{"count":38415,"next":"https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=json&limit=100&offset=30200","previous":"https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=json&limit=100&offset=30000","results":[{"pk":39033,"title":"Review: Pilgrimage to Vallombrosa: From Vermont to Italy in the Footsteps of George Perkins Marsh by John Elder","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7g4596pm","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ryder","middle_name":"W.","last_name":"Miller","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39033/galley/29459/download/"}]},{"pk":39038,"title":"Review: Shadow and Shelter: The Swamp in Southern Culture by Anthony Wilson","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0pb911f9","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kathy","middle_name":"","last_name":"Piselli","name_suffix":"","institution":"Atlanta-Fulton Public Library","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39038/galley/29464/download/"}]},{"pk":39036,"title":"Review: Solar Revolution: The Economic Transformation of the Global Energy Industry by Travis Bradford","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6370q1wh","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Umar","middle_name":"Karim","last_name":"Mirza","name_suffix":"","institution":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39036/galley/29462/download/"}]},{"pk":39039,"title":"Review: The Hanford Reach: A Land of Contrasts by Susan Zwinger and Stamford D. Smith","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/66c3d1t3","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Adam","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Sowards","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Idaho","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39039/galley/29465/download/"}]},{"pk":39031,"title":"Review: The World's Water 2006-2007 by P.H. Gleick","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3392w6d5","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"A.","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Mannion","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Reading","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39031/galley/29457/download/"}]},{"pk":39030,"title":"Review: The World System and the Earth System by A. Horberger and C. Crumley (Eds.)","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2fj436wz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"A.","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Mannion","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Reading","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39030/galley/29456/download/"}]},{"pk":39041,"title":"Review: Unnatural Landscapes: Tracking Invasive Species by Ceiridwen Terrill","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7kx1m84s","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Lochlanina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Tobey","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hood College","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39041/galley/29467/download/"}]},{"pk":39029,"title":"Review: Up-Coast: Forests and Industry on British Columbia's North Coast, 1870-2005 by Richard A. Rajala","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2x3800n4","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kunnas","name_suffix":"","institution":"European University Institute","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39029/galley/29455/download/"}]},{"pk":39034,"title":"Review: Water Resource Economics: The Analysis of Scarcity, Policies and Projects by Ronald C. Griffin","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dx4w9n2","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ryder","middle_name":"W.","last_name":"Miller","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39034/galley/29460/download/"}]},{"pk":39022,"title":"Review: Wild Borneo: The Wildlife and Scenery of Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan by Nick Garbutt and J. Cede Prudente","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39z47480","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Elery","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hamilton-Smith","name_suffix":"","institution":"Charles Sturt University","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39022/galley/29448/download/"}]},{"pk":39027,"title":"Review: World in Transition: Fighting Poverty through Environmental Policy by German Advisory Council on Global Change","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3hf2m7p6","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"William","middle_name":"Ted","last_name":"Johnson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Scottsdale Public Library","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39027/galley/29453/download/"}]},{"pk":39016,"title":"Review: Zion Canyon: A Storied Land by Greer K. Chesher","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9pm49333","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Byron","middle_name":"","last_name":"Anderson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northern Illinois University","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39016/galley/29442/download/"}]},{"pk":39011,"title":"Technology and Communication in the Environmental Movement","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of the Internet has profoundly altered the way the environmental movement communicates both internally and externally. Personal meetings, phone calls, and door-to-door canvassing have been widely replaced by email, listservs, websites, and social networking applications. The author investigates the ways the environmental movement is currently using the Internet and explores the impact of these changes on the effectiveness of environmental communication. The paper concludes with recommendations for how environmentalists may best take advantage of new technologies and suggests the need for a renewal of more traditional, in-person strategies to complement online activities.","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9gt4h74z","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kim","middle_name":"","last_name":"Leeder","name_suffix":"","institution":"Albertson College of Idaho","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39011/galley/29437/download/"}]},{"pk":39009,"title":"The Nowhere Land of the Environmental Educator","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The Environmental Education community is at a very exciting time in its development with the strides the profession has made in formalizing the discipline, which include recognition from state and national organizations. There appear, however, to still be significant misconceptions about what Environmental Education is in the settings in which it is placed. These misconceptions are what Environmental Education practitioners are facing while the leaders in the field put in place an infrastructure of support. This article characterizes the position Environmental Educators commonly find themselves in and what can be done to better create environments for them to succeed. The article begins with a brief description of common perceptions that the environmental nonprofit organizations and formal school environments have of Environmental Education professionals. This is followed with recommendations that aim to help dispel misconceptions and aid Environmental Educators to meet their own needs.","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7vr8f40w","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Fletcher","middle_name":"","last_name":"Brown","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Montana","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39009/galley/29435/download/"}]},{"pk":39013,"title":"The Spiritual Lives of Great Environmentalists: Gifford Pinchot, Les Sponsel","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A look at the spiritual lives of Gifford Pinchot and Les Sponsel.","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Columns","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6jq2x4wh","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"William","middle_name":"Ted","last_name":"Johnson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Prescott Valley Public Library","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2008-09-15T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/egj/article/39013/galley/29439/download/"}]},{"pk":16155,"title":"The Use of Bedside Ultrasound in Cardiac Arrest","subtitle":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The decision to terminate resuscitative measures in the setting of cardiac arrest is based on several criteria, some of which are subjective. Ultrasound in the emergency department has potentially added an objective data point to assist in this decision. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine if emergency physicians who were trained in the use of ultrasound use it in cardiac arrest scenarios and if so, what effect they believe it has on the duration of the resuscitative event. Our hypothesis was that emergency physicians terminate resuscitative efforts sooner with visualization of cardiac standstill and feel more comfortable in doing so. METHODS: The ultrasound training program at Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center began in 1995. We surveyed all graduates of the residency program since that date about their use of ultrasound in cardiac arrest. RESULTS: Surveys were mailed to 154 practicing emergency physicians. One hundred and sixteen surveys (75%) surveys were returned. During residency, the majority of individuals (68%) reported that they had used ultrasound during at least 10 cardiac arrests. It was used to search for a reversible cause of cardiac arrest (pericardial effusion) or for documentation of cardiac standstill. Ninety-one percent of individuals used the ultrasound result as an aid in deciding when to terminate resuscitative efforts and 59% believed it shortened their resuscitation time. After graduation, only 53% of individuals in this study have ultrasound available in their daily clinical practice. For these individuals, 60% use it in more than 50% of their cardiac arrest situations. Ultrasound was used to shorten the code time (63%) as well as to reassure and confirm the presence of cardiac standstill for the physician (88%) and the resuscitation team (59%). CONCLUSION: Most emergency physicians in this cohort who have access to ultrasound use it in cardiac arrest cases and believe that it shortens code times.","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"http://google.com"},"keywords":[{"word":"ultrasound"},{"word":"cardiac arrest"},{"word":"Echocardiography"},{"word":"emergency care"},{"word":"emergency physician"}],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6tb3s2hf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jan","middle_name":"M","last_name":"Shoenberger","name_suffix":"","institution":"Keck/USC School of Medicine","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Kristy","middle_name":"","last_name":"Massopust","name_suffix":"","institution":"Keck/USC School of Medicine","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Sean","middle_name":"O","last_name":"Henderson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Keck/USC School of Medicine","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-05-07T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2007-05-07T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-04-01T00:00:00-07:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/16155/galley/8102/download/"}]},{"pk":3004,"title":"Editors' Note","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2vv1k7vx","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Shannon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Calderone","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Christopher","middle_name":"","last_name":"Collins","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Stacey","middle_name":"","last_name":"Meeker","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Tina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Trujillo","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/3004/galley/1799/download/"}]},{"pk":3005,"title":"Exploring Departmental Leadership: How Department Chairs Can Be Transformative Leaders","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This article explores the role of departmental leadership in the context of transforming departmental climate and culture to be supportive work and family balance.  The issue of work and family is ideal for framing discussions of leadership and cultural change because efforts to improve the \"family-friendliness\" of careers tend to focus on the creation of family-friendly policies, but leadership is needed to transform the workplace culture before employees feel safe using the policies.  Discussions of leadership, including critically oriented and transformative qualities of leadership, support the claim that department chairs can be transformative leaders – leading their departments to become supportive environments for faculty with caregiving responsibilities.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[{"word":"departmental leadership"},{"word":"transformative leadership"},{"word":"cultural change"}],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/66t8h5k7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kate","middle_name":"","last_name":"Quinn","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Washington","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/3005/galley/1800/download/"}]},{"pk":3007,"title":"LGBT and Information Studies: The Library and Archive OUTreach Symposium at UCLA; and In the Footsteps of Barbara Gittings: An Appreciation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"On November 17, 2006 the InterActions editorial team attended the Library and Archives OUTreach symposium at UCLA.  This galvanizing event brought together academics, practitioners, and activists from the information studies field to discuss the importance of increasing visibility around lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) issues as they pertain to libraries and information seeking. Given the tremendous energy generated by these proceedings, we asked Patrick Keilty, a doctoral student in UCLA’s Information Studies department and OUTreach founding president, to share his impressions and insights on this important event. Keilty prepared the following essay with full cooperation from the remarkable ensemble of symposium panelists.  In order to expand upon some of the themes introduced at this event, Keilty also conducted follow-up email discussions with panelists.  His essay represents a summary of these on-going discussions.\n\n\nSadly, LGBT activist and symposium keynote speaker Barbara Gittings died February 18, 2007 as this essay was being prepared. Keilty’s appreciation of Gittings serves as a fitting accompaniment to this piece.\n\n\n\n\nBarbara Gittings remembers HQ 76.5.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerican Library Association members ogle the kissing booth.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBarbara Gittings on her career with librarians.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[{"word":"LGBT"},{"word":"Information Studies"},{"word":"activism"},{"word":"Archives"}],"section":"Featured Commentary","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9jm2b1sh","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Patrick","middle_name":"","last_name":"Keilty","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/3007/galley/1802/download/"}]},{"pk":3003,"title":"More than a Child’s Work: Framing Teacher Discourse about Play","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In early childhood education, tension between accountability pressures and romanticized notions of play influences teacher decisions, shapes classroom activities, and determines what counts as learning. Critical discourse analysis shows how discourses of work and play were activated as the teachers analyzed videotaped instances of children’s classroom activity. Microethnographic discourse analysis tracks the interactional frames within the teachers’ discussion. To interpret and justify their classroom practice, teachers voiced a prevalent cultural model, “play is a child’s work,” a naturalized storyline that circulates expectations for how teachers and children should act in school. Shifts between hypothetical, metalinguistic, and play frames enabled participants to self-critically assess their own teaching and to invent ways of successfully fulfilling teaching ideals within competing discourses.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[{"word":"Critical discourse analysis"},{"word":"cultural models"},{"word":"work and play"}],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1h9725kd","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Karen","middle_name":"","last_name":"Wohlwend","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Iowa","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/3003/galley/1798/download/"}]},{"pk":2995,"title":"Review: \nControl and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics\n by Wendy Hui Kyong Chun","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4sf05720","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Alla","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zollers","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/2995/galley/1791/download/"}]},{"pk":3000,"title":"Review:\n Education Research in the Public Interest: Social Justice, Action, and Policy\n edited by Gloria Ladson-Billings and William F. Tate","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/92c642sf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Liou","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/3000/galley/1795/download/"}]},{"pk":2992,"title":"Review: \nLanguage Policy\n by Bernard Spolsky","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jz136fj","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Vichet","middle_name":"","last_name":"Chhuon","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Santa Barbara","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Melissa","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kwon","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Santa Barbara","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/2992/galley/1788/download/"}]},{"pk":2997,"title":"Review:\n Learning Power\n by Jeannie Oakes, John Rogers &amp; Martin Lipton","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5jr2p0dt","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Pedro","middle_name":"","last_name":"Nava","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/2997/galley/1792/download/"}]},{"pk":2993,"title":"Review:\n New Directions in Human Information Behavior\n edited by Amanda Spink and Charles Cole","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1z52s4x3","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Dan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Haley","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/2993/galley/1789/download/"}]},{"pk":2999,"title":"Review: \nSegregated Schools: Educational Apartheid in Post-Civil Rights America\n by Paul Street","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8xm112p6","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Adai","middle_name":"","last_name":"Tefera","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/2999/galley/1794/download/"}]},{"pk":2998,"title":"Review: \nThe Access Principle: The Case for Open Access to Research and Scholarship\n by John Willinsky","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6z8342d7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Staša","middle_name":"","last_name":"Milojević","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/2998/galley/1793/download/"}]},{"pk":2994,"title":"Review: \nWhy We Teach\n by Sonia Nieto","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zb789jj","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jenifer","middle_name":"","last_name":"Crawford","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/2994/galley/1790/download/"}]},{"pk":3001,"title":"The Dossier Novel: (Post)Modern Fiction and the Discourse of the Archive","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the relationship tying modern novels to the archive in the Modern Age following the centralization of the national archives during the French Revolution. It argues that a specific type of fiction that it calls the dossier novel embodies the significant intersection between archival and novelistic discourses.\n\n\nThe archive is the location where society preserves the heritage of its past, the workplace where the bureaucrat copies and stores records, and the institution where documents are authenticated by matching them with their originals. It establishes a peculiar truth that relies on the exhibition of written proofs. Novelistic discourse significantly overlaps that of the archive. Since writing means recording, an innate archival quality must be inscribed in the novel, the only major literary genre in the Western tradition that originates in the written page. Novels, too, above all historical and realist novels, aim at being stored as written records, in the archives available to society. Telling the truth by printing it on paper is the bread and butter of the novel, so to speak.\n\n\nDossier novels are hybrids that find an operational balance between narrative and documentation. They perform a dynamic compromise between archives, novels, and printed books. They collect records, and are structured, at times, as dossiers, presenting factual evidence of those ties linking the archival and novelistic discourses which represent the concern of this study.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[{"word":"archive(s)"},{"word":"novel(s)"},{"word":"narration/description"}],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0289g0dx","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Marco","middle_name":"","last_name":"Codebò","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Houston","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/3001/galley/1796/download/"}]},{"pk":3002,"title":"The New Militarism, Global Terrorism, and the American University:  Making Sense of the Assault on Democracy “Here, There, Somewhere”","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the ways in which the Bush administration and its allies have targeted the American university as part of a broad assault on democracy.  The author maintains that the administration has used the tragic events of September 11 to strike fear in the American people for the purposes of formulating a more aggressive militarization both home and abroad.  This “New Militarism” justifies two particular positions with regard to the relationship between the Bush administration and the nation’s universities.  First, and because of the potential for criticism to arise from within the walls of the university, the Bush administration and its allies have sought to limit such critiques through a variety of actions and policies.  Second, the Bush administration and its supporters have been intent on strengthening the already strong ties between the American university and the U.S. military industrial complex, including the Department of Defense.  These two broad assaults have resulted in further deterioration to the American university’s democratic potential and its ability to advance a more just world.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[{"word":"american university"},{"word":"academic freedom"},{"word":"new militarism"}],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04166652","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rhoads","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2007-03-05T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-03-08T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/gseis_interactions/article/3002/galley/1797/download/"}]},{"pk":62426,"title":"Framework for Assessing Viability of Threatened and Endangered Chinook Salmon and Steelhead in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Basin","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Protected evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of salmonids require objective and measurable criteria for guiding their recovery. In this report, we develop a method for assessing population viability and two ways to integrate these population-level assessments into an assessment of ESU viability. Population viability is assessed with quantitative extinction models or criteria relating to population size, population growth rate, the occurrence of catastrophic declines, and the degree of hatchery influence. ESU viability is assessed by examining the number and distribution of viable populations across the landscape and their proximity to sources of catastrophic disturbance.\n \nCentral Valley spring-run and winter-run Chinook salmon ESUs are not currently viable, according to the criteria-based assessment. In both ESUs, extant populations may be at low risk of extinction, but these populations represent a small portion of the historical ESUs, and are vulnerable to catastrophic disturbance. The winter-run Chinook salmon ESU, in the extreme case, is represented by a single population that spawns outside of its historical spawning range. We are unable to assess the status of the Central Valley steelhead ESU with our framework because almost all of its roughly 80 populations are classified as data deficient. The few exceptions are those populations with a closely associated hatchery, and the naturally-spawning fish in these streams are at high risk of extinction. Population monitoring in this ESU is urgently needed.\n \nGlobal and regional climate change poses an additional risk to the survival of salmonids in the Central Valley. A literature review suggests that by 2100, mean summer temperatures in the Central Valley region may increase by 2-8°C, precipitation will likely shift to more rain and less snow, with significant declines in total precipitation possible, and hydrographs will likely change, especially the the southern Sierra Nevada mountains. Warming at the lower end of the predicted range may allow spring-run Chinook salmon to persist in some streams, while making some currently utilized habitat inhospitable. At the upper end of the range of predicted warming, very little spring-run Chinook salmon habitat is expected to remain suitable.\n \nIn spite of the precarious position of Central Valley salmonid ESUs, there are prospects for greatly improving their viability. Recovering Central Valley ESUs may require re-establishing populations where historical populations have been extirpated (e.g., upstream of major dams). Such major efforts should be focused on those watersheds that offer the best possibility of providing suitable habitat in a warmer future.","language":"en","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"Central Valley"},{"word":"Chinook salmon"},{"word":"Oncorhynchus tshawytscha"},{"word":"Oncorhynchus mykiss"},{"word":"steelhead"},{"word":"population viability"},{"word":"conservation"},{"word":"recovery planning"},{"word":"catastrophes"},{"word":"climate change"},{"word":"endangered species"},{"word":"biocomplexity"}],"section":"Research Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3653x9xc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Steven","middle_name":"T.","last_name":"Lindley","name_suffix":"","institution":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","department":""},{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"S.","last_name":"Schick","name_suffix":"","institution":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","department":""},{"first_name":"Ethan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Mora","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Calivornia, Santa Cruz","department":""},{"first_name":"Peter","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Adams","name_suffix":"","institution":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","department":""},{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Anderson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Washington","department":""},{"first_name":"Sheila","middle_name":"","last_name":"Greene","name_suffix":"","institution":"California Department Water Resources","department":""},{"first_name":"Charles","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hanson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hanson Environmental, Inc.","department":""},{"first_name":"Bernie","middle_name":"P.","last_name":"May","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Davis","department":""},{"first_name":"Dennis","middle_name":"","last_name":"McEwan","name_suffix":"","institution":"California Department of Fish and Game","department":""},{"first_name":"R. Bruce","middle_name":"","last_name":"MacFarlane","name_suffix":"","institution":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","department":""},{"first_name":"Christina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Swanson","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Bay Institute","department":""},{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Williams","name_suffix":"","institution":"Independent Consultant","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2006-03-17T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2006-03-17T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-15T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/jmie_sfews/article/62426/galley/48255/download/"}]},{"pk":62425,"title":"Holocene Climates and Connections between the San Francisco Bay Estuary and its Watershed: A Review","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Climate over the watershed of the San Francisco Bay Delta estuary system varies on a wide range of space and time scales, and affects downstream estuarine ecosystems. The historical climate has included mild to severe droughts and torrential rains accompanied by flooding, providing important lessons for present-day resource managers. Paleoclimate records spanning the last 10,000 years, synthesized across the Estuary, watershed and key regions beyond, provide a basis for increased understanding of how variable California’s climate can be and how it affects the Bay Delta system.\n \nThis review of paleoclimate records reveals a gradual warming and drying in California from about 10,000 years to about 4,000 years before present. During this period, the current Bay and Delta were inundated by rising sea level so that by 4,000 years ago the Bay and Delta had taken on much of their present shape and extent. Between about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, cooler and wetter conditions prevailed in the watershed, lowering salinity in the Estuary and altering local ecosystems. Those wetter conditions gave way to increasing aridity during the past 2,000 years, a general trend punctuated by occasional prolonged and severe droughts and occasional unusually wet, cool periods. California’s climate since A.D. 1850 has been unusually stable and benign, compared to climate variations during the previous 2,000 or more years. Thus, climate variations in California’s future may be even more (perhaps much more) challenging than those of the past 100 years. To improve our understanding of these past examples of climate variability in California, and of the linkages between watershed climate and estuarine responses, greater emphases on paleoclimate records in and around the Estuary, improved temporal resolutions in several record types, and linked watershed-estuary paleo-modeling capabilities are needed.","language":"en","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"San Francisco Bay Estuary"},{"word":"climate"},{"word":"climate variability"},{"word":"paleoclimate"},{"word":"drought"},{"word":"flooding"}],"section":"Research Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61j1j0tw","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Frances","middle_name":"","last_name":"Malamud-Roam","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""},{"first_name":"M","middle_name":"","last_name":"Dettinger","name_suffix":"","institution":"U.S. Geological Survey, La Jolla","department":""},{"first_name":"B.","middle_name":"Lynn","last_name":"Ingram","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":""},{"first_name":"Malcolm","middle_name":"K.","last_name":"Hughes","name_suffix":"","institution":"Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721","department":""},{"first_name":"Joan","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Florsheim","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Davis","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2005-11-28T00:00:00-08:00","date_accepted":"2005-11-28T00:00:00-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-15T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/jmie_sfews/article/62425/galley/48254/download/"}]},{"pk":62423,"title":"Introduced Yellowfin Goby, \nAcanthogobius flavimanus\n: Diet and Habitat Use in the Lower Mokelumne River, California","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The introduced yellowfin goby (YFG) is now common throughout the tidal portion of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system.  We investigated its habitat use, size and diet in the Mokelumne River, an eastern tributary to the system.  Catch per unit effort (CPUE) by boat electrofishing was significantly higher in the fall than all other seasons sampled over four years. Habitat type, turbidity and dissolved oxygen were not significantly related to CPUE between years and seasons. Temperatures were negatively related to CPUE in fall sampling only.  Delta outflow and CPUE showed a significant negative relationship. Fish captured ranged from 27 mm SL (standard length) (33 mm TL (total length)) to 155 mm SL (196 mm TL) (mean 113 mm SL (138 mm TL)), with largest fish captured during the fall. Seasonal and annual analysis showed a diet composed of a variety of macroinvertebrates, including chironomids, gammarids, aquatic isopods and ephemeropterans with no difference in composition among seasons or years.  The YFG’s generalist diet gives it an advantage as a successful invader, but salinity requirements appear to limit its expansion potential.","language":"en","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"yellowfin goby  Acanthogobius flavimanus  alien fishes  invasives  diet  habitat use"}],"section":"Research Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2b983749","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Michelle","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Workman","name_suffix":"","institution":"East Bay Municipal Utility District","department":""},{"first_name":"Joseph","middle_name":"E.","last_name":"Merz","name_suffix":"","institution":"East Bay Municipal Utility District","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2006-07-21T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2006-07-21T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-02-15T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/jmie_sfews/article/62423/galley/48252/download/"}]},{"pk":62424,"title":"Occurrence of Pesticides in Water, Sediment, and Soil from the Yolo Bypass, California","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential sources of pesticides to the Yolo Bypass, including those that could potentially impact critical life stages of resident fish. To assess direct inputs during inundation, pesticide concentrations were analyzed in water and suspended and bed sediment samples collected from source watersheds during high-flow events. To understand inputs from direct application on fields, pesticides were also measured in soils collected from several sites within the Bypass. Thirteen current-use pesticides were detected in water samples collected in 2004 with the highest pesticide concentrations observed at the input sites to the Bypass during high-flow.  Hexazinone and simazine were detected at all sites and at some of the highest concentrations.  In bed and suspended sediments collected in 2004 and 2005, thirteen current-use pesticides were detected along with DDT and its metabolites.  Trifluralin, DDE, and DDT were highest in the bed sediments, whereas oxyfluorfen and thiobencarb were highest in the suspended sediments. With the exception of the three organochlorine insecticides, suspended sediments had higher pesticide concentrations compared to bed sediments, indicating the potential for pesticide transport especially during high-flow events. Soil samples were dominated by DDT and its degradates but also contained a variety of current-use pesticides typically at lower concentrations.  The types of pesticides detected in water and sediments were correlated with agricultural application in each watershed.\n \nUnderstanding the distribution of pesticides between the water and sediment is important in assessing their fate and transport within the Bypass, and in evaluating the exposure and potential effects to resident fish.","language":"en","license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","short_name":"CC BY 4.0","text":"Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"},"keywords":[{"word":"pesticides"},{"word":"Yolo Bypass"},{"word":"fish"},{"word":"surface water"},{"word":"sediment"},{"word":"soil"}],"section":"Research Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9716926g","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kelly","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Smalling","name_suffix":"","institution":"U.S. Geological Survey","department":""},{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Orlando","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""},{"first_name":"Kathryn","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Kuivila","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2006-05-23T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2006-05-23T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-02-15T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/jmie_sfews/article/62424/galley/48253/download/"}]},{"pk":3387,"title":"INSTITUTE OF URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PUBLICATIONS","subtitle":null,"abstract":"INSTITUTE OF URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PUBLICATIONS","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"DCRP News","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0js1757r","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Berkeley","middle_name":"","last_name":"Editor","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-02T10:51:18-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-02T10:51:18-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-02T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3387/galley/2155/download/"}]},{"pk":3386,"title":"Recent Master's Theses, Professional Reports &amp; Client Reports","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Recent Master's Theses, Professional Reports &amp; Client Reports","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"DCRP News","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4mn829gf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Berkeley","middle_name":"","last_name":"Editor","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-02T10:50:30-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-02T10:50:30-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-02T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3386/galley/2154/download/"}]},{"pk":3374,"title":"A Change of Plan, or a Change of Planning?","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Like many countries in Europe, Slovenia is experiencing significant changes in its urban and rural fabric through suburbanization and immigration. Small communities with limited administrative capacity to adapt to these incoming populations have been particularly affected. The associated problems include a lack of facilities for new migrants to existing villages, the rapid construction of atypical homes, and a dearth of recreation areas (Music 2004).\n \nLittle has been done to effectively address these challenges. Worse, new municipalities have been created for political reasons without any consideration of their capacity for implementing their required legal tasks. These tasks are especially not being achieved in the field of spatial planning. Instead, Slovenia is witnessing an imprudent construction of infrastructure at the micro level. This type of local development does not take into account the strategic context of the wider region. This approach bespeaks a larger problem, namely the lack of a strong and valued spatial culture in Slovenia.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Urban Fringe","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/49m1k2p3","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Naja","middle_name":"","last_name":"Marot","name_suffix":"","institution":"Institute of the Republic of Slovenia","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T17:08:05-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T17:08:05-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3374/galley/2142/download/"}]},{"pk":3373,"title":"Americanization of Russian Cities?","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Not unlike their counterparts in the United States, Russian cities are undergoing profound change in terms of both form and process, although in a uniquely Russian context. Understanding these core drivers can help shed light on how future Russian urbanization will proceed, on whether it will maintain a more compact city form or follow an explicitly Americanized model of low-density suburbanization.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Urban Fringe","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/31v2h7gz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Nadir","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kinossian","name_suffix":"","institution":"Cardiff School of City and Regional Planning","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T17:03:36-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T17:03:36-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[]},{"pk":3375,"title":"A Tribute to Kaye Bock","subtitle":null,"abstract":"It's been almost seven months since Kaye passed, and I still haven't taken her number out of my speed dial. There's no good reason for keeping her old office phone number in my cell phone. It's an act of denial, perhaps. Or maybe it's just comforting in some way to scroll through my phone and see her name come up again and believe for half a second that I could still press a button and hear her matronly voice and full laugh ring in my ear. That brief moment of comfort is always followed a few seconds of tightening behind the eyes as I remember where and when we are today .","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9sr5m4dz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ener","middle_name":"","last_name":"Chiu","name_suffix":"","institution":"East Bay Asian Local Development Corporation","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T18:06:03-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T18:06:03-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3375/galley/2143/download/"}]},{"pk":3371,"title":"Building a Regional Voice: Stakeholder Perceptions of the Sacramento Area Council of Governments’ Blueprint Initiative","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Regional planning, often touted as the answer to sporadic and unsustainable growth, has historically been weak in the Sacramento region and in California as a whole. Local governments control land use decision-making in their boundaries and regional governments have had little power or intent to disrupt that dynamic. However, a recent initiative by the State Department of Transportation (Caltrans), named the California Regional Blueprint Program, attempts to revise this paradigm. Through a multi-jurisdictional visioning process, the program endeavors to reintroduce regional planning in a way that satisfies local officials, stakeholders and the general public. This paper explores the process and progress of Blueprint planning in the Sacramento region. Interviews with regional staff who led the process and stakeholders who participated in it suggest that the Blueprint planning process helped build trust among these individuals, and progress toward a more sustainable development pattern in the future.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jw0503f","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jean","middle_name":"","last_name":"Eisberg","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T16:55:18-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T16:55:18-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3371/galley/2140/download/"}]},{"pk":3368,"title":"Chicken Coops and Machines of Interminable Errors: A History of the Grands Ensembles in Parisian Suburbs","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The \ngrands ensembles\n, rows of high-rise public housing units constructed in and around major French cities following World War II, were anticipated as the “miracle solution” for a catastrophic housing shortage. Yet they have often been blamed for a range of social ills, and two times since their construction have been the backdrop of violent youth riots. This paper pieces together the history of the \ngrands ensembles \nthrough an examination of the emergence of public housing in France, the transformation of the construction industry, and the philosophical and aesthetic influences of the Modernist movement.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ms3q57m","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Marissa","middle_name":"Ellis","last_name":"Plouin","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T14:18:30-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T14:18:30-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3368/galley/2137/download/"}]},{"pk":3380,"title":"Design for Ecological Democracy by Randolph T. Hester","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Design for Ecological Democracy \nis indispensable as both field guide and handbook for creating ecological democracy through the design of the buildings, cities, and landscapes of the future. As a field guide, Hester enables the reader to recognize the social and ecological beauty of places when it is encountered with his rich hand-drawn illustrations and watercolor paintings. As a handbook, Hester gives the reader the intellectual tools to apply these ideas in one's own work in planning and design with his thoughtful analysis and clear design principles.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5v76f5xf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Anne","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Martin","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T19:27:56-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T19:27:56-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3380/galley/2148/download/"}]},{"pk":3365,"title":"Editor's Notes","subtitle":null,"abstract":"For this milestone issue, we have chosen to exclusively showcase the excellent work of planning students.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Editorial Notes","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4cb9r8xk","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Gregory","middle_name":"","last_name":"Newmark","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T13:45:24-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T13:45:24-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3365/galley/2134/download/"}]},{"pk":3383,"title":"Imagined Cities: Urban Experience and the Language of the Novel by Robert Alter","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Robert Alter's statement that the \"runaway growth of the city effected certain fundamental transformations in the nature of urban experience\" comes as no surprise to city planners. Those same social convulsions spurned the creation of the modern profession of city planning. Alter, a professor of comparative literature at the University of California, Berkeley, however, is focused not on the policy response to rapid urbanization, but the literary one. His beautifully written 2005 book \nImagined Cities: Urban Experience and the Language of the Novel \ntraces the evolution of the novel \"as a searching response to the felt new reality of the European city.\"","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8vm3t7n8","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Gregory","middle_name":"L","last_name":"Newmark","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T19:52:39-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T19:52:39-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3383/galley/2151/download/"}]},{"pk":16126,"title":"Interpretation of Traumatic Lumbar Punctures in the Setting of Possible Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Who Can Be Safely Discharged?","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"http://google.com"},"keywords":[{"word":"subarachnoid hemorrhage"},{"word":"traumatic lumbar puncture"},{"word":"nontraumatic lumbar puncture"},{"word":"cerebral spinal fluid"},{"word":"red blood cell count"}],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1cs4x6w7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Julie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gorchynski","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Califonria, Irvine Medical Center","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Jennifer","middle_name":"","last_name":"Oman","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Irvine Medical Center","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Todd","middle_name":"","last_name":"Newton","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Irvine Medical Center","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-05-01T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2007-05-01T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/16126/galley/8090/download/"}]},{"pk":3369,"title":"Is Dilution The Solution To Pollution? Municipal Sewerage Systems In Late Nineteenth Century San Francisco And London","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This article explores the historical development of wastewater management planning in two cities: San Francisco and London. Both cities constructed their municipal sewerage networks in the late 1800s, and both cities designed these networks as combined systems, which carry storm water and sewer water in the same pipes. Due to differences in political and public attitudes towards sewage management and to the relative status of engineers versus scientists, London and San Francisco followed different processes in the development of municipal sewer systems. While London entertained a science-based approach that yielded innovative ideas in biological sewage treatment, San Francisco retained a traditional engineering approach that favored sewage conveyance over treatment. Though both cities eventually adopted similar combined sewer systems that have left challenging urban infrastructure planning legacies, London’s experimental methods a century ago provide a useful model for infrastructural problem-solving today, as planners attempt to accommodate growing urban populations with infrastructure solutions that achieve multiple public benefits. San Francisco and London are both ripe for new wastewater planning experiments that expand upon nineteenth century British notions of biological treatment, incorporating ecological, social, and economic benefits into municipal wastewater management.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11h9j68s","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Brooke","middle_name":"Ray","last_name":"Smith","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T16:49:21-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T16:49:21-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3369/galley/2138/download/"}]},{"pk":3381,"title":"Jane Jacobs: Urban Visionary by Alice Sparberg Alexiou","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Believing it would only impede her own writing, urban theorist Jane Jacobs refused to assist her would-be biographers. As a result, journalist Alice Sparberg Alexiou's \nJane Jacobs: Urban Visionary, \ninspired by Jacobs's stands against powerful figures like Robert Moses and commitment to Greenwich Village, is forced to uncover Jacobs's life from her published works. Alexiou situates Jacobs's life in the context of planning and planning history and discusses Jacobs's role in constructing that history.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0k58c042","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kristin","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Perkins","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T19:32:05-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T19:32:05-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3381/galley/2149/download/"}]},{"pk":3384,"title":"Kaye Bock Award Winners","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The Kaye Bock Award is given to the author (or authors) of the best paper, as determined by the editors, in each issue of the \nBerkeley Planning Journal \nthat was written by a student (or a team of students). The award is named in loving memory of Kaye Bock to honor her unbounded concern for and commitment to graduate students. This award is also intended to be an eternal expression of gratitude from the \nBerkeley Planning Journal \nto Kaye for her critical and caring support during our first two decades of publication. The Kaye Bock Award is accompanied by a $250 cash gift.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"DCRP News","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7032z4zt","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Berkeley","middle_name":"","last_name":"Editor","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T19:54:16-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T19:54:16-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3384/galley/2152/download/"}]},{"pk":3379,"title":"Legalizando la Ciudad:Asentamientos Informalesy Procesos de Regularizacion en Tijuana by Tito Alegria and Gerardo Ordonez El Colegio de la Frontera Norte","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Galvanized by the arguments of Hernando De Soto (1980 and 2000), the international development community and many academics have pushed land titling as an essential way to help the people of low-income settlements around the world. However, research has demonstrated that the act of defining property rights is problematic: there are often multiple property rights systems operating in any given place (Payne 2002) and the act of defining rights can generate conflict and violence (Alston et al. 1999). Thus, studying the process of land titling is especially important at the present time. Mexico has one of the longest running and most ambitious land regularization programs, making it an obvious place for research. In \nLegalizando la Ciudad, \nTito Alegria and Gerardo Ordonez present an exemplary case study of land regularization in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. It is unfortunate that the book is only available in Spanish, as it is rich in data and historical analysis of the institutions of land regularization.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5d14h9c4","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Paavo","middle_name":"","last_name":"Monkkonen","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T19:25:25-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T19:25:25-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3379/galley/2147/download/"}]},{"pk":3366,"title":"Looking Beyond \"Mow, Blow and Go\": A Case Study of Mexican Immigrant Gardeners in Los Angeles","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Recent research on Mexican immigrants focuses on the working conditions of farm workers, garment workers, janitors and day laborers. This coincides with successful efforts by organized labor and immigrant advocacy groups to organize these marginalized workforces. Little attention, however, has been given to Mexican paid gardeners. As part of the household service economy, paid gardeners represent a difficult labor sector to organize and research because they typically operate as independent contractors in the informal economy. This paper seeks to provide a more holistic picture of this dynamic workforce. Drawing primarily upon ethnographic techniques, the paper documents how this industry operates and its social organization. Based on research conducted in Los Angeles, the paper also demonstrates how a select group of self-employed, Mexican gardeners function as petty-entrepreneurs, benefiting in the informal economy by successfully utilizing their social capital and social networks.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[{"word":"planning"},{"word":"sociology"},{"word":"Immigration"}],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3s54260x","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Alvaro","middle_name":"","last_name":"Huerta","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T13:47:59-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T13:47:59-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3366/galley/2135/download/"}]},{"pk":16132,"title":"Pedestrian Injuries: Emergency Care Considerations","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Traffic-related pedestrian injuries are a growing public health threat worldwide. The global economic burden of motor vehicle collisions and pedestrian injuries totals $500 billion. In 2004, there were 4,641 pedestrian deaths and over 70,000 injuries in the United States. Injury patterns vary depending on the age, gender and socioeconomic status of the individual. Children, older adults, and those of lower socioeconomic status are most affected. The burden of injury upon the individual, families and society is frequently overwhelming. Although pedestrian injuries and deaths are relatively on the decline in the United States, this is not universally true throughout the world. It requires particular attention by emergency medicine physicians, public health experts and policy makers.","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"http://google.com"},"keywords":[{"word":"pedestrian injury"},{"word":"motor vehicle"},{"word":"Public health"}],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vx9f06s","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Bharath","middle_name":"","last_name":"Chakravarthy","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Irvine School of Medicine","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Shahram","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lotfipour","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Irvine School of Medicine","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Federico","middle_name":"E","last_name":"Vaca","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Irvine School of Medicine","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-05-01T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2007-05-01T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/16132/galley/8093/download/"}]},{"pk":16128,"title":"Phencyclidine Intoxication and Adverse Effects:  A Clinical and Pharmacological Review of an Illicit Drug","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"http://google.com"},"keywords":[{"word":"phencyclidine"},{"word":"PCP"},{"word":"angel dust"},{"word":"hallucinogenic"},{"word":"illicit drug"}],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ws1r61v","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Tareg","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bey","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Califonria, Irvine Medical Center","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Anar","middle_name":"","last_name":"Patel","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Irvine Medical Center","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-04-10T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2007-04-10T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/16128/galley/8091/download/"}]},{"pk":16142,"title":"President's Message February 2007","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"http://google.com"},"keywords":[{"word":"Cal/AAEM"},{"word":"cal/acep"},{"word":"emergency physician"},{"word":"california"},{"word":"calJEM"}],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2v0278ds","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Steven","middle_name":"C","last_name":"Gabaeff","name_suffix":"","institution":"California Chapter of the American Academy of Emergency Medicine","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-04-10T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2007-04-10T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/16142/galley/8096/download/"}]},{"pk":3385,"title":"RECENT DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS","subtitle":null,"abstract":"RECENT DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"DCRP News","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3tm7q153","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Berkeley","middle_name":"","last_name":"Editor","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T19:55:41-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T19:55:41-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3385/galley/2153/download/"}]},{"pk":3367,"title":"Roosevelt and Rexford: Resettlement and its Results","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The Greenbelt Towns program emerged in the late 1930s as a novel demonstration of suburban town planning in three communities: Greenbelt, Maryland; Greendale, Wisconsin; and Greenhills, Ohio. This paper discusses the scattered federal programs and policies from which the Greenbelt Towns emerged and briefly describes two other new town precedents, Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City and the Regional Planning Association of America’s involvement in Radburn, New Jersey. It further examines the physical and social development of the Greenbelt towns, the demonstration’s eventual failure, and how the program influenced and continues to shape government involvement in urban development and housing.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1277865c","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kristin","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Perkins","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T14:10:39-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T14:10:39-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3367/galley/2136/download/"}]},{"pk":16135,"title":"Salicylate Toxicity from Ingestion and Continued Dermal Absorption","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"http://google.com"},"keywords":[{"word":"percutaneous salicylism"},{"word":"renal dialysis"},{"word":"renal failure"},{"word":"Salicylate toxicity"}],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08327811","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Rachel","middle_name":"L","last_name":"Chin","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Kent","middle_name":"R","last_name":"Olson","name_suffix":"","institution":"San Francisco Bay Area Regional Poison Control Center, University of California, San Francisco","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Delia","middle_name":"","last_name":"Dempsey","name_suffix":"","institution":"California Poison Control System, University of California, San Francisco","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-05-01T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2007-05-01T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/16135/galley/8094/download/"}]},{"pk":3378,"title":"There Goes the 'Hood: Views of Gentrification from the Ground Up by Lance Freeman","subtitle":null,"abstract":"One of the challenges in reviewing the work of a prominent author in any field is the tendency to review the author and not the book. This is especially true in the case of Lance Freeman's new book, \nThere Goes the 'Hood: Views of Gentrification from the Ground Up, \nfor Freeman holds a very important place in the recent debates about gentrification within the academy. On his own and together with Frank Braconi, Freeman was the author of two important studies in 2004 and 2005 which used quantitative statistical research to demonstrate the authors' claim that there is a tenuous relationship between gentrification and displacement (Freeman and Braconi 2004; Freeman 2005). This research, which garnered national attention (including front page coverage in USA Today), was celebrated by the right and excoriated by the left, and helped thrust Freeman into the spotlight.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1jd03499","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Alex","middle_name":"","last_name":"Schafran","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T19:22:53-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T19:22:53-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3378/galley/2146/download/"}]},{"pk":3382,"title":"This Land: The Battle over Sprawl and the Future of America by Anthony Flint","subtitle":null,"abstract":"\"In a calorie-conscious word, sprawl beckons like a hot fudge sundae,\" begins Anthony Flint in \nThis Land: The Battle over Sprawl and the Future of America, \nhis analysis of the different forces that shape land use patterns in the United States. Although there has been an urban renaissance in the past 20 years, low-density suburban development still remains incredibly popular. People continue to want a suburban lifestyle despite the negative impacts of long commutes on the workday, as well as environmental and travel costs. In this clear, well-written overview of the sprawl debate, Flint reveals the array of voices as well as the imminent importance of these issues as we face population growth, global warming, and development that show no signs of stopping in the twenty-first century.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10g5v647","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Anthony","middle_name":"","last_name":"Flint","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T19:41:32-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T19:41:32-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3382/galley/2150/download/"}]},{"pk":16141,"title":"Universal Health Care:  Gov. Schwarzenegger’s Ambitious Plan","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"none","short_name":"none","text":"","url":"http://google.com"},"keywords":[{"word":"Universal Health Care"},{"word":"california"},{"word":"Governor Schwarznegger"},{"word":"Uninsured"}],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1b62z36g","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Douglas","middle_name":"","last_name":"Brosnan","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Irvine Medical Center","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2007-05-01T00:00:00-07:00","date_accepted":"2007-05-01T00:00:00-07:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/16141/galley/8095/download/"}]},{"pk":3377,"title":"Vaya Con Dios, Kaye","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This issue of the \nBerkeley Planning Journal \nis dedicated to Kaye Bock, the longtime Student Affairs Officer for the Department of City and Regional Planning here at Berkeley. Kaye's death came as a shock to the Berkeley planning community; staff, faculty, students and the roughly 1,000 planners that have survived their planning education in no small part due to Kaye's seemingly endless supply of caring, creativity, and know- how, plus her unwavering determination that you succeed no matter the barriers that you may face.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/67b9n3nf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Alex","middle_name":"","last_name":"Schafran","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-02-01T19:19:23-08:00","date_accepted":"2012-02-01T19:19:23-08:00","date_published":"2007-02-01T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3377/galley/2145/download/"}]},{"pk":34884,"title":"Prosodic and Grammatical Domains in Limbu","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper shows that patterns of application for several phonological processes and constraints in Limbu (Kiranti, Tibeto-Burman) reveals the relevance of hierarchical prosodic domains, including the syllable, foot, phonological word, and phonological phrase. In particular, an appeal to the phonological word uniformly accounts for the distribution of otherwise idiosyncratic alternations between the lateral approximant /l/ and the trill /r/. A prosodic domains account also reveals a mis-match between nominal compounds and verbal bipartite stems, with compounds consistently parsed as a single phonological word, and bipartite stems as hybrid in their prosodic organization. Limbu is of particular interest from a theoretical perspective, as the different morphological information referenced by the multiple phonological words in Limbu stands as a challenge to specific assumptions within the Prosodic Hierarchy Hypothesis (e.g. “Clustering” and “Proper Bracketing”) . Typologically (within the Tibeto-Burman family), the prosodic alignments evidenced in Limbu are in some ways similar to those proposed for other related languages (e.g. the exclusion of prefixes from most prosodic domains), but also different in other ways (e.g. the organization of compounds).","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[{"word":"Prosodic Domains"},{"word":"Phonological Word"},{"word":"Limbu"},{"word":"Tibeto-Burman"},{"word":"Nepal"}],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1gd6w9vq","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kristine","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Hildebrandt","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Manchester","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2014-07-09T20:47:33-07:00","date_accepted":"2014-07-09T20:47:33-07:00","date_published":"2007-01-15T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/himalayanlinguistics/article/34884/galley/26001/download/"}]},{"pk":34883,"title":"Two Ways of Suspending Object Agreement in Puma: Between Incorporation, Antipassivization, and Optional Agreement","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Although Kiranti languages generally show verb agreement with both arguments of a transitive verb, object agreement can also be suspended, resulting in the intransitive inflection of lexically transitive verbs. This paper analyzes suspended object agreement in Puma (Southern Kiranti). Suspended object agreement in this language is accompanied by either (i) the obligatory realization of a caseless object NP, or (ii), limited to human object referents, the prefixation of a morpheme kha-. Semantically, both constructions contrast with transitively inflected forms by entailing that the cardinality of object referents is unknown; they are thus generally used for non-enumerable or generic reference. The construction with an obligatory NP is similar to incorporation but differs from better known instances of incorporation by the fact that the object is an NP rather than a noun stem, that the NP keeps positional freedom, and that it can be relativized on. The construction also bears similarity to optional agreement patterns in other languages but differs from other known cases of optional agreement by the fact that the object looses core NP properties: the properties that are lost in Puma are case marking and optionality in discourse. The construction with kha- is similar to antipassivization but differs from many known instances of antipassivization by the fact that the object cannot be overtly realized, not even as an adjunct.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[{"word":"Syntax, Semantics, Morphology, Agreement, Kiranti Languages, Tibeto-Burman, Nepal"}],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0n27z8h2","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Balthasar","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bickel","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Leipzig","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Martin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gaenszle","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Leipzig","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Arjun","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rai","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Prem Dhoj","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rai","name_suffix":"","institution":"Chintang and Puma Documentation Project","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Shree Kumar","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rai","name_suffix":"","institution":"Chintang and Puma Documentation Project","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Vishnu","middle_name":"S.","last_name":"Rai","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu","department":"None"},{"first_name":"Narayan","middle_name":"P.","last_name":"Sharma (Gautam)","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2014-07-08T04:57:40-07:00","date_accepted":"2014-07-08T04:57:40-07:00","date_published":"2007-01-15T00:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/himalayanlinguistics/article/34883/galley/26000/download/"}]},{"pk":36307,"title":"2006-2007 CATESOL Board of Directors","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/43g7m5c0","frozenauthors":[],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36307/galley/27159/download/"}]},{"pk":36284,"title":"2007-2008 CATESOL Board of Directors","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xv498x1","frozenauthors":[],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36284/galley/27136/download/"}]},{"pk":36282,"title":"Abstracts","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pd265j6","frozenauthors":[],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36282/galley/27134/download/"}]},{"pk":36305,"title":"Abstracts","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6n96449b","frozenauthors":[],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36305/galley/27157/download/"}]},{"pk":36320,"title":"A Comparative Analysis of American and Russian ESL/EFL Classroom","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this ethnographic study was to examine the influence of culture on classroom participation patterns. Methodologically, this study involved participant observations and interviews with the Russian-speaking students and their American ESL instructors in three types of postsecondary institutions in California. The results revealed areas of mismatch between the students’ learning behavior and the instructors’ methodologies. The cultural differences in the language classrooms were analyzed within the critical theory framework, which takes into account the social and cultural antecedents of the studied situation. Teachers and administrators of language programs will be provided with recommendations on how to improve methods of teaching English as a second or foreign language.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Feature Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3z61j7bk","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Victoria","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Malko","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Fresno","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36320/galley/27172/download/"}]},{"pk":36309,"title":"Adult ESL Learners’ Attitudes Toward Movement (TPR) and Drama (TPR Storytelling) in the Classroom","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In this study, I investigated how adult Latino ESL students reacted to two alternative methods of instruction: Total Physical Response (TPR) and Total Physical Response Storytelling (TPRS).The research regarding adult Latino attitudes suggests that this population expects a grammar-driven and “traditional” classroom atmosphere (Gault, 2003, 2004). The TPR and TPRS methods deviate from what is considered a “traditional classroom” because of their implicit and kinesthetic nature. I, therefore, researched the students’ expectations as well as their affective reactions to the kinesthetic class. I first collected a survey to find out the students’ learning preferences. Then, the students experienced a total of five hours of teaching, which consisted of a combination of TPR and TPRS. The students’ attitudes were collected through questionnaires, video recording, and professional observation. The data revealed that the students showed overwhelmingly positive attitudes toward these two methods, despite the fact that the students had more “traditional” expectations of English class. Although further research is necessary, teachers could use the findings of this study as an impetus to use alternative methods in their adult classes and to encourage teachers to conduct action research as a means to assess students’ attitudes toward various teaching methodologies.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - 2007 Graduate Student Research Award","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/49m1p6xx","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Lauren","middle_name":"","last_name":"Braunstein","name_suffix":"","institution":"Partners for ESL, Philadelphia","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36309/galley/27161/download/"}]},{"pk":36302,"title":"Adventures in Composition: New Pathways in Writing - Judith Kay and Rosemary Gelshenen","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/94w6d0sm","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Darla","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sharp","name_suffix":"","institution":"San Diego State University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36302/galley/27154/download/"}]},{"pk":36314,"title":"A Model of Service-Learning for Intensive English Programs","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Intensive English programs in the US have begun to take advantage of a growing service-learning movement as a means of involving nonnative speakers in their new communities while improving their language skills. This article describes a service-learning class taught through an IEP program at a small California extension program through which university-aged foreign students volunteer on a weekly basis at various local and national organizations. It discusses the phases and aspects of the service-learning course, from initial placement with organizations, to in-class and academic assignments related to the volunteer work, to how students reflect on their own learning. The article also describes common challenges and benefits of employing a service-learning curriculum and provides resources at the end.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Service-learning","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kw9x33n","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Belinda","middle_name":"","last_name":"Braunstein","name_suffix":"","institution":"Partners for ESL, Philadelphia","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36314/galley/27166/download/"}]},{"pk":36298,"title":"A Novice Teacher’s Journey Toward Fuller Participation: Learning Through Change","subtitle":null,"abstract":"By merging legitimate peripheral participation (Lave &amp; Wenger, 1991) and action research (Nunan, 1992), this paper encourages teachers to question their pedagogical choices in relation to those of their teaching community(ies) of practice. This paper discusses two questions: (a) How can action research–based methods be used to highlight crucial differences between novice and expert instruction in the same teaching community?; and (b) how did the author’s pedagogical decisions reflect legitimate peripheral participation (LPP) and hence “situated learning,” or fuller participation in the teaching community in which the author’s “bridge” class was situated. The reason for this twofold examination is to develop a dynamic understanding, or “meta-awareness” (Ramanathan, 2002), of how teaching choices were related to those of the local teaching community. Such “metaknowledge” is important in that it allows teachers to more effectively embrace or resist their teaching community norms.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"CATESOL Exchanges","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5q72z16v","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Duane","middle_name":"","last_name":"Leonard","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Davis","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36298/galley/27150/download/"}]},{"pk":36292,"title":"Article Errors and Article Choices","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Many writing teachers desire to know which article errors need to be corrected because they are unacceptable in all circumstances (and which may prejudice the reader against the writing), and which “errors” reflect a choice that the speaker or writer has made that must be incorporated into the meaning of the utterance. This article describes the available choices in different categories, discusses the perception of those choices by teachers as editors, and presents a possible explanation of certain erroneous choices based on an analysis of the lexical choices made.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Continuing Developments in Discourse-Based Grammar Instruction","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/07p4q90m","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Peter","middle_name":"","last_name":"Master","name_suffix":"","institution":"Professor Emeritus, San José State University","department":"Linguistics and Language Development"}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36292/galley/27144/download/"}]},{"pk":36297,"title":"Bridging the Cultural Divide: An Insider’s Guide to the Re-Creation of Self in Second Language Acquisition","subtitle":null,"abstract":"For second language learners everywhere there is a conflict between acquiring the target language and culture and pressure to maintain the primary culture and language identity. Second language acquisition (SLA) techniques from the voicebased business process outsourcing (BPO) field are outlined to help learners and teachers find cultural and linguistic balance while effecting the kind of holistic change needed for full, second language acquisition.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"CATESOL Exchanges","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/01f3j0mt","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Baxter","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jackson","name_suffix":"","institution":"The American University in Cairo, Egypt","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36297/galley/27149/download/"}]},{"pk":36306,"title":"CATESOL Journal Editorial Staff","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1wc8r9d7","frozenauthors":[],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36306/galley/27158/download/"}]},{"pk":36283,"title":"CATESOL Journal Editorial Staff","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5xn3r5n0","frozenauthors":[],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36283/galley/27135/download/"}]},{"pk":36325,"title":"Children and Parents: A Thematic Approach to Adult Education","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The article describes how the author created the curriculum for an advanced class of adult students at an Intensive English Program (IEP), and how she piloted the course during an 8-week summer program. The level of this class of 20 students from 9 different countries was distinctly above the usual 7 levels practiced at the IEP. Thus, there was no guidance, no texts, and no curriculum set for the course. Choosing the thematic approach suggested by Stoller and Grabe (1997), and settling on the theme of children and parents as presented in literature, the writer takes us through ways of creating background knowledge, keeping momentum, integrating all 4 skills, and approaching language learning through individual and interactive strategies.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"CATESOL Exchanges","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xj55874","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Natalie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hess","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northern Arizona University,Yuma","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36325/galley/27177/download/"}]},{"pk":36326,"title":"Developing Business ESP Courses","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In today’s current climate of international business expansion, traditional language institutes frequently have the opportunity to serve a growing language-learner population: nonnative English speakers working in local international companies. In this paper, we examine a university-based English language program’s experience in providing business English courses for one company, from initially assessing its need for English language training to evaluating the courses after completion. The courses were a success overall, meeting the primary expressed needs of a group of the company’s English language learners. However, designing the courses also presented a series of challenges. Through the process, we achieved success in teaching and also learned a great deal about providing workplace English language training, including working within the parameters of individual corporate situations and designing courses for specific business English needs.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"CATESOL Exchanges","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/18f3254c","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Rebekah","middle_name":"Ranew","last_name":"Trinh","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","department":""},{"first_name":"Melissa","middle_name":"Williamson","last_name":"Hawkins","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36326/galley/27178/download/"}]},{"pk":36286,"title":"Differences Between Generation 1.5 and English as a Second Language Writers: A Corpus-Based Comparison of Past Participle Use in Academic Essays","subtitle":null,"abstract":"While many have studied Generation 1.5 learners’ sociocultural and language learning experience, few have examined their linguistic errors in detail. This study uses two mini-corpora to compare one linguistic feature, the use of past participles, in essays by English as a Second Language (ESL) and Generation 1.5 college-level learners of various language backgrounds. The study found that Generation 1.5 learners tended to make past participle errors involving the morphological form of the past participle while ESL learners tended to make errors using the correct form in an inappropriate linguistic context. These findings suggest that although Generation 1.5 learners are proficient, sometimes nativelike, speakers of English who often demonstrate a remarkable sense of fluency in their writing, they still make errors involving grammatical forms. These findings suggest that language instruction that focuses on form is still important for their writing development. This instruction should be based on better understanding of this population’s needs and abilities.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - 2007 Graduate Student Research Award","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1c19s58v","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Lisa","middle_name":"","last_name":"Mikesell","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36286/galley/27138/download/"}]},{"pk":36308,"title":"Editors’ Note","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Editors’ Note","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5521c7mm","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Mark","middle_name":"","last_name":"Roberge","name_suffix":"","institution":"San Francisco State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Margi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Wald","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36308/galley/27160/download/"}]},{"pk":36285,"title":"Editors’ Note","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Editors’ Note","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9b4325v1","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Mark","middle_name":"","last_name":"Roberge","name_suffix":"","institution":"San Francisco State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Margi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Wald","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36285/galley/27137/download/"}]},{"pk":36299,"title":"Essential Academic Vocabulary: Mastering the Complete Academic Word List - Helen Huntley","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/66k6g57c","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Mayumi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ajioka","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36299/galley/27151/download/"}]},{"pk":36328,"title":"Focus on Vocabulary: Mastering the Academic Word List - Diane Schmitt and Norbert Schmitt","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5tr4p4x3","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Tina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Constantinou","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Fullerton","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36328/galley/27180/download/"}]},{"pk":36294,"title":"Generation 1.5 Writers’ Success in Correcting Errors Marked on an Out-of-Class Paper","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This exploratory study investigates how successfully advanced Generation 1.5 college writers can revise their grammar errors in out-of-class writing when a specific set of grading symbols is used and grammar addressing these same points is being taught. While recent research on Generation 1.5 writers’ error correction using data from in-class writing gives insight into their ability to self-edit (Ferris, 1997; Ferris &amp; Roberts, 2001), it does not address the more demanding task of revising an out-of-class analytical paper. The study involved comparing an early draft (with errors indicated in various ways) and the final draft of an analytical paper of 58 Generation 1.5 students in an advanced ESL composition class to determine their success in correcting eight of their most frequent and problematic grammar errors. The average success rate for all untreated errors was 32% versus a success rate ranging 77-81% for errors treated in some way, indicating a marked disparity in correction success between marked and unmarked errors. The study also shows conditional and word-choice errors are the most difficult of the errors studied for these students to correct. Implications of the findings for error treatment and grammar instruction are discussed.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Feature Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2b35p80h","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Angela","middle_name":"T.","last_name":"Foin","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Davis","department":""},{"first_name":"Ellen","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Lange","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Davis","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36294/galley/27146/download/"}]},{"pk":36303,"title":"Great Paragraphs: An Introduction to Writing Paragraphs - Keith S. Folse, April Muchmore-Vokoun, and Elena Vestri Solomon","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hk0b35d","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Nilüfer","middle_name":"","last_name":"Temel-Parlaktürk","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Fullerton","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36303/galley/27155/download/"}]},{"pk":36319,"title":"Influence of Attitudes and Strategies on English Acquisition by Japanese Women","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This study examines the relationship between Japanese women’s attitudes toward learning English and the improvement in their ability to judge grammaticality. Fourteen women temporarily living in the United States, who were neither working nor attending school full time, were interviewed regarding their English learning experiences. Data analysis reveals that attitudes toward American people correlate with improvement in ability to judge grammaticality. Tendencies to learn with others and to think actively about the learning process and its applications to daily activities also correlate with higher levels of improvement. The Johnson and Newport (1989) grammaticality judgment task served as the testing instrument, with pre- and posttests administered 11 weeks apart for each subject. Gardner’s (1985) Attitude/Motivation Test Battery measured subjects’ attitudes toward American culture and motivations for learning English. Oxford’s (1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning and interviews conducted in Japanese were used to gather information on subjects’ methods of, and preferences for, learning English.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Feature Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2vr7m2n7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Satoko","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kakihara","name_suffix":"","institution":"Dubberly Design Office","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36319/galley/27171/download/"}]},{"pk":36291,"title":"Integrating Grammar Into a High School Expository Reading and Writing Course","subtitle":null,"abstract":"For the last two decades, most high school English teachers have offered little grammar instruction, instead focusing primarily on literature. Meanwhile, standardsbased instruction has been mandated at the state and federal levels and concern has grown about the gap between high school preparation in academic literacy and university requirements. The California State University 12th Grade Task Force has created the Expository Reading and Writing Curriculum(ERWC) to address that gap. To supplement the ERWC, materials based on ERWC texts enable teachers to integrate grammar instruction into the course. Students observe grammatical forms in the texts they are reading, apply what they have learned in a series of activities, and conclude by editing their own writing. Thus, grammar and the conventions of written academic English are taught as part of a continuous loop within the context of what students are reading and writing in the ERWC classroom.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Continuing Developments in Discourse-Based Grammar Instruction","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0tr699wz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Roberta","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ching","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Sacramento","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36291/galley/27143/download/"}]},{"pk":36310,"title":"Introduction to the Theme Section","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Service-learning","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1c04977z","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Janet","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Eyring","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Fullerton","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36310/galley/27162/download/"}]},{"pk":36287,"title":"Introduction to the Theme Section: Continuing Developments in Discourse-Based Grammar Instruction","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Continuing Developments in Discourse-Based Grammar Instruction","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5t67h9hs","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Stefan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Frazier","name_suffix":"","institution":"San José State University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36287/galley/27139/download/"}]},{"pk":36290,"title":"Language Scaffolding in Second Language Writing","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper explores a kind of language instruction that facilitates student writers’ learning of grammar skills through providing a carefully constructed supportive framework—language scaffolding. To illustrate, a five-step pedagogy for scaffolded instruction is proposed, including contextual-awareness building, model analysis, controlled and guided practice, collaborative construction of text, and independent writing. The author argues that when student writers are provided with flexible, systematic language guidance throughout the writing process, they will gain increasing confidence and competence in exploiting grammar as a resource to construct meaning and exercising language choices beyond the sentence level appropriate to the purpose and function of the written discourse.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Continuing Developments in Discourse-Based Grammar Instruction","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11h898rj","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"","last_name":"Liang","name_suffix":"","institution":"Biola University, La Mirada","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36290/galley/27142/download/"}]},{"pk":36293,"title":"Listener Responses as a Pragmatic Resource for Learners of English","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Listener responses are essential to the progress and intelligibility of conversation. Learners of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) have only rarely been taught the forms and functions of these conversational particles. This paper offers a simple taxonomy of the most common listener responses; compares English listener responses with those of Spanish, German, Japanese, and Chinese; and discusses the pragmatics and interpretation of listener responses. It examines the placement and interpretations of three types of listener responses: minimal responses, the most common of backchannels, continuers (e.g., uh-huh), and reactive expressions (e.g., o.k.). Pedagogical tools for raising awareness, eliciting intuitions, and using listener responses are recommended.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Feature Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/40r948kc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Terese","middle_name":"","last_name":"Thonus","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Fresno","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36293/galley/27145/download/"}]},{"pk":36295,"title":"Literature and Current Events: A Theme-Based Approach to Teaching Reading, Writing, and Critical-Thinking Skills to Nonnative Speakers of English","subtitle":null,"abstract":"To improve reading fluency and comprehension and to acquire vocabulary, ESL students must be exposed to a wide variety of readings, particularly continuous text. Recently, there has been renewed interest in literature as a valuable tool in teaching English as a Second Language. Therefore, as a supplemental reading assignment, two instructors of advanced-level students in an Intensive English Program (IEP) collaborated on a theme-based approach to teaching reading, writing, and critical thinking using The Tortilla Curtain by T. C. Boyle and a news survey of relevant articles. The choice of this particular novel proved timely because of its connection to current events and the abundance of media reports and political debates regarding illegal immigration and the rights of undocumented immigrants. Students explored issues related to immigration, racism, and social justice. This thematic approach helped the students develop reading fluency and comprehension and improve their vocabulary and critical-thinking skills.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"CATESOL Exchanges","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8xq687ct","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Rosemary","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hiruma","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Long Beach","department":""},{"first_name":"Barbara","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jonckheere","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Long Beach","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36295/galley/27147/download/"}]},{"pk":36313,"title":"Matching ESL and Content Classes for Successful Community College Service-Learning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This article outlines an ongoing collaborative service-learning project conducted at Chaffey College in Rancho Cucamonga, California. The project involves matching ESL students with sociology students for several interviews during one semester. The sociology students interview the ESL students to collect real-world data by which to examine sociological concepts. The ESL students practice their listening and speaking during these interviews and are exposed to American culture and difficult vocabulary. At the beginning of the semester both groups are apprehensive. The sociology students are uncomfortable with what they consider an atypical classroom activity and the ESL students are self-conscious about their speaking abilities. At the end of each semester, however, reflections have shown that the ESL students have increased confidence in their ability to communicate in English and the sociology students have an increased awareness of a variety of cultures. This project has proven to be beneficial to all participants.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Service-learning","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7v11t2vr","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Charmaine","middle_name":"E.","last_name":"Phipps","name_suffix":"","institution":"Chaffey College, Rancho Cucamonga","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36313/galley/27165/download/"}]},{"pk":36300,"title":"Multiple Intelligences and Language Learning: A Guidebook of Theory, Activities, Inventories, and Resources - Mary Ann Christison","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/09x9w955","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Cynthia","middle_name":"","last_name":"Cheng","name_suffix":"","institution":"Cañada College, Redwood City","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36300/galley/27152/download/"}]},{"pk":36331,"title":"Our Own Journeys: Readings for Cross-Cultural Communication - Norine Dresser","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0kp7b0mv","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Michela","middle_name":"","last_name":"Santostefano","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Fullerton","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36331/galley/27183/download/"}]},{"pk":36301,"title":"Password 1: A Reading and Vocabulary Text - Linda Butler","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8sx816jn","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Amanda","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jerome","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Fullerton","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36301/galley/27153/download/"}]},{"pk":36329,"title":"Read All About It (Starter) - Susan Iannuzzi and Renée Weiss","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0z33717t","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Mira","middle_name":"","last_name":"Deliyska","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Fullerton","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36329/galley/27181/download/"}]},{"pk":36324,"title":"Searching for Culturally Responsive Books to Share With K-8 Students: A Teacher’s Guide","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The American educational curriculum has historically lacked images of diversity and differing worldviews. Although progress has been slow in changing this fact, multicultural books for K-8 students are more widely available than in the past several decades. Authors, illustrators, publishers, and educators are more committed to providing a large collection of culturally responsive resources. Nevertheless, teachers are responsible for choosing high-quality books to share with their students. This process requires carefully evaluating each work. Just because a book is approved by the district, a gift from a publisher, or the result of funding from a large corporation, it isn’t necessarily an appropriate choice for students. In this article two teachers model the process of choosing high-quality culturally responsive books for students, using a comprehensive list of guidelines to critically examine both text and illustrations.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"CATESOL Exchanges","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3kt7648v","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Valerie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Amber","name_suffix":"","institution":"National University, Costa Mesa","department":""},{"first_name":"Tom","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gibbons","name_suffix":"","institution":"National University, Costa Mesa","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36324/galley/27176/download/"}]},{"pk":36317,"title":"Service-Learning at the Secondary Level: An Interview With a High School Principal","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Service-learning","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8bt9f6wz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Janet","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Eyring","name_suffix":"","institution":"California State University, Fullerton","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36317/galley/27169/download/"}]},{"pk":36312,"title":"Service-Learning for Academic Literacy in Adult ESL Programs","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Success in higher education requires a functional proficiency in academic literacy and the concomitant motivation to further develop one’s linguistic abilities. For underserved populations, service-learning may provide a conduit for increasing the matriculation of diverse communities at the college as well as university level. Studies of community literacy practices have traditionally focused on monolingual populations. Moreover, the notion of literacy as a tool for creating positive social change is certainly not a novel idea; however, as the higher education population becomes increasingly diverse, there is a pressing need for increased research on the interactions between the first and second languages in higher educational settings. The fundamental principle operative in this tutoring program is that projects are designed and implemented exclusively by adult education students in their second language. The secondary discourses that evolve from these activities become instrumental in facilitating vocational goals and proficiencies that are taught in academic course work at the college level. Finally, the motivation to become an active participant in service-learning projects derives from the ability to successfully employ second language literacy in social action.","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Service-learning","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/58062810","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Eric","middle_name":"","last_name":"Glicker","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University of Pennsylvania","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36312/galley/27164/download/"}]},{"pk":36316,"title":"Service-Learning Helps ELLs in Elementary Schools","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In a service-learning project designed for preservice teachers of an undergraduate linguistics course, survey results determined that the service-learning component of the course transformed student thinking about teaching in the public school classroom, working with English language learners (ELLs), and interacting with students of other cultures and languages. Students reported a great difference in understanding the applicability of the material being studied, and they were much more satisfied with the course based on their real-world experience. In turn, public schools that partnered in the service-learning project reported that the elementary students who participated in the project showed greater attendance, more enthusiasm for schoolwork, greater oral participation in class, and increased reading ability. This service-learning project was designed to not only benefit the preservice teachers at the university and the elementary ELLs they worked with but to create a future school system that has better-prepared teachers for the benefit of the entire community","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Service-learning","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j56899g","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kerry","middle_name":"","last_name":"Purmensky","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Central Florida, Orlando","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"2007-01-01T10:00:00-08:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36316/galley/27168/download/"}]}]}