewarded) favor more com-plex models that are less biased, but exhibit higher variabil-ity. We discuss how this relationship between the bias-variancetrade-off and the shape of the loss function may help explainfeatures of human psychology, such as dual-process psychol-ogy and fast versus slow learning strategies, and inform statis-tical inference.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Judgment; decision-making; dual-process theory;statistics"}],"section":"Complex Dynamics","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0cw501c4","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Adam","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bear","name_suffix":"","institution":"Harvard University","department":""},{"first_name":"Fiery","middle_name":"","last_name":"Cushman","name_suffix":"","institution":"Harvard University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29425/galley/19285/download/"}]},{"pk":29979,"title":"Machine Learning Optimizes Assessment: New Insights for the Development ofNumerosity Estimation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In a conventional number-line task, a given number that varies every trial is estimated on a line flanked with 0 and anupper-bound number. An upper-bound number is often arbitrarily selected, although this design variable has been shownto affect non-linearity in estimates. Examining estimates of varying given numbers (design variable 1) with varying upper-bound numbers (design variable 2) can be costly because adding another design variable into the task drastically increasesthe number of trials required to examine the numerical representation. In the present study, a novel Bayesian machinelearning algorithm, dubbed Gaussian Process Active Learning (GPAL), was used to make this costly paradigm feasible bypresenting only the most informative combinations of the design variables every trial. We found that children were morelogarithmic than adults across upper bounds, replicating log-to-linear shifts in development. More importantly, childrenand even educated adults became more logarithmic as the upper bound increased, indicating the persistent use of logrepresentation across age groups.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1ng594bq","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Sang","middle_name":"Ho","last_name":"Lee","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Dan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kim","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""},{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"","last_name":"Opfer","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Mark","middle_name":"","last_name":"Pitt","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Jay","middle_name":"","last_name":"Myung","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29979/galley/19833/download/"}]},{"pk":29345,"title":"Making Science Accessible: A Co-design of Non-visual Representations for VisuallyImpaired Students","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Psychology Education; Accessibility; InclusiveDesign; Co-design; Cross-sensory Representation"}],"section":"Workshop","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6kk6b669","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Christopher","middle_name":"","last_name":"Schiafone","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Guelph-Humber","department":""},{"first_name":"Runa","middle_name":"","last_name":"Patel","name_suffix":"","institution":"York University","department":""},{"first_name":"Pui","middle_name":"Yee Nikkie","last_name":"To","name_suffix":"","institution":"OCAD University","department":""},{"first_name":"Peter","middle_name":"","last_name":"Coppin","name_suffix":"","institution":"OCAD University","department":""},{"first_name":"Marta","middle_name":"","last_name":"Wnuczko","name_suffix":"","institution":"OCAD University","department":""},{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ingino","name_suffix":"","institution":"SenseTech Solutions","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29345/galley/19206/download/"}]},{"pk":29828,"title":"Malleability of Working Memory Through Chess in Schoolchildren—\nA Two-Year Intervention Study","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Working memory is the ability to actively maintain\ninformation in conscious awareness, carry out cognitive\noperations on it, and produce an outcome. Working\nmemory holds a small amount of information in the mind\nand is used in the execution of cognitive tasks, in contrast\nto long-term memory, which is extensive. Many\nimportant cognitive behaviors, such as reading,\nreasoning, and problem-solving, require working\nmemory because for each of these activities, some\ninformation must be maintained in an accessible state\nwhile new information is processed and potentially\ndistracting information is ignored. While the effect of\nchess training on intelligence and academic performance\nhas been examined, its impact on working memory needs\nto be studied. This study, funded by the Cognitive Science\nResearch Initiative, Department of Science and\nTechnology, Government of India, analyzed the effect of\n2-year chess training on the working memory of children.\nA pretest–posttest with control group design was used.\nThe randomly selected sample consisted of 88 children in\nthe experimental group and 90 children in the control\ngroup for the baseline and first-year assessments.\nChildren of both genders studying in school (grades 3 to\n9) comprised the sample. At the second-year assessment,\nthere were 80 children in the experimental group and 77\nin the control group. The experimental group underwent\nweekly chess training for 2 years, while the control group\nwas actively involved in sports and extracurricular\nactivities offered by the school. Working memory was\nmeasured by two subtests of Wechsler Intelligence Scale\nfor Children—Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) INDIA. The\nchildren were trained using Winning Moves curriculum,\naudiovisual learning method, hands-on chess training and\nrecording the games using score sheets, and analyzing\ntheir mistakes. They were also trained in Opening theory,\nCheckmating techniques, End-game theory, and Tactical\nprinciples. Analysis of covariance revealed that the\nexperimental group had significant gains in working\nmemory compared to the control group. The present study\nsupports a link between chess training and working\nmemory. The transfer of skills acquired in chess training\nto the improvement of working memory could be\nattributed to the fact that while playing chess, children\nevaluate positions, visualize new positions in their mind,\nevaluate the pros and cons of each move, and choose\nmoves based on the information stored in their mind. If\nworking memory’s capacity could be expanded or made\nto function more efficiently, it could result in the\nimprovement of executive functions as well as the\nscholastic performance of the child.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Chess training; cognitive development;\nexecutive functions; schoolchildren; working memory"}],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/55g8446v","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ebenezer","middle_name":"","last_name":"Joseph","name_suffix":"","institution":"P&T Audit Office (India)","department":""},{"first_name":"Veena","middle_name":"","last_name":"Easvaradoss","name_suffix":"","institution":"Women’s Christian College (India)","department":""},{"first_name":"Suneera","middle_name":"","last_name":"Abraham","name_suffix":"","institution":"Emmanuel Chess Centre- DST Project (India)","department":""},{"first_name":"Sweta","middle_name":"","last_name":"Vaddadi","name_suffix":"","institution":"Emmanuel Chess Centre- DST Project (India)","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29828/galley/19682/download/"}]},{"pk":29940,"title":"May I Have Your Attention? Testing a Subjective Attention Scale","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The concept of ‘attention’ – our ability to focus on particularparts of the world - is a seemingly simple one. Research,however, often driven by clinicians need to diagnoseattentional deficits after brain injuries, has demonstrated itscomplexity. This has resulted in significant testing beingrequired to assess the full range of attentional abilities.Herein, we designed a Subjective Attention Scale, consistingof 15 Likert-scale questions based on five types of attentionidentified by Sohlberg and Mateer (1989). Preliminary datasuggested the scale had good psychometric properties(Cronback’s α > 0.8) and an interpretable factor structure (4factors; 49% of variance). However, it showed almost nosignificant correlations with measures from six laboratorytests of attention. Instead, analyses suggest peoples’subjective beliefs regarding their attentional abilities mapmore closely onto the Conscientiousness personality trait thanthose traits identified from clinical work.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"attention; subjective attention; inhibition;metacognition; cognitive ability; personality."}],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xm625qt","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Matthew","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Welsh","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Adelaide","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29940/galley/19794/download/"}]},{"pk":29613,"title":"Measuring memory integration: A metric tapping memory representation ratherthan inference","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Our ability to link related events could be supported either byconnecting their representations in memory, or by storing themseparately but integrating their content when later drawinginferences. Here, we adapted classic memory contingencyanalyses to develop and validate an integration index designedto tap stored representations. We conducted three pre-registered experiments adopting this metric. We found positiverecall dependency for associations experienced both within thesame and across different events. Compared to a conventionalinference test, we found that recall dependency was moresensitive to a manipulation of memory integration. Leveragingrecall dependency to investigate individual differencesrevealed that better memory for contextual detail wasassociated with faster inference judgments, consistent withhigh-fidelity representations of related memories—but only forpeople who tended to store memories separately. Ourapproach, thus, provides an important tool to illuminate howrelated events are represented in memory.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"cued recall; episodic memory; memoryintegration; memory interference; pattern separation"}],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6n24t68x","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Wangjing","middle_name":"","last_name":"Yu","name_suffix":"","institution":"Columbia University","department":""},{"first_name":"Margaret","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Schlichting","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Toronto","department":""},{"first_name":"Katherine","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Duncan","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Toronto","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29613/galley/19472/download/"}]},{"pk":29558,"title":"Measuring neural correlates of infant statistical learning using functionalnear-infrared spectroscopy","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Statistical learning may be a key component of language learning in infancy, yet its neural basis is not well established. Thegoal of this study was to measure prefrontal cortical activity during auditory statistical learning, and to determine whetherthis activity predicted infants learning of statistical structure. Using non-invasive functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS), we recorded changes in blood oxygenation in lateral and medial prefrontal cortex in 8.5-10.5 month old infants(n=34) while they were exposed to statistical speech patterns. The stimuli consisted of 20-second videos of infant-directedspeakers speaking in either a statistical pattern or in a repeated syllable string. We found a positive association betweenright lateral prefrontal cortex activation during exposure to novel statistical speech structures, and subsequent learning ofthese patterns. These results contribute to growing evidence that prefrontal cortical activity during infancy is measurableand correlated with learning.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4335x42z","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Halie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Olson","name_suffix":"","institution":"MIT","department":""},{"first_name":"Lindsey","middle_name":"","last_name":"Powell","name_suffix":"","institution":"MIT","department":""},{"first_name":"Rebecca","middle_name":"","last_name":"Saxe","name_suffix":"","institution":"MIT","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29558/galley/19418/download/"}]},{"pk":29464,"title":"Measuring prosodic predictability in children’s home language environments","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Children learn language from the speech in their home envi-ronment. Recent work shows that more infant-directed speech(IDS) leads to stronger lexical development. But what makesIDS a particularly useful learning signal? Here, we expandon an attention-based account first proposed by R ̈as ̈anen etal. (2018): that prosodic modifications make IDS less pre-dictable, and thus more interesting. First, we reproduce thecritical finding from R ̈as ̈anen et al.: that lab-recorded IDS pitchis less predictable compared to adult-directed speech (ADS).Next, we show that this result generalizes to the home lan-guage environment, finding that IDS in daylong recordings isalso less predictable than ADS but that this pattern is muchless robust than for IDS recorded in the lab. These results linkexperimental work on attention and prosodic modifications ofIDS to real-world language-learning environments, highlight-ing some challenges of scaling up analyses of IDS to largerdatasets that better capture children’s actual input.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"prosody; infant-directed speech; language acqui-sition; computational reproducibility"}],"section":"Language and Uncertainty","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/24n2t490","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kyle","middle_name":"","last_name":"MacDonald","name_suffix":"","institution":"McD Tech Labs","department":""},{"first_name":"Okko","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rasanen","name_suffix":"","institution":"Aalto University","department":""},{"first_name":"Marisa","middle_name":"","last_name":"Casillas","name_suffix":"","institution":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics","department":""},{"first_name":"Anne","middle_name":"S.","last_name":"Warlaumont","name_suffix":"","institution":"UCLA","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29464/galley/19324/download/"}]},{"pk":29718,"title":"Measuring the costs of planning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Which information is worth considering depends on how much effort it would take to acquire and process it. Fromthis perspective peoples tendency to neglect considering the long-term consequences of their actions (present bias) mightreflect that looking further into the future becomes increasingly more effortful. In this work, we introduce and validatethe use of Bayesian Inverse Reinforcement Learning (BIRL) for measuring individual differences in the subjective costsof planning. We extend the resource-rational model of human planning introduced by Callaway, Lieder, et al. (2018) byparameterizing the cost of planning. Using BIRL, we show that increased subjective cost for considering future outcomesmay be associated with both the present bias and acting without planning. Our results highlight testing the causal effectsof the cost of planning on both present bias and mental effort avoidance as a promising direction for future work.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4hp038xk","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Valkyrie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Felso","name_suffix":"","institution":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems","department":""},{"first_name":"Yash","middle_name":"Raj","last_name":"Jain","name_suffix":"","institution":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems","department":""},{"first_name":"Falk","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lieder","name_suffix":"","institution":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29718/galley/19575/download/"}]},{"pk":30118,"title":"Memory enhancement from surprise: Investigating threshold and incrementalaccounts","subtitle":null,"abstract":"How might surprise influence memory and learning? Isolating an item from an established category induces surprise andresults in better memory. However, it is less clear whether the degree of induced surprise correlates with better memory,or whether – regardless of degree –surprise simply triggers a uniform improvement in memory. To investigate whether thedegree of surprise has an incremental effect on memory outcomes, we gave 158 participants lists of words, varying thedegree to which a single word in the list surprisingly conflicted with the lists overarching category. Although there wasan overall boost in learning for surprising words, we found no evidence of an effect of amount of surprise on memory.Lack of evidence is not evidence of a lack, however these results provide some suggestive evidence for a threshold modelof memory enhancement from surprise. Distinguishing these accounts has important implications for affective models ofmemory and learning.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9v0919tr","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Carla","middle_name":"","last_name":"Macias","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rutgers University-Newark","department":""},{"first_name":"Elizabeth","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bonawitz","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rutgers University-Newark","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30118/galley/19972/download/"}]},{"pk":30149,"title":"Memory integration into visual perception in infancy, childhood, and adulthood","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We compared the influence of prior knowledge on visualperception in infants, children, and adults in order to explorethe developmental trajectory by which prior knowledge isintegrated with new sensory input. Using an identical taskacross age groups, we tested how participants’ accumulatedexperience affected their ability to judge the relative saturationlevels within a pair of sequentially-presented stimuli. We foundthat infants and children, relative to adults, showed greaterinfluence of the current observation and reduced influence ofmemory in their perception. In fact, infants and childrenoutperformed adults in discriminating between different levelsof saturation, and their performance was less biased bypreviously-experienced exemplars. Thus, the development ofperceptual integration of memory leads to less precisediscrimination in the moment, but allows observers to make useof their prior experience in interpreting a complex sensoryenvironment.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"visual perception; implicit memory; contractionbias"}],"section":"Papers accepted as Posters, appearing in proceedings only","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8501c4sb","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Sagi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jaffe-Dax","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Christine","middle_name":"","last_name":"Potter","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Tiffany","middle_name":"","last_name":"Leung","name_suffix":"","institution":"Stony Brook University","department":""},{"first_name":"Casey","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lew-Williams","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Lauren","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Emberson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30149/galley/20003/download/"}]},{"pk":29339,"title":"Mental effort: One construct, many faces?","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"cognitive control"},{"word":"cognitive load"},{"word":"mentalworkload"},{"word":"resource rationality"}],"section":"Workshop","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3f33p0sd","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Sebastian","middle_name":"","last_name":"Musslick","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Maria","middle_name":"","last_name":"Wirzberger","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Stuttgart","department":""},{"first_name":"Ivan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Grahek","name_suffix":"","institution":"Brown University","department":""},{"first_name":"Laura","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bustamante","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Amitai","middle_name":"","last_name":"Shenhav","name_suffix":"","institution":"Brown University","department":""},{"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Cohen","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29339/galley/19200/download/"}]},{"pk":29903,"title":"Mental Imagery – Eyes Open and Shut","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Studies of mental imagery often ask participants to attend to a\nvisual scene at the same time as their mental imagery. Despite\nthe common intuition that imagery and perception interfere\n(known as the Perky effect), results in such experiments are\nnot typically distinguished from those found when\nparticipants engage with mental imagery with their eyes\nclosed. Nevertheless, studies which demonstrate the analog\nnature of mental images by recording the time taken for\nparticipants to scan across images have consistently found\nquicker scanning speeds when participants have eyes open\npaying attention to a visual scene as compared to with eyes\nclosed. We show here that these results are due to the external\nscanning of attention across a visual scene and argue for a\nreevaluation of the results of such paradigms.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"mental imagery; attention; perky; projection."}],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0nk731xp","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Anonymous CogSci submission","middle_name":"","last_name":"","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29903/galley/19757/download/"}]},{"pk":29989,"title":"Mental inference: Mind perception as Bayesian model selection","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Beyond an ability to represent other people’s mental states,people can also represent different types of minds, like those ofnewborn babies, pets, and even wildlife that we rarely interactwith. While past research has shown that people have a nu-anced understanding of how minds vary, little is known abouthow we infer what kind of mind different agents have. Here wepresent a computational model of mind attribution as Bayesianinference over a space of generative models. We tested ourmodel in a simple experiment where participants watched shortvideos in the style of Heider & Simmel, 1944, and had to in-fer the representations in the agent’s mind. We find that, fromjust a few seconds, people can make accurate inferences aboutagents’ mental capacities, suggesting that people can quicklyinfer an agent’s type of mind, based on how they interact withthe world and with others.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Theory of Mind; Computational modeling; Socialcognition"}],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1kh5q3xt","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Lukas","middle_name":"","last_name":"Burger","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""},{"first_name":"Julian","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jara-Ettinger","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29989/galley/19843/download/"}]},{"pk":29423,"title":"Mental state inference from indirect evidence through Bayesian eventreconstruction","subtitle":null,"abstract":"From childhood, people routinely explain each other’s behav-ior in terms of inferred mental states, like beliefs and desires.In many cases, however, people can also infer the mental statesof agents whose behavior we cannot see, such as when we in-fer that someone was anxious upon encountering a chewed-uppencil, or that someone left in a hurry if they left the door open.Here we present a computational model of mental-state attri-bution that works by reconstructing the actions an agent took,based on the indirect evidence that revealed their presence. Ourmodel quantitatively fits participant judgments, outperforminga simple alternative cue-based account. Our results shed lighton how people infer mental states from minimal indirect evi-dence, and provides further support to the idea that human The-ory of Mind is instantiated as a probabilistic generative modelof how unobservable mental states produce observable action.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Theory of Mind; Computational modeling; Socialcognition"}],"section":"Complex Dynamics","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8466718p","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lopez-Brau","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""},{"first_name":"Joseph","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kwon","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""},{"first_name":"Julian","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jara-Ettinger","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29423/galley/19283/download/"}]},{"pk":30133,"title":"Meta-Analysis of the Neural Correlates of Finger Gnosis using ActivationLikelihood Estimation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Finger gnosis is the ability to mentally represent one’s fingersas distinct from one another in the absence of visual feedback.In the current paper, we conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of imaging data, using activation likelihoodestimation, to determine the neural correlates of finger gnosis.Fourteen studies contributed 294 activated foci from 225participants for analysis. The meta-analysis yielded sevenpeaks of activation located within the frontal-parietal network(i.e., medial frontal gyrus, pre- and post-central gyrus, andinferior parietal lobule) and cerebellum (i.e. culmen). Aqualitative comparison of the findings of our meta-analysiswith single-experiment fMRI investigations of finger gnosis(Andres et al., 2012; Rusconi et al., 2014) suggests thatexperimentalists’ choices of primary and control tasks haveinfluenced our understanding of the neural substrateunderlying finger gnosis. Our results may aid in the designand interpretation of behavioural and imaging experiments aswell as inform the development of computational models.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Finger gnosis; finger localization; fingerdifferentiation; ALE; meta-analysis."}],"section":"Papers accepted as Talks, appearing in proceedings only","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/80d28928","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Marcie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Penner","name_suffix":"","institution":"King’s University College","department":""},{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"","last_name":"Moes","name_suffix":"","institution":"King’s University College","department":""},{"first_name":"Aaron","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Cecala","name_suffix":"","institution":"Western University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30133/galley/19987/download/"}]},{"pk":29505,"title":"Metacognition and Motivation: The Role of Time-Awarenessin Preparation for Future Learning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In this work, we investigate how two factors, metacognitiveskills and motivation, would impact student learning acrossdomains. More specifically, our primary goal is to identify thecritical, yet robust, interaction patterns of these two factors thatwould contribute to students’ performance in learning logicfirst and then their performance on a subsequent new domain,probability. We are concerned with two types of metacognitiveskills: strategy-awareness and time-awareness, that is, whichproblem-solving strategy to use and when to use it. Our datawere collected from 495 participants across three consecutivesemesters, and our results show that the only students who con-sistently outperform their peers across both domains are thosewho are not only highly motivated but also strategy-aware andtime-aware.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Preparation for Future Learning; MetacognitiveSkills; Motivation; Time-Awareness; Strategy-Awareness;Intelligent Tutoring Systems;"}],"section":"Forms of Learning","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71z434cj","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Mark","middle_name":"","last_name":"Abdelshiheed","name_suffix":"","institution":"North Carolina State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Guojing","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zhou","name_suffix":"","institution":"North Carolina State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Mehak","middle_name":"","last_name":"Maniktala","name_suffix":"","institution":"North Carolina State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Tiffany","middle_name":"","last_name":"Barnes","name_suffix":"","institution":"North Carolina State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Min","middle_name":"","last_name":"Chi","name_suffix":"","institution":"North Carolina State University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29505/galley/19365/download/"}]},{"pk":29438,"title":"Metaphors: Where the neighborhood in which one resides interacts with(interpretive) diversity","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Metaphor"},{"word":"feature-listing"},{"word":"interpretive diversity"},{"word":"semantic neighborhood density"},{"word":"conceptual representation."}],"section":"Language and Meaning","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2wk6x8w5","frozenauthors":[],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29438/galley/19298/download/"}]},{"pk":29538,"title":"Model gender influences emotion categorization","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Perceivers view facial configurations as belonging to emotion categories, though the features of facial cues to emotionvary continuously. Little is understood about what factors beyond facial musculature influence these categorizations. Weinvestigated how an emoters gender influences how emotional cues are perceived. Eighty-four adults categorized morphedemotional faces of male and female models sampled from a neutral-angry continuum. Participants had a lower thresholdfor categorizing female faces as upset (X2=16.618, p¡.001), particularly for configurations that were closer to the angryend of the continuum. Even when provided explicit feedback on their responses, participants continued to be more likelyto identify a face as angry for female, as compared to male, models (X2=11.561, p¡.001). Therefore, judgments of emotionwere influenced by both the emotional cues displayed by a model and also the models identity. These results highlighthow the social context influences how individuals readand therefore respond toanger.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/43c1h178","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Rista","middle_name":"","last_name":"Plate","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Kristina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Woodard","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","department":""},{"first_name":"Seth","middle_name":"D","last_name":"Pollak","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29538/galley/19398/download/"}]},{"pk":29941,"title":"Modeling Gestalt Visual Reasoning on Ravens Progressive Matrices UsingGenerative Image Inpainting Techniques","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Psychologists recognize Raven’s Progressive Matrices as an effective test of general intelligence. While many computa-tional models investigate top-down, deliberative reasoning on the test, there has been less research on bottom-up perceptualprocesses, like Gestalt image completion, that are also critical in human test performance. We investigate how Gestalt vi-sual reasoning on the Raven’s test can be modeled using generative image inpainting techniques from computer vision.We demonstrate that a reasoning agent using an off-the-shelf inpainting model trained on object photographs achieves ascore of 27/36 on the Colored Progressive Matrices, which corresponds to average performance for nine-year-old chil-dren. When our agent uses inpainting models trained on other datasets (faces, places, and textures), performance is lower.Our results illustrate how learning visual regularities in real-world images can translate into successful reasoning aboutartificial test stimuli, and also how different learning inputs translate into different levels of performance.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/45q0g1j5","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Tianyu","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hua","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""},{"first_name":"Maithilee","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kunda","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29941/galley/19795/download/"}]},{"pk":29839,"title":"Modeling Human Cognitive Flexibility with Extemporaneous Networks","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Research in cognitive science and machine learning suggests that learning systems can use small subsets of valuabletraining items in order to quickly learn to achieve good task performance. We hypothesize that people often use smallsubsets of stored exemplars to quickly train new neural networks, called extemporaneous networks, when faced with tasksfor which they do not currently have dedicated networks. We explore this hypothesis using participants’ responses in abehavioral experiment to identify easy versus difficult training items. We find that a network confidence measure indicatesa network trained with a small set of good items provides the best account of participants’ reaction times. Furthermore,computer simulations demonstrate that learning systems can achieve good performance when trained with small sets ofeasy exemplars. Our results indicate that humans may complete tasks using extemporaneously-created networks trainedinternally on small datasets.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3b2092zv","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Joseph","middle_name":"","last_name":"German","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Rochester","department":""},{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jacobs","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Rochester","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29839/galley/19693/download/"}]},{"pk":29717,"title":"Modeling manipulative language use","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We propose an extension to probabilistic pragmatic models to include a dimension that allows for the modeling of argu-mentative language use. Within our extended Rational Speech Act model, argumentative strength stands for a statisticalmeasure of observational evidence which impacts a speakers utterance choice. More concretely, our model recasts speakerutility in terms of a weight parameter which varies between being purely informative and purely argumentative. We fitthe extended RSA model to empirical data from a novel production experiment. Our initial results suggest that there isroom for argumentativity on top of informativity in formalizations of pragmatic language reasoning. Crucially, we see thatthe relationship between the two is not straightforward, as the model fails to capture instances of human behavior whichare more manipulative than expected by the suggested informativity-argumentativity trade-off. All in all, our explorationprovides us with interesting insights about this relationship.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2n23t8x8","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Vinicius","middle_name":"Macuch","last_name":"Silva","name_suffix":"","institution":"Osnabrck University","department":""},{"first_name":"Chris","middle_name":"","last_name":"Cummins","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"","last_name":"Franke","name_suffix":"","institution":"Osnabrck University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29717/galley/19574/download/"}]},{"pk":29810,"title":"Modeling pupillary surprise response in elementary school children withtheory-based Bayesian models","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Affective components are frequently overlooked in computational modelling, despite the notable role of emotions in learn-ing. Towards the goal of measuring affect in learning, we developed a theory-based Bayesian model that predicts surprisebased on a learners prior beliefs and the evidence observed, and then compared the model to a physiological measure com-monly suggested to capture surprise: pupil dilation. Critically, we also investigate whether this correlation is strong whenparticipants predict the events. Comparing our model predictions to the first four test trial responses from 93 participants(mean age: 8.00 years) revealed a significant, positive correlation when making predictions (r(9)=.55, p=0.04), a negativecorrelation when only evaluating (r(9)=-.50, p=0.07), and significant difference between groups (z=2.34, p¡0.01). Nextsteps will allow us to build on this result by developing a modified Bayesian model, that takes physiological surprise as acomponent in predicting the participants learning.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0j25n3zn","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Joseph","middle_name":"","last_name":"Colantonio II","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rutgers University","department":""},{"first_name":"Igor","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bascandziev","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rutgers University","department":""},{"first_name":"Maria","middle_name":"","last_name":"Theobald","name_suffix":"","institution":"Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education (DIPF)","department":""},{"first_name":"Garvin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Brod","name_suffix":"","institution":"Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education (DIPF)","department":""},{"first_name":"Elizabeth","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bonawitz","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rutgers University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29810/galley/19664/download/"}]},{"pk":30122,"title":"Modeling Second Language Preposition Learning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Hundreds of millions of people learn a second language (L2).1When learning a specific L2, there are common errors for na-tive speakers of a given L1 language, suggesting specific ef-fects of L1 on L2 learning. Nevertheless, language instruc-tion materials are designed based only on L2. We developa computational model that mimics the behavior of a non-native speaker of a specific language to provide a deeper un-derstanding of the problem of learning a second language. Weuse a Naive Bayes to model prepositional choices in English(L2) by native Mandarin (L1) speakers. Our results show thatboth correct and incorrect responses can be explained by thelearner’s L1 information. Moreover, our model predicts incor-rect choices with no explicit training data of non-native mis-takes. Our results thus provide a new medium to analyze anddevelop tools for L2 teaching.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Computational Model"},{"word":"Second language learning"},{"word":"Preposition learning"},{"word":"N-gram model"},{"word":"Bayesian model"}],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4mf7m2gt","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Libby","middle_name":"","last_name":"Barak","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rutgers University","department":""},{"first_name":"Scott","middle_name":"Cheng-Hsin","last_name":"Yang","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rutgers University","department":""},{"first_name":"Chirag","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rank","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rutgers University","department":""},{"first_name":"Patrick","middle_name":"","last_name":"Shafto","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rutgers University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30122/galley/19976/download/"}]},{"pk":29523,"title":"Modeling temporal attention in dynamic scenes: Hypothesis-driven resourceallocation using adaptive computation explains both objective trackingperformance and subjective effort judgments","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Most work on attention (in terms of both psychophysical experiments and computational modeling) involves selection instatic scenes. And even when dynamic displays are used, performance is still typically characterized with only a singlevariable (such as the number of items correctly tracked in Multiple Object Tracking; MOT). But the allocation of attentionin daily life (e.g. during foraging, navigation, or play) involves both objective performance and subjective effort, and canvary dramatically from moment to moment. Here we attempt to capture this sort of rich temporal ebb and flow of attentionin a novel and generalizable adaptive computation architecture. In this architecture, computing resources are dynamicallyallocated to perform partial belief updates over both objects (in space) and moments (in time) flexibly and according totask demands. During MOT this framework is able to explain both objective tracking performance and the subjective senseof trial-by-trial effort.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Attention and Faces","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1kb0d4d0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Eivinas","middle_name":"","last_name":"Butkus","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""},{"first_name":"Mario","middle_name":"","last_name":"Belledonne","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""},{"first_name":"Brian","middle_name":"","last_name":"Scholl","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""},{"first_name":"Ilker","middle_name":"","last_name":"Yildirim","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29523/galley/19383/download/"}]},{"pk":29706,"title":"Modeling the Effect of Driver’s Eye Gaze Pattern Under Workload: GaussianMixture Approach","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper puts forward a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) foreye gaze behavior under workload and applies it to the analy-sis of gaze distributions in an automotive context. Specifically,it extends earlier work on Information Constrained Control(ICC) (Hecht, Bar-Hillel, Telpaz, Tsimhoni, & Tishby, 2019)(Hecht, Telpaz, Kamhi, Bar-Hillel, & Tisbhy, 2019) (Hecht etal., 2015) (Hecht, Telpaz, Kamhi, Bar-Hillel, & Tishby, 2018)by generating an ICC GMM derivative. We suggest a mea-sure for workload estimation based on the Kullback Leiblerdivergence (Dkl ) between tested eye gaze distributions and areference workload-free distribution. This derivative assumesdiagonal Gaussians that are distant from each other. Underthese assumptions, we achieve an analytical measure that hassignificantly fewer parameters than discrete grid-like distribu-tions (Hecht, Bar-Hillel, et al., 2019). Testing our measureon eye gazing data collected during real world driving experi-ments in a highway environment confirms the effectiveness ofthis approach.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Information Constrained Control; Gaussian Mix-ture Model; Eye gaze distribution"}],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/77n124rr","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ron","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Hecht","name_suffix":"","institution":"Advanced Technical Center Israel","department":""},{"first_name":"Ariel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Telpaz","name_suffix":"","institution":"Advanced Technical Center Israel","department":""},{"first_name":"Gila","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kamhi","name_suffix":"","institution":"Advanced Technical Center Israel","department":""},{"first_name":"Omer","middle_name":"","last_name":"Tsimhoni","name_suffix":"","institution":"Warren Technical Center","department":""},{"first_name":"Aharon","middle_name":"Bar","last_name":"Hillel","name_suffix":"","institution":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","department":""},{"first_name":"Naftali","middle_name":"","last_name":"Tishby","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29706/galley/19563/download/"}]},{"pk":29759,"title":"Modeling Visuospatial Reasoning Across 17 Different Tests on the Leiter Scale of Nonverbal Intelligence","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Understanding the computational mechanisms enabling visuospatial reasoning is important for studying human intelli-gence as well as for exploring the possibility of introducing human-like reasoning into artificial intelligence systems. Inour work, we investigate how a collection of primitive image processing operations can be combined into different co-herent strategies for solving a range of visuospatial reasoning tasks. We evaluate our approach on 20 subtests from theLeiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R). Through our computational experiments, we show that withonly four primitive operations similarity, containment, rotation, and scaling we can form strategies that solve, to differentdegrees of success, at least portions of 17 of the 20 subtests. These results lay foundations for our future work to study howintelligent agents can learn and generalize strategies from simple task definitions in order to perform complex visuospatialreasoning tasks.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9xd137pt","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ainooson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""},{"first_name":"Joel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Michelson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""},{"first_name":"Deepayan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sanyal","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""},{"first_name":"Joshua","middle_name":"Palmer","last_name":"Palmer","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""},{"first_name":"Maithilee","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kunda","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29759/galley/19614/download/"}]},{"pk":29654,"title":"Modeling word interpretation with deep language models: The interactionbetween expectations and lexical information","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/26m1465s","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Laura","middle_name":"","last_name":"Aina","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","department":""},{"first_name":"Thomas","middle_name":"","last_name":"Brochhagen","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","department":""},{"first_name":"Gemma","middle_name":"","last_name":"Boleda","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[]},{"pk":30113,"title":"Modelling brain activity associated with metaphor processing with distributionalsemantic models","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In this study we investigate how lexical-semantic relations as-sociated with the literal meaning (and abstract meaning) arebeing accessed across the brain during familiar metaphor com-prehension. We utilize a data-driven whole-brain searchlightsimilarity-decoding analysis. We contrast decoding metaphoricphrases (”she’s grasping the idea”) using distributional seman-tic models of the verb in the phrase (VERB model) versus thatof the more abstract verb-sense (PARAPHRASE VERB model)obtained from literal paraphrases of the metaphoric phrases(”she’s understanding the idea”). We showed successful decod-ing with the VERB model across frontal, temporal and parietallobes mainly within areas of the language and default-modenetworks. In contrast, decoding with the PARAPHRASE VERBmodel was restricted to frontal-temporal lobes within areas ofthe language-network which overlapped to some extent withsignificant decoding with the VERB model. Overall, the re-sults suggest that lexical-semantic relations closely associatedwith the abstract meaning in metaphor processing are largelylocalized to language and amodal (multimodal) semantic mem-ory systems of the brain, while those more associated withthe literal meaning are processed across a distributed seman-tic network including areas implicated in mental imagery andsocial-cognition.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"metaphor; abstraction; distributional semantics"}],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9r35m0kf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Vesna","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Djokic","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Amsterdam","department":""},{"first_name":"Ekaterina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Shutova","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Amsterdam","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30113/galley/19967/download/"}]},{"pk":30004,"title":"Modelling Perceptual Effects of Phonology with ASR Systems","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the minimal knowledge a listener needs tocompensate for phonological assimilation, one kind of phono-logical process responsible for variation in speech. We usedstandard automatic speech recognition models to represent En-glish and French listeners. We found that, first, some typesof models show language-specific assimilation patterns com-parable to those shown by human listeners. Like English lis-teners, when trained on English, the models compensate morefor place assimilation than for voicing assimilation, and likeFrench listeners, the models show the opposite pattern whentrained on French. Second, the models which best predict thehuman pattern use contextually-sensitive acoustic models andlanguage models, which capture allophony and phonotactics,but do not make use of higher-level knowledge of a lexiconor word boundaries. Finally, some models overcompensate forassimilation, showing a (super-human) ability to recover theunderlying form even in the absence of the triggering phono-logical context, pointing to an incomplete neutralization notexploited by human listeners.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"automatic speech recognition; computationalmodeling; phonological assimilation; speech perception"}],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/19f9w0dc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Bing’er","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jiang","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""},{"first_name":"Ewan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Dunbar","name_suffix":"","institution":"Paris Diderot University","department":""},{"first_name":"Morgan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sonderegger","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""},{"first_name":"Meghan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Clayards","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""},{"first_name":"Emmanuel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Dupoux","name_suffix":"","institution":"Paris Diderot University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30004/galley/19858/download/"}]},{"pk":29637,"title":"Modelling the Effect of Monetary Incentives on Recognition Memory","subtitle":null,"abstract":"While anticipated rewards have been shown to impart enhancements on memory performance, it remains unclear whetherthese benefits reflect improved encoding or more cautious decision-making. In two experiments, participants (N=47, each)encoded complex videos depicting everyday episodes and were tested for their memory of various details. Importantly,participants were informed that each video was associated with either high (25 cents) or low (1 cent) reward at eitherencoding or retrieval. We found participants were more accurate for questions relating to high reward videos only whenreward information was presented at encoding. Memory performance and response-times were modeled using a driftdiffusion model to assess the effects of reward on decision parameters. The drift rate was found to be significantly largerfor high reward videos when compared to low reward videos, only when reward was presented at encoding. These resultssuggest that reward at encoding enhances memory selectivity for detailed episodic information.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0120982v","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kevin","middle_name":"","last_name":"da Silva-Castanheira","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""},{"first_name":"Azara","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lalla","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""},{"first_name":"A.","middle_name":"Ross","last_name":"Otto","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""},{"first_name":"Signy","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sheldon","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29637/galley/19495/download/"}]},{"pk":29821,"title":"Modelling the Emergence of Positional Compositional Structure","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In a compositional language the meaning of a sentence is a function of the meaning of its parts and the way they arecombined. Recent computational models of the emergence of compositionality have focused on the emergence of wordswhich encode sub-units of meaning in sub-units of form. Decidedly less attention has been paid to the emergence of rulesgoverning the combination of these words. Our work uses LSTM networks in an iterated learning set-up to provide anaccount of how some aspects of compositional structure may emerge through cumulative cultural evolution. We presenta novel metric for assessing the degree of positional structure present in an emergent model and use it to illustrate howcanonical word order may emerge naturally in LSTM models. This supports the notion that some elements of linguisticstructure result more from the dynamics of language transmission and use than domain-specific cognitive biases.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gj2s7s5","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Henry","middle_name":"","last_name":"Coxe-Conklin","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Stella","middle_name":"","last_name":"Frank","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"","last_name":"Truswell","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Kenny","middle_name":"","last_name":"Smith","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29821/galley/19675/download/"}]},{"pk":29936,"title":"Modulating the coherence effect in causal-based processing","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Causal-based cognition is thought to be relevant for human\nbeings because it allows inferring the unfolding of events.\nTheories of causal-based cognition offer researchers a way to\nunderstand inter-feature relations, above and beyond the purely\nassociative relations posited by similarity theories. In the\ncausal-model theory (a.k.a. the Generative Model), people are\nthought to categorize an exemplar depending on how likely its\nparticular feature combination is, given the category’s causal\nmodel. This mechanism predicts the coherence effect (i.e.,\nwhen people categorize, features interact). This effect has been\nwidely reported in the literature. In the current experiment, we\nsought to specify conditions that modulate the coherence\neffect. To that end, we implemented a between-subjects\nmanipulation where participants had to judge either category\nmembership or category consistency. Our results show that\nsubjects exhibit a larger coherence effect in consistency\ncondition. We discuss our results’ relevance for causal-model\ntheory and for the possibility of distinguishing causal-based\nfrom similarity-based processing.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"causal reasoning; coherence effect; causal-based\ncategorization; similarity; exemplar models"}],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4hx5s3dr","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Nicolás","middle_name":"","last_name":"Marchant","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez","department":""},{"first_name":"Sergio","middle_name":"E.","last_name":"Chaigneau","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29936/galley/19790/download/"}]},{"pk":29876,"title":"Monolingual and Bilingual Toddlers’ Reliance on the Mutual Exclusivity Principle\nand Statistics to Learn Colour Labels","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Monolingual toddlers reportedly rely more heavily on the\nMutual Exclusivity Principle (MEP) than their age-matched\nbilingual counterparts when learning new words. Here, we re-\nvisit this issue by testing monolingual and bilingual 24-month-\nolds’ reliance on the MEP to learn novel colour labels across\nmultiple labelling instances, where cross-situational statistics\nlink a particular label to a particular colour – but not a particular\nobject. In addition, we ask whether the presentation of\natypically-coloured objects (e.g., turquoise dogs) may have\ninfluenced how readily toddlers attached novel labels to colour\nterms rather than objects. Thus far, our results demonstrate that\nmonolingual and bilingual toddlers are equally successful in\nlearning colour labels when taught with atypically-coloured\nobjects. However, only bilingual children are able to learn\ncolour labels taught with typically-coloured objects. We\nconclude that researchers need to carefully consider the\nrichness and statistical input in children’s learning\nenvironments to better understand development in diverse\nlanguage settings.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Child development; Language acquisition;\nBilingualism; Word learning; Statistical learning"}],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4251b666","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Priscilla","middle_name":"","last_name":"Fung","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Toronto","department":""},{"first_name":"Elizabeth","middle_name":"K.","last_name":"Johnson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Toronto","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29876/galley/19730/download/"}]},{"pk":29508,"title":"Morality justifies motivated reasoning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A great deal of work argues that people demand impartial,evidence-based reasoning from others. However, recentfindings show that moral values occupy a cardinal position inpeople’s evaluation of others, raising the possibility that peoplesometimes prescribe morally-good but evidentially-poorbeliefs. We report two studies investigating how peopleevaluate beliefs when these two ideals conflict and find thatpeople regularly endorse motivated reasoning when it can bemorally justified. Furthermore, we document two ways thatmoral considerations result in prescribed motivated reasoning.First, morality can provide an alternative justification forbelief, leading people to prescribe evidentially unsupportedbeliefs to others. And, second, morality can affect how peopleevaluate the way evidence is weighed by lowering or raisingthe threshold of required evidence for morally good and badbeliefs, respectively. These results illuminate longstandingquestions about the nature of motivated reasoning and thesocial regulation of belief.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"belief; ethics of belief; moral judgment; motivatedreasoning"}],"section":"Reasoning","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zd691k0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Corey","middle_name":"","last_name":"Cusimano","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Tania","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lombrozo","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29508/galley/19368/download/"}]},{"pk":29734,"title":"Morphological and pseudomorphological effects in English visual wordprocessing: How much can we attribute the statistical structure of the language?","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0c9499g0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Patience","middle_name":"","last_name":"Stevens","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University","department":""},{"first_name":"David","middle_name":"","last_name":"Plaut","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[]},{"pk":30097,"title":"Morphological Parsing by Foveal Split: Evidence from Anaglyphs","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We investigated the early moments of visual word recognition,when the retinal information—by hypothesis split verticallyalong the fovea—is divided into two visual pathways,projecting the right visual field into the left hemisphere (LH),and the left visual field into the right hemisphere (RH).Wearing red/blue anaglyph glasses, participants performed alexical decision task to compounds (FOOTBALL) andmonomorphemic words that were either pseudo-compounds(CARPET) or unsegmentable (JINGLE). The stimuli werepresented (masked, 60 ms exposure) in three colorcombinations: all black, red/blue (ipsilateral visual pathways),and blue/red (contralateral pathways). For the red/blue andblue/red conditions, the colors were split either at themorpheme boundary (legal split) or at a character to the left orto the right of the split (illegal split). We found an advantage(RT and accuracy) of compounds over non-compounds,independent of pathway, and an advantage of legal vs. illegalconstituent split. Results suggest that the visual wordrecognition system performs parsing analyses that are inconsonant with the morphological objects of the language. Theadvantage of pseudo-compounds over unsegmentablessuggests that at an early—pre-lexical—stage the system ispartially insensitive to the semantic properties of the wholeword.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"visual word recognition; compounds;morphological processing; split fovea theory; anaglyphs"}],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2f588344","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Roberto","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"de Almeida","name_suffix":"","institution":"Concordia University","department":""},{"first_name":"Shirley","middle_name":"","last_name":"Dumassais","name_suffix":"","institution":"Concordia University","department":""},{"first_name":"Caitlyn","middle_name":"","last_name":"Antal","name_suffix":"","institution":"Concordia University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30097/galley/19951/download/"}]},{"pk":29563,"title":"Motion recognition with biologically plausible spiking neural networks","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Although artificial deep learning based neural networks have recently achieved impressive results on a range of realisticpattern recognition problems, it is still not completely clear how this problem is solved by the hierarchy of spiking neuronsin the brain which has inspired the deep learning approach in the first place. To achieve high accuracy on real-worldproblems artificial deep neural networks are trained using backpropagation, which is known to be biologically implausible.Recently Lillicrap et al. have proposed Feedback Alignment as a more biologically realistic algorithm able to train a deephierarchy of spiking neurons. In this work we examine whether a spiking deep neural network using such a biologicallyplausible learning algorithm is able to achieve good recognition accuracy on realistic motion recognition tasks.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bq1x1rw","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Souichirou","middle_name":"","last_name":"Harada","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hiroshima University","department":""},{"first_name":"Bisser","middle_name":"","last_name":"Raytchev","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hiroshima University","department":""},{"first_name":"Toru","middle_name":"","last_name":"Tamaki","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hiroshima University","department":""},{"first_name":"Kazufumi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kaneda","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hiroshima University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29563/galley/19423/download/"}]},{"pk":29823,"title":"Motor Chunking During Sequence Learning in Grid-Navigation Tasks","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Several canonical experimental paradigms (serial reaction task, mxn task, etc.) have been proposed to study the typi-cal behavioural phenomena in a sequential motor key-press task. The repeated execution of visuomotor sequences insuch paradigms lead to overall performance improvement such that the inter-response intervals in between certain sub-sequences decreases as compared to that across other sub-sequences. This efficient and hierarchical cluster organisation iscalled motor chunking. We provide empirical evidence for motor chunking in grid-navigation sequencing tasks. The par-ticipants performed Grid-Sailing Task (GST) [Fermin et. al., 2010] that required navigating a 10x10 grid from start to goalposition while using a particular key-mapping between the 3 cursor movement directions and the 3 keyboard buttons. Thisstudy confirms the emergence of subject-specific, unique temporal patterns related to chunking after substantial practice.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zn5g4r7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Krishn","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bera","name_suffix":"","institution":"IIIT-Hyderabad","department":""},{"first_name":"Anuj","middle_name":"","last_name":"Shukla","name_suffix":"","institution":"IIIT-Hyderabad","department":""},{"first_name":"Raju","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bapi","name_suffix":"","institution":"IIIT-Hyderabad","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29823/galley/19677/download/"}]},{"pk":29357,"title":"Motor interference changes meaning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"What role does the motor system play in language understanding? Here we show that effector-specific motor interferencecan change how people interpret language about actions. An action like voting can be understood in terms of its concretedetails (writing marks on a ballot) or its abstract significance (influencing an election). If neural circuits for performingmotor actions enable people to mentally represent an actions concrete details, then occupying these circuits with a sec-ondary motor task should make the actions details harder to represent. Consistent with this hypothesis, in two experiments(N=180), tapping a complex rhythm with either the hands or the feet increased the proportion of abstract interpretations ofphrases describing actions with the same effector. Thus, meaningless motor activity causes qualitative changes in languagecomprehension: Performing different actions can lead to different understandings of the same words and phrases.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Neuroscience and Psychophysics","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4f60k1f2","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Omar","middle_name":"","last_name":"Escmez","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Granada","department":""},{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Casasanto","name_suffix":"","institution":"Cornell University","department":""},{"first_name":"Gabriella","middle_name":"","last_name":"Vigliocco","name_suffix":"","institution":"University College London","department":""},{"first_name":"Julio","middle_name":"","last_name":"Santiago","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Granada","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29357/galley/19218/download/"}]},{"pk":29449,"title":"Multi-directional mappings in the minds of the Tsimane’:Size, time, and number on three spatial axes","subtitle":null,"abstract":"From early in life, people implicitly associate time, number,and other abstract conceptual domains with space. Accord-ing to the Generalized Magnitude System proposal, these men-tal mappings reflect a common neural system for represent-ing various magnitudes, and share a common spatial organiza-tion. In a test of this proposal, here we measured mappings ofsize, time, and number in the Tsimane’, an indigenous Ama-zonian group with few of the cultural practices (like readingand math) that spatialize size, time, and number in the expe-rience of industrialized adults. On three spatial axes, the Tsi-mane’ systematically arranged imagistic stimuli according totheir magnitudes, but they showed no directional preferencesoverall and individuals often mapped different domains in op-posite directions. The results are inconsistent with predictionsof the Generalized Magnitude System proposal but can be ex-plained by Hierarchical Mental Metaphor Theory, accordingto which mental mappings initially reflect a set of correlationsobservable in the natural world.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Metaphor; Magnitude; Spatial cognition;SNARC; Culture"}],"section":"Spatial Cognition","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pg0941w","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Benjamin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Pitt","name_suffix":"","institution":"UC Berkeley","department":""},{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Casasanto","name_suffix":"","institution":"Cornell University","department":""},{"first_name":"Stephen","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ferrigno","name_suffix":"","institution":"Harvard University","department":""},{"first_name":"Edward","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gibson","name_suffix":"","institution":"MIT","department":""},{"first_name":"Steven","middle_name":"T.","last_name":"Piantadosi","name_suffix":"","institution":"UC Berkeley","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29449/galley/19309/download/"}]},{"pk":29798,"title":"Multimodal Learning: An Investigation Into Memory Integration AcrossRepresentational Formats","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Learning occurs across distributed multimodal experiences. To accumulate knowledge one must integrate related infor-mation across different representational formats i.e. across text and photographs. We extended an established memoryintegration paradigm to test acquisition and integration of knowledge across different representational formats based onart history museum exhibits. Participants received integrable passage pairs in either text-text or text-text+photographformats. Even though the processing demands were higher with photographs, preliminary results indicate no significantdifferences between conditions. Future work will examine potential differences in integration across both context (class-room to museum) and representational formats (text and museum artifacts). We hypothesize that integration across contextand representational format will create higher cognitive demand than integration across representational formats; will thisbe offset by the higher information-value of museum exhibits? This research will provide key insights into multimodallearning and inform best practices for maximizing comprehension in informal learning settings such as museums.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/37t276k0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Lucy","middle_name":"","last_name":"Cronin-Golomb","name_suffix":"","institution":"Emory University","department":""},{"first_name":"Patricia","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Bauer","name_suffix":"","institution":"Emory University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29798/galley/19652/download/"}]},{"pk":30192,"title":"Musical Pitch Affects Brightness Judgment of a Concurrent Visual Object","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Given an apparent prevalence of audio-visual information in everyday lives, understanding how humans perceive thisinformation has gained considerable attention in cognitive science. Previous research has demonstrated that lower (vs.higher) auditory pitch and visual darkness (vs. brightness) are conceptually associated. However, little is known whetherpitch level can affect brightness judgment of a concurrent visual object. To examine this, we presented 27 participants witha random sequence composed of both higher- and lower-pitched versions of 40 musical excerpts, during each of which agrey square appeared on a white background screen. At the end of every excerpt, participants judged the brightness of eachsquare on a 7-point scale (I think this square is ; 1= dark, 7= bright). Although participants were told beforehand thatthe square brightness could be varied across questions, an identical square appeared constantly. A wilcoxon signed-ranktest showed that the same grey square was judged darker (vs. brighter) when it was presented with lower-pitched (vs.higher-pitched) music (Z=-2.931, p¡0.005).","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Member Abstracts, appearing in proceedings only","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1dj6c7wf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"You","middle_name":"Jeong","last_name":"Hong","name_suffix":"","institution":"Seoul National University","department":""},{"first_name":"Ahyeon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Choi","name_suffix":"","institution":"Seoul National University","department":""},{"first_name":"Chae-Eun","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lee","name_suffix":"","institution":"Seoul National University","department":""},{"first_name":"Kyogu","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lee","name_suffix":"","institution":"Seoul National University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30192/galley/20046/download/"}]},{"pk":29478,"title":"Nameability predicts subjective and objective measures of visual similarity","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Do people perceive shapes to be similar based purely on theirphysical features? Or is visual similarity influenced by top-down knowledge? In the present studies, we demonstrate thattop-down information – in the form of verbal labels that peopleassociate with visual stimuli – predicts visual similarity asmeasured using subjective (Experiment 1) and objective(Experiment 2) tasks. In Experiment 1, shapes that werepreviously calibrated to be (putatively) perceptuallyequidistant were more likely to be grouped together if theyshared a name. In Experiment 2, more nameable shapes wereeasier for participants to discriminate from other images, againcontrolling for their perceptual distance. We discuss what theseresults mean for constructing visual stimuli spaces that areperceptually uniform and discuss theoretical implications ofthe fact that perceptual similarity is sensitive to top-downinformation such as the ease with which an object can benamed.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"visual similarity; nameability; perceptuallyuniform; top-down processing; language"}],"section":"Concepts and Systems","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4d531331","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Martin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zettersten","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","department":""},{"first_name":"Ellise","middle_name":"","last_name":"Suffill","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","department":""},{"first_name":"Gary","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lupyan","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29478/galley/19338/download/"}]},{"pk":29648,"title":"Neonatal imitation of caregivers at home: A feasibility pilot","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The practical relevance of neonatal imitation for social development has remained largely unaddressed as most studieshave been conducted in highly controlled, laboratory conditions. Utilizing the Lookit online infant experiment platform,we aim to demonstrate the feasibility of measuring neonatal imitation of caregivers in the home environment. Our between-subjects design, adapted from Meltzoff and Moore (1983), focuses on two of the most commonly studied neonatal gestures,tongue protrusion and mouth opening. Caregivers and their newborn are videotaped as caregivers model either gestureto their newborn. Coders, who are blind to condition, record newborns gesture frequencies. To analyze these data,we ultimately plan to specify a Bayesian hierarchical log-linear model testing whether the frequency of each neonatalgesture increased when caregivers modeled that specific gesture. Pilot data collection and behavioral coding are currentlyunderway and will focus on inter-rater reliability, attrition, and recruitment rates of online data collection for neonatalimitation.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4k18t1t4","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Katherine","middle_name":"","last_name":"Casey","name_suffix":"","institution":"American University","department":""},{"first_name":"Kimberly","middle_name":"","last_name":"Scott","name_suffix":"","institution":"MIT","department":""},{"first_name":"Kira","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ashton","name_suffix":"","institution":"American University","department":""},{"first_name":"Jeff","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gill","name_suffix":"","institution":"American University","department":""},{"first_name":"Elizabeth","middle_name":"","last_name":"Simpson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Miami","department":""},{"first_name":"Laurie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bayet","name_suffix":"","institution":"American University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29648/galley/19506/download/"}]},{"pk":29691,"title":"Neural Correlates of Hand Representation in Virtual Flight Simulation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Virtual reality environments provide valuable opportunities for cognitive scientists to investigate complex cognitive func-tions in ecologically valid environments. For example, it is unclear if visual representation of the users body is requiredto evoke optimal performance. This study examined the effects of hand representation in a virtual flight simulation usingbehavioural and biometric data. Event-Related Potentials, Event-Related Spectral Perturbations, and mental workload re-sponses were measured using wireless electroencephalography across the hand presence conditions. Workload indices andneural activity in the parietal region was not significantly affected by the presence of hands, yet lower alpha levels werefound across all cortical regions. Findings are relevant to cognitive scientists as they show that the virtual representationof hands is important as it increases task engagement, while not taxing mental workload or spatial processes in the brain.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2wx3z8gd","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Polina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Andrievskaia","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carleton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Kathleen","middle_name":"Van","last_name":"Benthem","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carleton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Chris","middle_name":"","last_name":"Herdman Dr.","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carleton University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29691/galley/19548/download/"}]},{"pk":29407,"title":"Neural Language Models Capture Some, But Not All, Agreement AttractionEffects","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The number of the subject in English must match the num-ber of the corresponding verb (dog runs but dogs run). Yetin real-time language production and comprehension, speak-ers often mistakenly compute agreement between the verb anda grammatically irrelevant non-subject noun phrase instead.This phenomenon, referred to as agreement attraction, is mod-ulated by a wide range of factors; any complete computationalmodel of grammatical planning and comprehension would beexpected to derive this rich empirical picture. Recent develop-ments in Natural Language Processing have shown that neuralnetworks trained only on word-prediction over large corporaare capable of capturing subject-verb agreement dependen-cies to a significant extent, but with occasional errors. In thispaper, we evaluate the potential of such neural word predic-tion models as a foundation for a cognitive model of real-timegrammatical processing. We use LSTMs, a common sequenceprediction model used to model language, to simulate six ex-periments taken from the agreement attraction literature. TheLSTMs captured the critical human behavior in three out of thesix experiments, indicating that (1) some agreement attractionphenomena can be captured by a generic sequence process-ing model, but (2) capturing the other phenomena may requiremodels with more language-specific mechanisms.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"psycholinguistics; computational modeling;agreement attraction; neural language models;"}],"section":"Neural Networks","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7782c9vz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Suhas","middle_name":"","last_name":"Arehalli","name_suffix":"","institution":"Johns Hopkins University","department":""},{"first_name":"Tal","middle_name":"","last_name":"Linzen","name_suffix":"","institution":"Johns Hopkins University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29407/galley/19267/download/"}]},{"pk":30089,"title":"New insights from daylong audio transcripts of children’s language environments","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Recent technological advances and research trends have\nenabled the collection and analysis of multi-hour or daylong\nrecordings of children’s auditory environment. While this\ntechnology has allowed researchers to sample language\nexperience from multiple contexts across the day, challenges\nremain with respect to how these audio recordings can or\nshould be coded and analyzed. Daylong audio samples have the\npotential to transform our understanding of the language input\nthat children encounter, but new analysis techniques may be\nnecessary to take advantage of these new opportunities. The\npresent work explores the linguistic content of the transcripts\nof three daylong recordings with the goal of understanding the\ncontent of these recordings in order to develop new ways to\nanalyze and gain insight from these recordings.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"language development"},{"word":"daylong audio"},{"word":"Corpus"}],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1r37q7nc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jessica","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Montag","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30089/galley/19943/download/"}]},{"pk":29419,"title":"New Measures for Fundamentals of Human Performance","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"lifespan performance; social coordination dynamics"},{"word":"plateaus"},{"word":"dips"},{"word":"& leaps; computational rationality"}],"section":"Symposium","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/76z4w2c6","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Wayne","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Gray","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","department":""},{"first_name":"Roussel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rahman","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","department":""},{"first_name":"Elizabeth","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Torres","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rutgers University","department":""},{"first_name":"Ray","middle_name":"","last_name":"Perez","name_suffix":"","institution":"Office of Naval Research","department":""},{"first_name":"Chris","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Sims","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","department":""},{"first_name":"Travis","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Wiltshire","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tilburg University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29419/galley/19279/download/"}]},{"pk":29572,"title":"Nonlinear Probability Weighting Can Reflect Attentional Biases in Sequential Sampling","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear probability weighting allows cumulative prospect theory (CPT) to account for seminal phenomena in riskychoice (e.g., the certainty effect). The attentional drift diffusion model (aDDM) formalizes that attentional biases canshape preferences as a sequential sampling process. We simulated choices between safe and risky options using the aDDMwith varying attentional biases to safe or risky options and modeled these choices with CPT. Changes in preferences dueto attentional biases were systematically reflected in the parameters of CPT’s weighting function (curvature, elevation).We demonstrate that this also holds empirically, in the sampling paradigm in decision from experience. Hence, nonlinearprobability weighting can arise from option-specific attentional biases in information search. This challenges commoninterpretations of probability-weighting parameters, suggests novel attentional explanations for empirical phenomena as-sociated with characteristic shapes of CPT’s probability-weighting function, and adds to the integration of two prominentcomputational frameworks for decision making.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qh651gh","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Veronika","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zilker","name_suffix":"","institution":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","department":""},{"first_name":"Thorsten","middle_name":"","last_name":"Pachur","name_suffix":"","institution":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29572/galley/19432/download/"}]},{"pk":29695,"title":"Not all Errors are the Same: The Role of Cognitive Effort in Cross-SituationalWord Learning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Errors are usually viewed as detrimental to learning. Yet, recent proposals suggest that errors may create desirable difficul-ties and thereby improve learning. We evaluated these proposals in the context of cross-situational word learning. Duringeach learning trial, adults saw two images and heard two words. In the Error1 condition, the first word was unexpectedbased on prior experience and the second was expected. The referent of the unexpected word could only be establishedafter hearing the expected word. In the Error2 condition, the expected word came first, which made it easier to learn themapping of the subsequent unexpected word. There was no difference between the conditions; however, expected wordswere only learned significantly better than unexpected words in the Error2 condition. This suggests that the structure ofthe learning environment modulates the impact of errors.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1ss5f5f7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Katherine","middle_name":"","last_name":"Snelling","name_suffix":"","institution":"Queen’s University","department":""},{"first_name":"Sydney","middle_name":"","last_name":"Thib","name_suffix":"","institution":"Queen’s University","department":""},{"first_name":"Stanka","middle_name":"","last_name":"Fitneva","name_suffix":"","institution":"Queen’s University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29695/galley/19552/download/"}]},{"pk":29772,"title":"Not as Bad as Painted?\nLegal Expertise, Intentionality Ascription, and Outcome Effects Revisited","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Previous research by Kneer and Bourgeois-Gironde (2017)\nsuggests that legal experts are susceptible to the “severity\neffect” – they ascribe a higher level of intentionality for\nactions if they lead to very bad side-effects than when they\nhave somewhat bad side-effects. These results are potentially\nproblematic for the legal system because ascriptions of\nintentionality in the law explicitly depend on the evaluation of\nmental states of the agent (mens rea), not on the badness of\nthe outcomes she caused. In this paper, we provide and test an\nalternative explanation of the “severity effect” that has no\ntroubling implications for the law. We suggest that it may be\na subtype of a more general “side-effect effect” (Knobe,\n2003), which is compatible with certain legal criteria of\nascribing intentionality.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"severity effect; intentionality; mens rea; criminal\nlaw; legal expertise"}],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20c41270","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Karolina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Prochownik","name_suffix":"","institution":"Ruhr University Bochum","department":""},{"first_name":"Melina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Krebs","name_suffix":"","institution":"Ruhr University Bochum","department":""},{"first_name":"Alex","middle_name":"","last_name":"Wiegmann","name_suffix":"","institution":"Ruhr University Bochum","department":""},{"first_name":"Joachim","middle_name":"","last_name":"Horvath","name_suffix":"","institution":"Ruhr University Bochum","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29772/galley/19626/download/"}]},{"pk":29402,"title":"Not what you expect: The relationship between violation of expectation andnegation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Language acquisition research has shown that children aredelayed in their production and comprehension of truth-functional negation (e.g., “A raven is not a writing desk.”) ascompared to other kinds of negation (e.g., rejection and nonex-istence). The source of this delay is unclear, it may reflectdifficulty in mapping the concept of negation to the way itmanifests in their language, or it may be due to a lack of aconceptual or cognitive ability. This work aims to investigatethe circumstances under which a learner might infer the pres-ence of negation in a message, inspired by the approach ofPapafragou, Cassidy, and Gleitman (2007). Namely, we in-vestigate the degree to which videos in which agents fail incompleting an action encourages adult participants to infer theuse of negation in an utterance describing it. In addition toEvent Type (i.e., Failures vs. Successes), we provided par-ticipants with additional linguistic information (i.e., syntacticinformation via Jabberwocky sentences), lexical information(i.e., an alphabetical list of the content words), and Full Lin-guistic Context (the English sentence with a single item miss-ing). With adults, we ask whether learners with the ability toattend to goals and perceive deviations from their completioncould make use of this information, and if so, to what extentdo varying degrees of converging linguistic evidence furtherassist in inferring the use of a negator.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"language acquisition; cognitive development; nu-merical cognition; preregistered"}],"section":"Language Development","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1153q47b","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Victor","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gomes","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Yubin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Huh","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"","last_name":"Trueswell","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29402/galley/19262/download/"}]},{"pk":29746,"title":"Novice conceptions and perception of single and two force interactions","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Physics education and psychology research have found novices struggle to accurately predict the trajectory of objects,and perception research has found people cannot perceptually differentiate between plausible and implausible collisionoutcomes. Prior research focused on single force interactions, we explored predictions and perception of both one andtwo force interactions. Participants (N = 111) drew predicted paths of balls acted upon by a single force, two forcesacting simultaneously, and two forces acting sequentially. Paths were categorized into: correct, curved, single forcedominant, inaccurate angle, first force dominant, and recent force dominant. Participants also made perceptual naturalnessand animacy ratings for animations portraying accurate solutions and high frequency alternate conceptions. Preliminaryresults suggest participants were accurate for forces aligned on one dimension, and less accurate for forces not aligned onone dimensionparticipants anticipated curved paths, paths taking an inaccurate angle, and paths aligned with only one ofthe forces.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1cv5z7dv","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Rachel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Myer","name_suffix":"","institution":"Temple University","department":""},{"first_name":"Thomas","middle_name":"","last_name":"Shipley","name_suffix":"","institution":"Temple University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29746/galley/19602/download/"}]},{"pk":29486,"title":"Object Bias Disrupts Rule-Based Generalization in Adults Across Domains","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Humans are remarkably adept at abstract rule learning, but\nlittle is known about when learners apply this knowledge. We\ninvestigated a fundamental constraint in rule generalization:\nattention to featural similarity (object bias). Across two\nexperiments in different domains, we asked whether adults’\nabstract rule generalization is constrained by superficial\nmatches to the concrete exemplars present during learning, as\nis known to be the case for analogical reasoning (Gentner &\nToupin, 1986). In the present studies, participants were\nexposed to a series of sequences following a simple rule and\nwere asked to generalize to novel instances of either the same\nrule or a new rule. In one condition, an individual element\npresent during initial learning was inserted into the new,\nunfamiliar pattern. Results showed that adults often chose this\nobject match over the rule match, suggesting that abstract rule\ngeneralization, like analogical reasoning, is impacted by\nconcrete features of the input.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"abstract rule learning; generalization; analogy;\nlearning bias; object match"}],"section":"Biases","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04z70948","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Evan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Orticio","name_suffix":"","institution":"Swarthmore College","department":""},{"first_name":"Stella","middle_name":"","last_name":"Christie","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tsinghua University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29486/galley/19346/download/"}]},{"pk":30163,"title":"On causal claims, contingencies, and inference:How causal terminology affects what we think about the strength of causal links","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The communicative goal behind a causal claim like “Smok-ing causes heart attacks” is to inform recipients about the ex-istence of a causal link between the factors mentioned in theproposition. Different terminologies can be used to accomplishthis goal. Sometimes people use formulations of the form “Ccauses E”, like in the tobacco warning above, and sometimesthey use other formulations, such as modal propositions like“C can cause / lead to E.”, or statements like “C increases therisk of E.”. We investigate the hypothesis that different causalstructure claims, by means of different terminologies, not onlycommunicate the existence of a causal link but also implic-itly elicit intuitions about that link’s strength. Experiment 1revealed that claims like “C causes E” imply a stronger linkthan, for example, modal formulations like “C can cause E”.Experiment 2 tested implications of this finding for researchon causal structure learning.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"causality; causal claims; causal reasoning; causalstrength; causal structure; causal talk"}],"section":"Papers accepted as Posters, appearing in proceedings only","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gr8g9jh","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Simon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Stephan","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of G ̈ottingen","department":""},{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Waldmann","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of G ̈ottingen","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30163/galley/20017/download/"}]},{"pk":29458,"title":"Online Article Comprehension in Monolingual Spanish-Speaking Preschoolers with\nSpecific Language Impairment: A Language-Mediated Visual Attention Study","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Article production difficulties in Spanish-speaking children\nwith specific language impairment (SLI) are well documented.\nHowever, evidence on article comprehension is scarce. In an\neye tracking experiment, we compared online comprehension\nof definite and indefinite articles in monolingual Spanish-\nspeaking children with SLI and children with typical language\ndevelopment (TLD) matched for age. Children listened to\nsimple phrases while inspecting a visual context with four\nimages. The article in the phrase agreed in number and gender\nwith the target image only. Visual target preference was\nmonitored as the phrase unfolded. Eye movements revealed\nthat children with SLI showed a weak preference for the target\non indefinite article trials only after hearing the noun, although\nno significant effects of definiteness were observed. In\ncontrast, children with TLD were able to use the article to\nanticipate the noun. These findings contribute to reducing the\ngap between article production and comprehension in children\nwith SLI.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Specific language impairment; grammar; articles;\ncomprehension; eye movements"}],"section":"Reading and Processing","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/28p6f68s","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Andrea","middle_name":"","last_name":"Helo","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universidad de Chile","department":""},{"first_name":"Carmen","middle_name":"Julia","last_name":"Coloma","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universidad de Chile","department":""},{"first_name":"Zulema","middle_name":"","last_name":"De Barbieri","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universidad Santo Tomás","department":""},{"first_name":"Ernesto","middle_name":"","last_name":"Guerra","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universidad de Chile","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29458/galley/19318/download/"}]},{"pk":30215,"title":"Online Ratings: A Case Study of Information Integration","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Building upon previous literature that demonstrates the effect of average rating and number of reviews on consumerbehavior, the present study begged the question of how rating distributions influence perception of product quality at theindividual consumer level. To address this question, we presented a wide range of rating variances for each average ratingfrom 1.1 to 4.9 in a 5-star system and asked participants to indicate their perceived quality of each product on a scale of1 10. The behavioral study revealed an interaction between average rating and rating variance: Among all products of thesame average rating, when the average rating was low (below 2.5), people judged less-variable products to be of higherquality, whereas when the average rating was high (above 2.5), people judged more-variable products to be of higherquality. A utility-based cognitive model was developed to identify the underlying mechanisms of this reversed preference.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Member Abstracts, appearing in proceedings only","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89f8k4sc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jingqi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Yu","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University Bloomington","department":""},{"first_name":"David","middle_name":"","last_name":"Landy","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University Bloomington","department":""},{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"","last_name":"Goldstone","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University Bloomington","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30215/galley/20069/download/"}]},{"pk":30114,"title":"On the Malleability and Stability of Ignoring Group-Level Effects","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Co-operation and group-serving behaviour of group members has increasingly been acknowledged as essential to theflourishing of groups in general and the success of teams in organizations or companies in particular. Studying this,however, presupposes dissociating individual-level and group-level effects (involving a Simpsons Paradox). We havestarted investigating settings where true individual- and group-level effects could be dissociated in a learning paradigmconcerned with individuals in changing teams. Our results show that participants often evaluated the overall most effectivegroup-serving team-player much more negatively than all less effective non-interacting workers. This suggested a potentialTragedy of Personnel Selection, when personnel managers, relying on number-based outcomes, tend to ignore even strongand crucial group-level effects of team-players. Here we briefly summarize some findings and present an experiment,where we tried to improve participants ability to dissociate individual- from group-level effects, by explicitly providingthem with hypotheses about a team player.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m97c7bb","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Momme","middle_name":"","last_name":"von Sydow","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Siegen","department":""},{"first_name":"Niels","middle_name":"","last_name":"Braus","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Heidelberg","department":""},{"first_name":"Ulrike","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hahn","name_suffix":"","institution":"Birkbeck, University of London","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30114/galley/19968/download/"}]},{"pk":29710,"title":"On the Predictive Power of Neural Language Models for Human Real-TimeComprehension Behavior","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Human reading behavior is tuned to the statistics of natural lan-guage: the time it takes human subjects to read a word can bepredicted from estimates of the word’s probability in context.However, it remains an open question what computational ar-chitecture best characterizes the expectations deployed in realtime by humans that determine the behavioral signatures ofreading. Here we test over two dozen models, independentlymanipulating computational architecture and training datasetsize, on how well their next-word expectations predict humanreading time behavior on naturalistic text corpora. Consistentwith previous work, we find that across model architecturesand training dataset sizes the relationship between word log-probability and reading time is (near-)linear. We next evalu-ate how features of these models determine their psychometricpredictive power, or ability to predict human reading behav-ior. In general, the better a model’s next-word expectations(as measured by the traditional language modeling perplexityobjective), the better its psychometric predictive power. How-ever, we find nontrivial differences in psychometric predictivepower across model architectures. For any given perplexity,deep Transformer models and n-gram models generally showsuperior psychometric predictive power over LSTM or struc-turally supervised neural models, especially for eye movementdata. Finally, we compare models’ psychometric predictivepower to the depth of their syntactic knowledge, as measuredby a battery of syntactic generalization tests developed usingmethods from controlled psycholinguistic experiments. Onceperplexity is controlled for, we find no significant relationshipbetween syntactic knowledge and predictive power. These re-sults suggest that, at least for the present state of natural lan-guage technology, different approaches may be required to bestmodel human real-time language comprehension behavior innaturalistic reading versus behavior for controlled linguisticmaterials designed for targeted probing of syntactic knowl-edge.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Language modeling"},{"word":"real-time language compre-hension"},{"word":"Deep learning"},{"word":"eye-tracking"},{"word":"self-paced reading"}],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/738338tm","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ethan","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Wilcox","name_suffix":"","institution":"Harvard University","department":""},{"first_name":"Jon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gauthier","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Jennifer","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hu","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Peng","middle_name":"","last_name":"Qian","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Roger","middle_name":"P.","last_name":"Levy","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29710/galley/19567/download/"}]},{"pk":29707,"title":"On the Psychology of Resource Monitoring","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This research aims to understand when, why, and how people monitor resources such as money, time, and calories. Over-all, we find that people monitor money more closely than time or calories, but this varies by time horizon. While time andcalories were monitored most closely over a day, monitoring of money peaked at a month. Examining several possiblemediators of engagement with resource monitoring, we find the factors that impact ones engagement with resource moni-toring varies both by resource and by time horizon. One mediating factor that seems particularly important is the numberof budget categories people create. We find the degree to which people engage in resource monitoring is positively relatedto the number of categories they form. This research has implications for any behavior that involves tracking resources,such as financial decision-making, dieting, time management, and goal pursuit more generally.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9c88m2sj","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Katz","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Chicago","department":""},{"first_name":"Abigail","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sussman","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Chicago","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29707/galley/19564/download/"}]},{"pk":30185,"title":"Ontogenesis of social interaction: Review of studies relevant to the fetal socialbehavior.","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the ontogenesis of social interaction by reviewing different studies of fetal voice recognition, mimicry,and twin fetuses co-movement. The review found that fetuses behave socially, but they are unable to do this on their owndue to a lack of understanding social reality, which requires linking certain social cues with corresponding social cases.The article hypothesizes the facilitation of social learning of fetuses through mental interaction with the mother. Thismodality of interaction was explored in 12 online experiments with 67 adults and children. Participants were requiredto translate unfamiliar foreign words themselves (independently), by choosing one correct translation from 10 variants intheir native language in a congruent design and, with the opposite task, in incongruent one. The confederates receivedhints about the correct answers. These online experiments in different languages found evidence of a 98% increase in agroup performance (the p-value 0.001).","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Member Abstracts, appearing in proceedings only","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5n24z2zf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Igor","middle_name":"Val","last_name":"Danilov","name_suffix":"","institution":"Academic Center for Coherent Intelligence","department":""},{"first_name":"Sandra","middle_name":"","last_name":"Mihailova","name_suffix":"","institution":"Riga Stradins University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30185/galley/20039/download/"}]},{"pk":30071,"title":"Openness to Fictional Experience: Measuring Readers’ and Viewers’ NarrativeAbsorption as a Function of Personality","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Social media uses narrative templates to present information, whether news (real or fake) or advertisements. The perpetualengagement with stories influences our attention, memory, thinking and behaviour. This study addresses two researchquestions: What kind of story engages what kind of audience? Are people high in openness to experience more susceptibleto getting lost in counterfactual worlds? Participants with high/low scores in openness to experience are presented withliterary and film vignettes independently rated as engaging/non-engaging. Narrative absorption and openness to experiencequestionnaires provide preliminary data indicating reliable narrative absorption-openness correlation. Eye tracking willprovide implicit narrative engagement measures for attention (eye fixation), cognitive load (pupil dilation) and engagement(gaze duration). Eye-movement, self-reports, and personality questionnaires will indicate which narrative designs engagespecific audiences efficiently.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9k44x594","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Catalina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Iricinschi","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of the Arts","department":""},{"first_name":"Zoe","middle_name":"","last_name":"Darazsdi","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of the Arts","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30071/galley/19925/download/"}]},{"pk":29645,"title":"Optimal Attentional Allocation in the Presence of Capacity Constraints in VisualSearch","subtitle":null,"abstract":"There is large agreement among vision scientists that biolog-ical perception is capacity-limited and that attentional mecha-nisms control how that capacity is allocated. Despite the factthat Bayesian models generally do not include capacity limits,many researchers model perceptual attention as the result ofoptimal Bayesian inference. This inconsistency arises becausevision science currently lacks a feasible and principled com-putational framework for characterizing optimal attentional al-location in the presence of capacity constraints. Here, weintroduce such a framework based on rate-distortion theory(RDT), a theory of optimal lossy compression developed in theengineering literature. Our approach defines Bayes-optimalperformance when an upper limit on information processingrate is imposed. Here, we compare Bayesian and RDT ac-counts in a visual search task, and highlight a typical shortcom-ing of unlimited-capacity Bayesian models that is not sharedby RDT models, namely that they often over-estimate task-performance when information-processing demands are in-creased. In this study, we asked human subjects to find eitherone or two targets in a collection of distractors in a single-fixation search task. We predicted relative performance be-tween one- and two-target conditions based on both RDT andBayesian models. Performance differed between conditions ina way that was well accounted for by the capacity-limited RDTmodel but not by the capacity-unlimited Bayesian model.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"visual attention"},{"word":"visual search"},{"word":"rate-distortion the-ory"},{"word":"resource rationality"},{"word":"information theory"},{"word":"Bayesian model-ing"},{"word":"Computational Modeling"}],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99x9r84k","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Christopher","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Bates","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Rochester","department":""},{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jacobs","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Rochester","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29645/galley/19503/download/"}]},{"pk":29750,"title":"Optimality and Space in Weakly Constrained Everyday Activities","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The action order of most everyday activities is only weaklyconstrained: When setting the table, for example, the orderin which the items are placed on the table does not matter ifall required items are on the table eventually. Little is knownabout how humans deal with weakly constrained sequences.Consistent with research on local optimality of human behav-ior and the “law of less work”, we propose that the order ofweakly constrained sequences is not chosen arbitrarily but dueto preferences, with the overall goal to minimize cognitive andphysical effort. We implement and validate a stepwise-optimalmodel for table setting, revealing ordering preferences basedon distance, functional relations between items, and reachabil-ity. The model’s success has implications concerning actionorganization in weakly constrained sequences as well as con-trol of action sequences and provides further evidence on thequestion of global vs. local optimality of human cognition.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"everyday activity; spatial cognition; preferences;optimality; action sequences"}],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/06z3m0pg","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Petra","middle_name":"","last_name":"Wenzl","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Bremen","department":""},{"first_name":"Holger","middle_name":"","last_name":"Schultheis","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Bremen","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29750/galley/19606/download/"}]},{"pk":29890,"title":"Optimal nudging","subtitle":null,"abstract":"People’s judgments and decisions often deviate from classicalnotions of rationality, incurring costs to both themselves and tosociety. Previous research has proposed that the cost of thesebiases can be reduced by redesigning decision problems basedon theories of human decision making. These modifications—or nudges—can have dramatic results and have been success-fully applied to variety of domains. However, the formal un-derpinning of nudge theory is limited, and it is not always clearwhat the effect of a nudge will be before it is implemented. Asa result, designing nudges can be time consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we propose an automatic method for de-riving optimal nudges. The method is based on a resource-rational model, which assumes that people make decisions ina way that achieves a near-optimal tradeoff between the costand benefits of deliberation. We then frame nudges as modi-fications to the costs of different cognitive operations, encour-aging the cognitively frugal decision maker to consider someproblem features over others. As a proof of concept, we applythe method to the Mouselab process-tracing paradigm, findingthat optimal nudges lead participants to make better decisionswith less cognitive effort.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"nudging"},{"word":"decision support"},{"word":"decision making"},{"word":"re-source rational analysis"}],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/27x77946","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Frederick","middle_name":"","last_name":"Callaway","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Mathew","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Hardy","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Thomas","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Griffiths","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29890/galley/19744/download/"}]},{"pk":30101,"title":"Order Effects in One-shot Causal Generalization","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We introduce a novel task exploring how people make causal generalizations over the abstract features of the objectsinvolved in a causal interaction. Specifically, we investigate how people generalize from a single observation of two sim-ple objects in which one (the agent, or cause) interacts with another (the recipient, or effect) resulting in some featurechange(s). In line with recent demonstrations of human strength in few-shot concept learning, we find strong and sys-tematic patterns of generalizations that are well explained by a Bayesian inference model favoring simpler causal rules.However, we also identify a clear order effect depending on what order generalizations are made. To capture the observedpatterns, we develop a causal hypothesis generation model that takes peoples natural generalization tendency and the ordereffect into consideration, and outperforms plain Bayesian inference both in computational efficiency and in match to thebehavioral data.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7974408p","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Bonan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zhao","name_suffix":"","institution":"The University of Edinburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Neil","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bramley","name_suffix":"","institution":"The University of Edinburgh","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30101/galley/19955/download/"}]},{"pk":30194,"title":"Order matters: Developmentally plausible acquisition of lexical categories","subtitle":null,"abstract":"One proposal for how children acquire syntactic and semantic lexical categories is by inducing them from their distribu-tional signatures in speech. Because the language children are exposed to gradually increases in complexity as they getolder, it is possible that inducing lexical categories from initially simplified speech supports acquisition. We set out to testthis hypothesis using a simple recurrent neural network trained to predict 5 million words of child-directed speech from theAmerican-English portion of the CHILDES database. Evaluation of learned representations showed that models trainedin order in which children actually experience language performed better on a semantic, but not syntactic, categorizationtask. To understand why, we examined how the models encoded words during the earliest stages of training. Our resultsare relevant to important questions in language acquisition, such as the role of early experiences in organizing children’slinguistic representations.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Member Abstracts, appearing in proceedings only","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/32k656fc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Philip","middle_name":"","last_name":"Huebner","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","department":""},{"first_name":"Jon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Willits","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30194/galley/20048/download/"}]},{"pk":29483,"title":"Overconfident in Hindsight: Memory, Hindsight Bias and Overconfidence","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Overconfidence and Hindsight Bias are two well-knowncognitive biases. Herein, it is argued these biases may berelated to one another and human memory limitations;specifically, that memory limitations result in hindsight bias,causing people to recall being right more often than theyactually were, which leads to overconfidence as people applythis misremembered confidence to future events. Analysescomparing three types of overconfidence (overestimation,overplacement and overprecision) and hindsight bias confirmstrong, positive correlations between the different types ofoverconfidence – from 0.488 up to .807 and moderatecorrelations (.331 to .398) between all of these and hindsightbias. Comparisons between bias scores and five broadcognitive abilities (from the CHC model) suggests hindsightbias is more pronounced in people with worse memories andgenerally, lower cognitive ability. Overall, results are arguedto support the proposed links between memory, hindsight biasand overconfidence and future directions are suggested.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"overconfidence; hindsight bias; memory;cognitive bias."}],"section":"Biases","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ch6h5wp","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Matthew","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Welsh","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Adelaide","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29483/galley/19343/download/"}]},{"pk":29380,"title":"Paradoxical Gender Gaps in Mathematics Achievement: Pressure as a key","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Two studies explore gender gaps that favor girls in low-stakeslearning contexts yet are not evident in high-stakesachievement measures. Study 1 (n = 386) combined controldata across multiple experiments testing student’s learningfrom a challenging proportional reasoning lesson to exploreconsistent gender gaps in favor of girls. This learning gap couldnot be explained by the baseline mathematics, affective,motivational, or Executive Function individual differences wemeasured. In Study 2 (n =178), we experimentally manipulatedpressure, raising the stakes by telling some students that theirperformance would determine whether or not their entire classreceived an incentive. Gender gaps in favor of girls remainedin the absence of pressure, but when external pressure wasimposed before or after learning, the female advantagedisappeared. These data suggest managing feelings of pressurein learning or testing contexts may be an important step inultimately increasing female representation in math-intensivefields.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Mathematics; Gender Gaps; Learning; Reasoning;Pressure; STEM"}],"section":"Gender and Individuals","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xc833tq","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Emily","middle_name":"McLaughlin","last_name":"Lyons","name_suffix":"","institution":"Stem Research Network, TERC","department":""},{"first_name":"Almaz","middle_name":"","last_name":"Mesghina","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Chicago","department":""},{"first_name":"Lindsey","middle_name":"Engle","last_name":"Richland","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Irvine","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29380/galley/19241/download/"}]},{"pk":29517,"title":"Parents scaffold the formation of conversational pacts with their children","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Adults readily form pacts, or temporary agreements about ref-erent names, over the course of conversation. Young childrenfail to do so with peers, but recent evidence suggests that ex-plicit feedback from adults may improve their performance(Matthews, Lieven, & Tomasello, 2007). Do parents natu-rally provide such structure in their conversations with chil-dren? Using a director-matcher paradigm, we first show thatparents and children (ages 4, 6, 8) converge on increasinglyaccurate and efficient conversational pacts. Further, parents ofyounger children provide more interactive feedback. Finally,we analyze asymmetries in parents’ and children’s contribu-tions, finding that pacts tend to originate with the parent, butare simplified by younger children. Together, these resultssupport the idea that parents sensitively adapt their languageto their children’s developmental level to scaffold successfulcommunication.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"communication; language development; parent-child interaction"}],"section":"Pragmatics","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/54n052z9","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ashley","middle_name":"","last_name":"Leung","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Chicago","department":""},{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Hawkins","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Yurovsky","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University University of Chicago","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29517/galley/19377/download/"}]},{"pk":29548,"title":"Partner-specific adaptation in disfluency processing","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Disfluency leads listeners to expect an upcoming reference tounfamiliar objects. In two experiments, we examined if thisexpectation is adapted based on the way disfluency has beenused in the discourse. Participants listened to instructions tolook at an object on a screen containing familiar and novelimages. We manipulated the co-occurrence of disfluency andreference to novel vs. familiar objects. In the predictivecondition, disfluent expressions referred to novel objects, andfluent expressions referred to familiar objects. In the non-predictive condition, fluent and disfluent trials referred toeither familiar or novel objects. Participants’ gaze revealed thatlisteners more readily predicted familiar images for fluent trialsand novel images for disfluent trials in the predictive conditionthan in the non-predictive condition. Listeners adapted theirexpectations about upcoming words based on recentexperience with disfluency. Disfluency is not invariablyprocessed, but is a cue adapted within the local context.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Speech disfluency; Eye-tracking; Adaptation;Partner-specific processing"}],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4jc2t3qs","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Si","middle_name":"On","last_name":"Yoon","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Iowa","department":""},{"first_name":"Sarah","middle_name":"","last_name":"Brown-Schmidt","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29548/galley/19408/download/"}]},{"pk":29760,"title":"Part of Your World: Trends in the Visual Complexity of Digital Media","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Studying the mechanisms and trajectories of child development continues to be of critical importance, especially in thecontext of fast-changing digital environments, ubiquitous screens, and ever-increasing permeations of technology intoour lives. In this work, we study historical changes in the visual complexity of information presented in different mediacategories, including an eighty-year history of Disney movies and a forty-six-year history of NBC news programs andtelevision commercials. Our analyses include metrics of static visual variance in single frames as well as several metricsof visual change over time. By performing similar analyses on a dataset of egocentric videos, we compare trends in digitalmedia with data that more closely resemble real-life visual experiences. Understanding the visual characteristics of themedia we consume is an important step towards further investigating the effects that these characteristics might have onour perception, attention, and learning, especially in young children.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1f3411m8","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Deepayan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sanyal","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""},{"first_name":"Joel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Michelson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""},{"first_name":"Adriane","middle_name":"","last_name":"Seiffert","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""},{"first_name":"Maithilee","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kunda","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29760/galley/19615/download/"}]},{"pk":29643,"title":"Passing the Moral Turing Test","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The translation problem in moral AI asks how insights into human norms and values can be translated into a form suitablefor implementation in artificial systems. I argue that if my answer to a question about the human mind is right, thenthe translation problem is more tractable than previously thought. Specifically, I argue that we can use principles fromreinforcement learning to study human moral cognition, and that we can use principles from the resulting evaluative moralpsychology to design artificial systems capable of passing the Moral Turing Test (Allen, 2000). I illustrate the core featuresof my proposal by describing one such environment, or gridworld, in which an agent learns to trade-off between monetaryprofit and fair dealing, as characterized in behavioral economic paradigms. I conclude by highlighting the core technicaland philosophical advantages of such an approach for modeling moral cognition more broadly construed.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4zb9d0xz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Julia","middle_name":"","last_name":"Haas","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rhodes College","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29643/galley/19501/download/"}]},{"pk":29589,"title":"People use inverse planning to rationally seek social information from objects","subtitle":null,"abstract":"People use objects to make social judgments about traits of owners. Do people seek social information in a rational waysuggestive of Bayesian inverse planning? In two experiments, participants aimed to learn about a stranger. Each trialshowed two sets of objects; the stranger had chosen one from each set, but their choice was hidden. Participants judgedwhich would help them learn more about the stranger: Revealing their choice from set A or B? Participants selected setsrationally, identifying sets with a greater range of options as more informative: Larger sets over smaller; sets varying instyle over sets varying only in color (Exp.1). Participants also took into account constraints: They chose sets as moreinformative when all options were functional vs. when some were not (Exp.2). People consider the generative processbehind objects selection, using inverse planning to reason about the informational value of others objects.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8r89h36p","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ethan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hurwitz","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, San Diego","department":""},{"first_name":"Adena","middle_name":"","last_name":"Schachner","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, San Diego","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29589/galley/19448/download/"}]},{"pk":29672,"title":"People view humans as existing for purposes and condemn those who fail to fulfillthem","subtitle":null,"abstract":"People often endorse explanations in terms of purposes or goals (e.g., pencils exist so that people can write with them), evenwhen these teleological explanations are scientifically unwarranted (e.g., water exists so that life can survive on Earth). Inthe present research, we explore teleological endorsement in a novel domainhuman purposeand its relationship to moraljudgments. Across two studies, we find evidence that people endorse the claim that humans exist for a purpose (e.g.,to procreate, to help others) and that these beliefs relate to moral judgments against purpose violations (e.g., condemningthose who do not procreate, or do not help others). We also find evidence of a bi-directional causal relationship: teleologicalclaims about a species result in moral condemnation of purpose violations, and stipulating that an action is immoralincreases endorsement that the species exists for that purpose.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12t8p5tk","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Casey","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lewry","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Tania","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lombrozo","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Deborah","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kelemen","name_suffix":"","institution":"Boston University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29672/galley/19529/download/"}]},{"pk":29646,"title":"Perceived Agency of a Social Norm Violating Robot","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In this experiment, we investigated how a robot’s violation ofseveral social norms influences human engagement with andperception of that robot. Each participant in our study (n = 80)played 30 rounds of rock-paper-scissors with a robot. In thethree experimental conditions, the robot violated a social normby cheating, cursing, or insulting the participant during game-play. In the control condition, the robot conducted a non-normviolating behavior by stretching its hand. During the game,we found that participants had strong emotional reactions toall three social norm violations. However, participants spokemore words to the robot only after it cheated. After the game,participants were more likely to describe the robot as an agentonly if they were in the cheating condition. These results implythat while social norm violations do elicit strong immediate re-actions, only cheating elicits a significantly stronger prolongedperception of agency.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"human-robot interaction; social norms; cheatingdetector; cheating; perceived agency"}],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0tk0p86s","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Shannon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Yasuda","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale","department":""},{"first_name":"Devon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Doheny","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale","department":""},{"first_name":"Nicole","middle_name":"","last_name":"Salomons","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale","department":""},{"first_name":"Sarah","middle_name":"Strohkorb","last_name":"Sebo","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale","department":""},{"first_name":"Brian","middle_name":"","last_name":"Scassellati","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29646/galley/19504/download/"}]},{"pk":30067,"title":"Perceiving unseen objects","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We regularly make inferences about the presence and properties of objects or entities in our environment that we cannotsee directly, be it while driving, playing sports, or making scientific discoveries. But how do we know what these unseenobjects are, and what properties they have? Our studies explore these questions by showing participants scenes of a balltraveling beneath, then later exiting, a covered region, and asking them to recreate a configuration of unobserved obstaclesthe ball could have bounced off to produce the observed trajectory. We find that in many cases people were able to recoverthe approximate world structure; however, there were also instances in which people consistently used a configurationwith fewer blocks that would cause modest deviations from the observations of the time or direction of the balls trajectory.Inferring unseen objects thus appears to involve a trade-off between parsimony and explanatory power.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/14v517c0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Katherine","middle_name":"","last_name":"Collins","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Josh","middle_name":"","last_name":"Tenenbaum","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Kevin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Smith","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30067/galley/19921/download/"}]},{"pk":29635,"title":"Perseverance in risky goal-pursuit","subtitle":null,"abstract":"From founding a new start-up to applying for a big grant, many activities involve pursuing risky goals with stark all-or-nothing outcomes and high uncertainty about the chances of succeeding in ones goal. These endeavors require patientperseverance, where time invested towards achieving a rewarding risky goal also implies the opportunity cost of forgoingsafer alternatives, such as working for a reliable wage with immediate rewards. How do people behave when choosingbetween such risky endeavors and safe alternatives, where the dynamic nature of the task has implications beyond expectedutility maximization? We present a new experimental paradigm, where by manipulating the relative rewards, task uncer-tainty, and the success threshold for achieving the risky goal, we are able to identify the environmental factors influencingperseverance. We then compare human behavior to the optimal strategy, along with a variety of boundedly rational policiesand heuristics that trade-off efficiently between complexity and performance.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1fz7g4j1","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Wojciech","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zajkowski","name_suffix":"","institution":"Cardiff University","department":""},{"first_name":"Charley","middle_name":"","last_name":"Wu","name_suffix":"","institution":"Harvard University","department":""},{"first_name":"Pantelis","middle_name":"","last_name":"Analytis","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Southern Denmark","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29635/galley/19493/download/"}]},{"pk":29556,"title":"Personal Identity and Online Communities","subtitle":null,"abstract":"How has the diffusion of online communities changed howtheir users construct, view, and define their identity? In thispaper, we choose to approach this issue by considering twoparticular philosophical problems related to personal identity:1) The Characterization Question, namely “which actions, ex-periences, beliefs, values, desires, character traits, and so oncan we attribute to a given person?” 2) “How do self-other re-lations affect the ethical implication of identity construction?”To address them, we adopt a comprehensive framework com-posed of cognitive niches and cognitive niche construction the-ories, and we discuss different philosophical and technologicalnotions. In particular: the Filter Bubble problem, the conceptof affordances, and the Sartrean idea of Bad Faith.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Identity; Online Communities; Filter Bubble; BadFaith; Affordance; Virtual Identity."}],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6919h9b7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Selene","middle_name":"","last_name":"Arfini","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pavia","department":""},{"first_name":"Lorenzo","middle_name":"Botta","last_name":"Parandera","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pavia","department":""},{"first_name":"Camilla","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gazzaniga","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pavia","department":""},{"first_name":"Nicolo","middle_name":"","last_name":"Maggioni","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pavia","department":""},{"first_name":"Alessandro","middle_name":"","last_name":"Tacchino","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pavia","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29556/galley/19416/download/"}]},{"pk":29601,"title":"Personality Traits Moderate the Relationship between Statistical Learning Abilityand Second-Language Learners’ Sentence Comprehension","subtitle":null,"abstract":"An accumulating body of evidence has demonstrated a tightcoupling between individual differences (ID) in statisticallearning ability (SL) and variation in language performancein child and adult native speaker populations, with some ini-tial evidence that this coupling extends to second language(L2) speakers. However, surprisingly little work has been con-ducted to assess potential interactions between SL and otherexperience-related and affective ID factors. Using a within-subjects design embedded in an ID framework, the presentstudy attempts to fill this gap by investigating whether the im-pact of SL ability on language is moderated by individual dif-ferences in personality traits and the amount of experience anindividual has had with the L2. The results of the study re-vealed a complex interplay between ID factors and variationin L2 comprehension of different types of complex sentencesindicating that the effect of SL ability on language comprehen-sion is moderated by personality traits.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"language comprehension; second language learn-ing and processing; statistical learning; personality"}],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vw282qj","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Elma","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kerz","name_suffix":"","institution":"RWTH Aachen University","department":""},{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Wiechmann","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Amsterdam","department":""},{"first_name":"Tandis","middle_name":"","last_name":"Silkens","name_suffix":"","institution":"RWTH Aachen University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29601/galley/19460/download/"}]},{"pk":29847,"title":"Phonemic learning based on articulatory-acoustic speech representations","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Infants learn to imitate and recognize words at an early age,but phonemic awareness develops at a later age, guided byacquisition of literacy for example. We investigate ahypothesis that speech representations in the brain are formedpartly due to articulatory-acoustic learning, and theserepresentations may be used as a basis when learning anadditional mapping to phonemes. We train a convolutionalrecurrent neural network, having an articulatory branch and aphonemic branch for multitask learning. When trained withreal conversational speech and aligned synthesizedarticulation, it is shown that the use of the articulatoryrepresentation boosts phoneme recognition accuracy, whenthe first convolutional layers are shared between the twobranches. It is hypothesized that representations involved inspeech perception formed in the brain during childhood maybe partly based on articulatory learning, and an additionalmapping from these low-level speech representations tophonemes has to be learned.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Speech learning"},{"word":"speech inversion"},{"word":"articulatorymodeling"},{"word":"phonetic learning."}],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/56j630pc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Heikki","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rasilo","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29847/galley/19701/download/"}]},{"pk":29908,"title":"Pictorial Depth Cues in Young Children’s Drawings of Layouts and Objects","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Humans have been faced with the challenges of pictorialproduction since at least the Paleolithic. Curiously, while thecapacity to navigate layouts and recognize objects in everydaylife comes almost effortlessly, inherited from our evolutionarypast, the capacity to draw layouts and objects is more effortful,often needing time to improve over the course of anindividual’s development and with the technologicalinnovations acquired through culture. The present studyexamines whether young children might nevertheless rely onphylogenetically ancient spatial capacities for navigation andobject recognition when creating uniquely human pictorial art.We apply a novel digital coding technique to a publiclyavailable dataset of young children’s drawings of layouts andobjects to explore children’s use of classic pictorial depth cuesincluding size, position, and overlap. To convey pictorialdepth, children appear to adopt several cues, without apreference among them, younger than had been suggested byprevious studies that used other, less rich, analytic techniques.Moreover, children use more cues to pictorial depth indrawings of layouts versus objects. Children’s creation ofuniquely human pictorial symbols may thus reflect theirheightened use of depth for navigating layouts compared torecognizing objects, both cognitive capacities that humansshare with other animals.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"drawings; child development; layouts"},{"word":"objects;navigation; depth"}],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4kb0w78s","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Théo","middle_name":"","last_name":"Morfoisse","name_suffix":"","institution":"New York University","department":""},{"first_name":"Todd","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gureckis","name_suffix":"","institution":"New York University","department":""},{"first_name":"Moira","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Dillon","name_suffix":"","institution":"New York University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29908/galley/19762/download/"}]},{"pk":29561,"title":"Pictures facilitate recognition and retrieval speeds of associations between wordsin a second language and referents","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to identify associative processes for words in a second language and their referents. ThirtyJapanese participants learned associative conditions for novel words in Chinese and pictorial referents (CP), as well asnovel words in Chinese and words in Japanese (CJ), against a condition of only novel words in Chinese (C). After thelearning phase, participants conducted 2 retrieval tasks for word recognition and 3 recognition tasks for source-monitoringof the referents. Correct answers for each recognition task were provided to participants after each trial. Although correctanswers in all the conditions gradually increased in both the recognition and retrieval tasks, there were no significantdifferences among these conditions. In contrast, recognition and retrieval speeds were faster for CP than CJ. These findingssuggest that pictures contribute to recognition and retrieval speeds of associations between words in a second languageand referents.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gj3473q","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Toshimune","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kambara","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hiroshima University","department":""},{"first_name":"Xinyi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Liu","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hiroshima University","department":""},{"first_name":"Hiroki","middle_name":"","last_name":"Horinouchi","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hiroshima University","department":""},{"first_name":"Yutao","middle_name":"","last_name":"Yang","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hiroshima University","department":""},{"first_name":"YAN","middle_name":"","last_name":"YAN","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hiroshima University","department":""},{"first_name":"Misa","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ando","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hiroshima University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29561/galley/19421/download/"}]},{"pk":29719,"title":"Popular Peers Promote Prosocial Behavior","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Dispositions for prosociality undergo major changes during adolescence, a period of increased sensitivity to peer influenceand incipient internalization of societal norms. However, the proximate mechanisms favoring the development of prosocialpreferences are poorly understood. Here, we show that high-status peers affect adolescents prosocial decision making.Participants repeatedly chose to either donate money to a charity or keep it for themselves and could revise their decisionupon observing the (opposite) decisions of either a high-status or low-status peer from their classroom. Participantstended to conform to peer behavior, reversing their initial preference. Importantly, this pattern was especially strong whenobserving high-status peers, suggesting that norm signalling from high-status peers can be instrumental for the diffusionof prosocial behavior. Using a novel incentivized paradigm in a naturalistic setting, we provide experimental evidencefor the role of high-status peers in the development of prosocial preferences and outline a potential path for interventionsaimed at spreading prosocial norms.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/86q9b27s","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Andrea","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gradassi","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Amsterdam","department":""},{"first_name":"Scarlett","middle_name":"","last_name":"Slagter","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Amsterdam","department":""},{"first_name":"Wouter","middle_name":"","last_name":"van den Bos","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Amsterdam","department":""},{"first_name":"Lucas","middle_name":"","last_name":"Molleman","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Amsterdam","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29719/galley/19576/download/"}]},{"pk":29485,"title":"Population-level amplification of perceptual bias","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A longstanding conjecture that has been difficult to test holds that social interactions amplify the effects of people’s biases.We tested this conjecture in a perceptual decision-making paradigm. First, we formalized the algorithmic structure of de-cision making in networked crowds when individuals’ perceptions are biased by their utilities. Our analysis predicts thateven weak cognitive biases can be amplified by social interaction. We tested this prediction in a large networked behav-ioral experiment. Using a monetary incentive structure to induce a bias known as motivated perception, we manipulatedthe presence of a weak cognitive bias in social and asocial populations. Social decision making increased participants’perceptual accuracy relative to an asocial baseline. However, social decision making also led to significantly amplifiedrates of motivated perception, confirming the prediction that shared cognitive biases can be amplified in social networks.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Biases","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gw7m09n","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Mathew","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hardy","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Bill","middle_name":"","last_name":"Thompson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Peter","middle_name":"","last_name":"Krafft","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Oxford","department":""},{"first_name":"Tom","middle_name":"","last_name":"Griffiths","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29485/galley/19345/download/"}]},{"pk":29788,"title":"Positive Effects of a Developmental Period Without Control","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Executive control processes allow task-appropriate behaviour across cognitive domains, yet, children have a long devel-opmental period with little or no control. Traditionally, this is viewed as a negative but necessary consequence of the timetaken for prefrontal development and learning control processes. Here we examine a recent model of controlled semanticcognition (https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/860528v1) as a test case to present evidence for an alternative (yet perhaps,complementary) view; that a developmental period without control has a positive functional role in learning. Varying thelength of a developmental period without control, we identify an optimal period (around one third of the learning time)which allows conceptual learning to happen much faster, without loss of conceptual abstraction ability. This speeding ismediated by the way control interacts with representation regions (deeper multimodal ¿ shallower input areas). This hasimplications for our understanding of controlled semantic cognition and the development of control more generally.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xc6675d","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Rebecca","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jackson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Cambridge","department":""},{"first_name":"Matthew","middle_name":"Lambon","last_name":"Ralph","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Cambridge","department":""},{"first_name":"Timothy","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rogers","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29788/galley/19642/download/"}]},{"pk":29765,"title":"Potential for cumulative culture in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) in asimulated transmission chain study.","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We investigated whether capuchin monkeys could use information about rewarded and unrewarded stimuli such that chain-ing of their response patterns would in principle generate increasingly successful performances, indicative of potential forcumulative culture. Two populations of tufted capuchin monkeys were tested using a touchscreen stimulus-selection taskrequiring subjects to learn the strategy of repeating rewarded, and avoiding unrewarded selections following demonstra-tions of varying success. Although capuchins outperformed demonstrations of chance-level performance (simulating per-formance of a nave individual), they did not consistently outperform demonstrations of above-chance-level success. Thissuggests that, in a social transmission scenario, the accumulation of beneficial information over successive transmissionevents would be relatively limited. Despite mastering the task contingencies, the capuchins did not use the informationoptimally, limiting the potential for cumulative culture. Our data may provide insights into factors constraining cumulativeculture in the natural behaviour of non-humans.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/24f1z1nc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Donna","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kean","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Stirling","department":""},{"first_name":"Elizabeth","middle_name":"","last_name":"Renner","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Stirling","department":""},{"first_name":"Mark","middle_name":"","last_name":"Atkinson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Stirling","department":""},{"first_name":"Chlo","middle_name":"India","last_name":"Wright","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Stirling","department":""},{"first_name":"Amy","middle_name":"","last_name":"Derrick","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Stirling","department":""},{"first_name":"Hika","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kuroshima","name_suffix":"","institution":"Kyoto University","department":""},{"first_name":"Christine","middle_name":"","last_name":"Caldwell","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Stirling","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29765/galley/19619/download/"}]},{"pk":29346,"title":"Practical Advice on How to Run Human Behavioral Studies","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Psychology experimental method; HCI usabilitystudies."}],"section":"Workshop","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/82h7191s","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Frank","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ritter","name_suffix":"","institution":"Penn State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Jong","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kim","name_suffix":"","institution":"Penn State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Morgan","name_suffix":"","institution":"Potsdam University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29346/galley/19207/download/"}]},{"pk":29522,"title":"Predicting Age of Acquisition in Early Word Learning Using Recurrent NeuralNetworks","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Vocabulary growth and syntactic development are known tobe highly correlated in early child language. What determineswhen words are acquired and how can this help us understandwhat drives early language development? We train an LSTMlanguage model, known to detect syntactic regularities that arerelevant for predicting the difficulty of words, on child-directedspeech. We use the average surprisal of words for the model,which encodes sequential predictability, as a predictor for theage of acquisition of words in early child language. We com-pare this predictor to word frequency and others and find thataverage surprisal is a good predictor for the age of acquisitionof function words and predicates beyond frequency, but notfor nouns. Our approach provides insight into what makes agood model of early word learning, especially for words whosemeanings rely heavily on linguistic context.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Language model; recurrent neural network;LSTM; language acquisition; age of acquisition; child directedspeech; word learning."}],"section":"Word Learning","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0j73138g","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Eva","middle_name":"","last_name":"Portelance","name_suffix":"","institution":"Stanford University","department":""},{"first_name":"Judith","middle_name":"","last_name":"Degen","name_suffix":"","institution":"Stanford University","department":""},{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"C.","last_name":"Frank","name_suffix":"","institution":"Stanford University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29522/galley/19382/download/"}]},{"pk":29950,"title":"Predicting Difficulty with Learning in the Mathematics Classroom: TheUsefulness of Heart Rate Variability","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Mathematical thinking and learning are negatively affected by adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which have beenshown to impact school attendance, behavioral issues, and achievement of grade-level standards of a variety of academicsubjects (Blodgett & Lanigan, 2018). ACEs are often linked to permanent physiological changes to the nervous system ina dose-response relationship (Dube, Felitti, Dong, Giles, & Anda, 2003). Laboratory studies have identified physiologicalindicators–such as heart rate variability–which can point to students who may have unique learning needs, but this has notyet been tested in a classroom setting, where students learning needs may be amplified (Smith, Thayer, Khalsa, & Lane,2017). In this study we use sport watches to explore the value of measuring heart rate variability of students while theyare in the classroom to predict those who may need support to optimize learning in math class.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 3","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8v64k5dp","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kathryn","middle_name":"","last_name":"deVries","name_suffix":"","institution":"Temple University","department":""},{"first_name":"Julie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Booth","name_suffix":"","institution":"Temple University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29950/galley/19804/download/"}]},{"pk":29782,"title":"Predicting Social Exclusion: A Computational Linguistic Approach to theDetection of Ostracism","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Ostracism is a social phenomenon, shared by most social animals, including humans. Its detection plays a crucial role forthe individual, with possible evolutionary consequences for the species.Considering (1) its relation with communication and therefore language and (2) its social nature, we hypothesised that thecombination of linguistic and community-level social features would have a positive impact on the automatic recognitionof ostracism in human online communities.We modelled a linguistic community through Reddit data and we analysed the performance of simple classification al-gorithms (Nave Bayes and SVM), particularly focusing on the feature selection. Comparing the accuracy scores of thealgorithms fed with a) linguistic features, b) extralinguistic features, and c) linguistic + extralinguistic features, we testedour hypothesis, showing how models based on c) generally outperform.To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to automatise the identification of such a complex phenomenon through NLPtechniques.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gm1m821","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Greta","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gandolfi","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Trento","department":""},{"first_name":"Carlo","middle_name":"","last_name":"Strapparava","name_suffix":"","institution":"FBK-Irst","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29782/galley/19636/download/"}]},{"pk":29379,"title":"Prefrontal-striatal circuitry supportsadaptive memory prioritization across development","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Previous work has revealed that the ability to strategically en-code high-value information may improve gradually over de-velopment as cognitive control mechanisms mature. However,studies of value-directed memory have relied on explicit cuesof information value, which are rarely present in real-worldcontexts. Here, using a novel fMRI paradigm, we examinedwhether individuals across a wide age range (N = 90; ages 8– 25 years) could learn the value of information from expe-rience and use learned value signals to strategically modulatememory. We found that memory prioritization for high-valueinformation improved across development, and was supportedby increased engagement of the caudate and prefrontal cortexduring both encoding and retrieval of high-value information.Our results suggest that across development, the dynamic ad-justment of memory based on the statistics of the environmentis supported by a wide network of brain regions involved inboth the recognition and use of information value.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"motivated memory; cognitive development;fMRI"}],"section":"Memory","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4t5836f5","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kate","middle_name":"","last_name":"Nussenbaum","name_suffix":"","institution":"New York University","department":""},{"first_name":"Catherine","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Hartley","name_suffix":"","institution":"New York University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29379/galley/19240/download/"}]},{"pk":29647,"title":"Preschoolers Are Sensitive to Their Performance Over Time","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Tracking one’s performance over time is essential to efficientself-guided learning but it is not clear whether young childrencan accurately monitor their past performance. Here, welooked at whether 4-6-year-olds can use the trajectory of theirpast performance to allocate future resources. Across fourexperiments (N = 274), we found that children were sensitiveto their rate of change in past performance: Children assignedto a condition in which they got better over time were morelikely to take on challenges and teach others than children inconditions where they got worse or stayed the same.Furthermore, children privileged their rate and direction ofchange more than their total or final score. These resultssuggest that young children monitor their rate of improvementand can use this information to guide their future efforts.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"Challenge seeking"},{"word":"Confidence"},{"word":"Ability"},{"word":"Effort"},{"word":"Reasoning"}],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9fm7526c","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Julia","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Leonard","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Julia","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sandler","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Amanda","middle_name":"","last_name":"Nerenberg","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Aidan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rubio","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Laura","middle_name":"E.","last_name":"Schulz","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Allyson","middle_name":"P.","last_name":"Mackey","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29647/galley/19505/download/"}]},{"pk":29587,"title":"Preschoolers recognize that losses loom larger than gains.","subtitle":null,"abstract":"People often over value their current property. For example,even young children will choose to keep their current propertyover trading it for property of similar utility (Hartley & Fisher,2018). In two experiments (N = 180), we examined howchildren aged 3 and 4 weigh the potential loss of existingproperty against the gain of property in their reasoning aboutothers’ actions. We found that by 4-years-old, children expectothers to prioritize the retention of existing property over theacquisition of new property. We suggest that this expectationreflects an understanding that people often value what theyalready own more than what they can potentially gain. Wediscuss the implications of our findings for competing theoriesof ownership reasoning, and for children’s reasoning about lossaversion.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[{"word":"ownership"},{"word":"human action"},{"word":"conceptualdevelopment"}],"section":"Poster Session 1","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hp665qh","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Shaylene","middle_name":"E","last_name":"Nancekivell","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of North Carolina","department":""},{"first_name":"Stephanie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Denison","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Waterloo","department":""},{"first_name":"Ori","middle_name":"","last_name":"Friedman","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Waterloo","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29587/galley/19446/download/"}]},{"pk":29769,"title":"Preschoolers’ responses to unknown words: Questions and evaluation of definitionquality","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Asking questions about unknown things involves recognizing knowledge gaps, identifying information sources, and for-mulating appropriate questions. This active involvement propels development by individualizing the learning environment.To characterize active engagement in word learning, we investigated whether preschoolers ask questions about novel vo-cabulary and evaluate definition quality. In Study 1, preschoolers were asked to perform actions following instructionswith novel (transpose) or familiar (switch) verbs. They asked more questions about novel (M = 3.31 out of 9, SD = 3.34)than familiar verbs (M = .17, SD = .44), t(35) = -5.68, p ¡ .001. In Study 2, informative or uninformative definitions wereprovided. Preliminary data suggest that preschoolers only asked questions when faced with uninformative definitions (M= .65 out of 3). When faced with novel words, preschoolers not only elicit questions, but also determine whether theirinformation needs have been met.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Poster Session 2","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7461w5r8","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Laura","middle_name":"","last_name":"Janakiefski","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""},{"first_name":"Nicholas","middle_name":"","last_name":"Tippenhauer","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""},{"first_name":"Megan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Saylor","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2020-01-01T18:00:00Z","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29769/galley/19623/download/"}]}]}