{"count":38386,"next":"https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=json&limit=100&offset=34500","previous":"https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=json&limit=100&offset=34300","results":[{"pk":31845,"title":"Learning from Instruction: A Compretiension-Based Approach","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A comprehension-based approach to learning assumes that incoming information and background knowledge are integrated to form a mental representation which is subsequently used to incorporate new knowledge. We demonstrate that this approach can indicate when people will learn from instructions. Specifically, we show that a computational model based on the construction-integration theory of comprehension (Kintsch, 1988) can explain and predict how individual users will comprehend help prompts that guide their generation of successful complex commands within an operating system.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0md816bz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Stephanie","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Doane","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Illinois","department":""},{"first_name":"Young","middle_name":"Woo","last_name":"Sohn","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Illinois","department":""},{"first_name":"David","middle_name":"","last_name":"Adams","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Illinois","department":""},{"first_name":"Danielle","middle_name":"S.","last_name":"McNamara","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Colorado","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31845/galley/22912/download/"}]},{"pk":33023,"title":"Learning New Features of Representation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Symposia","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9xj2599n","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"","last_name":"Goldstone","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University","department":""},{"first_name":"Philippe","middle_name":"","last_name":"Schyns","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Montreal","department":""},{"first_name":"Douglas","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Medlin","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwestern University","department":""},{"first_name":"Jean-Pierre","middle_name":"","last_name":"Thibaut","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Liege","department":""},{"first_name":"Mike","middle_name":"","last_name":"Mozer","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Colorado at Boulder","department":""},{"first_name":"Bob","middle_name":"","last_name":"French","name_suffix":"","institution":"Williamette University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33023/galley/24083/download/"}]},{"pk":31889,"title":"Learning of rules that have high-frequency exceptions: New empirical data and a hybrid connectionist model","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Theorists of human learning, in domains as various as category learning and language acquisition, have grappled with the issue of whether learners induce rules or remember exemplars, or both. In this article we present new dau that reflect both rule induction and exemplar encoding, and we present a new connectionist model that specifies one way in which rule-based and exemplar-based mechanisms might interact Our empirical study was motivated by analogy to past tense acquisition, and specifically by the previous work of Palermo and Howe (1970). Human subjects learned to categorize items, most of which could be classified by a simple rule, except for a few frequently recurring exceptions. The modeling was motivated by the idea of combining an exemplar-based module (ALCOVE, Kruschke, 1992) and a rule-based module in a connectionist architecture, and allowing the system to learn which module should be responsible for which instances, using the competitive gating mechanism introduced by Jacobs, Jordan, Nowlan, and Hinton (1991). We report quantitative fits of the model to the learning data.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9c710748","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"K.","last_name":"Kruschke","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University","department":""},{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Erickson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31889/galley/22955/download/"}]},{"pk":31856,"title":"Learning the Arabic Plural: The Case for Minority Default Mappings in Connectionist Networks.","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Connectionist accounts of inflectional morphology have \nfocussed on the domain of the English Past Tense (e.g. \nRumelhart & McClelland 1986; Plunkett & Marchman \n1993). In this inflectional domain, the default mapping \nprocess (add /ed/) reflecLs the process of suffixation \nadopted by the majority of the forms in the language. \nConnectionist models exploit the imbalance between \nEngHsh regular and irregular verbs when learning the \npast tense and when responding to novel forms in a \ndefault fashion. Not all inflectional systems have a \ndefault mapping which is characterized by a majority of \nforms in the language. The Arabic Plural System has \nbeen cited (Marcus et al. 1993) as one such system \nwhere a minority default mapping process operates. The \nSound Plural in Arabic applies to only a minority of \nforms in the lexicon (~104;), yet it appears to adopt the \nrole of a default mapping for novel nouns. W e describe a \nconnectionist model that can learn a minority default \nmapping analogous to the Arabic plural and discuss its \nperformance in relation to type and token frequency \neffects, and their distribution within phonetic space.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3sg1g4cx","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Neil","middle_name":"","last_name":"Forrester","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Oxford","department":""},{"first_name":"Kim","middle_name":"","last_name":"Plunkett","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Oxford","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31856/galley/22923/download/"}]},{"pk":32990,"title":"Learning with friends and foes","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Social agents, both human and computational, inhabiting a world containing multiple active agents, need to coordinate their activities. This is because agents share resources, and without proper coordination or \"rules of the road\", everybody will be interfering with the plans of others. As such, we need coordination schemes that allow agents to effectively achieve local goals without adversely affecting the problem-solving capabilities of other agents. Researchers in the field of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) have developed a variety of coordination schemes under different assumptions about agent capabilities and relationships. Whereas some of these research have been motivated by human cognitive biases, others have approached it as an engineering problem of designing the most effective coordination architecture or protocol. We propose reinforcement learning as a coordination mechanism that imposes little cognitive burden on agents. More interestingly, we show that a uniform learning mechanism suffices as a coordination mechanism in both cooperative and adversarial situations. Using an example block-pushing problem domain, we demonstrate that agents can use reinforcement learning algorithms, without explicit information sharing, to develop effective policies to coordinate their actions both with agents acting in unison and with agents acting in opposition.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m09v37j","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Mahendra","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sekaran","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Tulsa","department":""},{"first_name":"Sandip","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sen","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Tulsa","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32990/galley/24051/download/"}]},{"pk":31905,"title":"Letter Perception: Toward a conceptual approach","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We present the results of a simple experiment in lowercase letter recognition. Unlike most psychology studies of letter recognition, we include in our data set letters at the extremes of their categories and investigate the recognition of letters of multiple typefaces. W e are interested in the relationship between the recognition of normal letters and the recognition of non-standard letters. Results provide empirical evidence for top-down conceptual constraints on letter perception in the form of roles and relations between perceptually-based structural subcomponents. A process model based on the hypothesis developed below is currently being implemented.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9gg8p589","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Gary","middle_name":"","last_name":"McGraw","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University","department":""},{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rehling","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University","department":""},{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"","last_name":"Goldstone","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31905/galley/22970/download/"}]},{"pk":31892,"title":"Levels of Semantic Constraint and Learning Novel Words","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A common method of teaching vocabulary involves presenting students with new words in context and having the students derive the meaning of these words based on contextual cues. Beck, McKeown and McCaslin (1983) have argued that the contexts used to teach new words should be highly constraining. Although highly constraining contexts avoid ambiguity they do not present the learner with the necessity of combining contextual and word specific information and thus practicing skills needed for general comprehension. W e suggest that a superior method of teaching is to relax the amount of contextual constraint because to optimize the learning from the presentation of a sentence the student must use both top down and bottom up processes to discover the meaning of the sentence, thus integrating two sources of knowledge about the word. The present research compares knowledge and use of newly learned words between students who learned the new words using three encounters with highly constraining contexts, three encounters with moderately constraining contexts or three progressively less constraining contexts. Students were given definitional and comprehension tests both immediately after study and at a one week delay. The results suggest that repeated encounters with moderately constraining contexts are superior to repeated encounters with highly constraining contexts.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39m152j0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Lampinen","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwest University","department":""},{"first_name":"Jeremiah","middle_name":"M .","last_name":"Faries","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwest University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31892/galley/22958/download/"}]},{"pk":31903,"title":"Lexical Disambiguation Based on Distribute d Representations of Context Frequency","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A model for lexical disambiguation is presented that is bfised on combining the frequencies of past contexts of ambiguous words. The frequencies axe encoded in the word representations and define the words' semantics. A Simple Recurrent Network (SRN) parser combines the context frequencies one word at a time, edways producing the most likely interpretation of the current sentence at its output. This disambiguation process is most striking when the interpretation involves semantic flipping, that is, an cilternation between two opposing meanings as more words are read in. The sense of throsing a ball alternates between deince zind baseball as indicators such as the agent, location, and recipient are input. The SR N parser demonstrates how the context frequencies are dynamically combined to determine the interpretation of such sentences. We hypothesize that several other aspects of ambiguity resolution are based on similar mechanisms, and can be naturally approached from the distributed connectionist viewpoint.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8g3132kc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Marshall","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Mayberry, III","name_suffix":"","institution":"The University of Texas","department":""},{"first_name":"Risto","middle_name":"","last_name":"Miikkulainen","name_suffix":"","institution":"The University of Texas","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31903/galley/22968/download/"}]},{"pk":31827,"title":"Lexical Segmentation: the role of sequential statistics in supervised and un-supervised models","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The use of transitional probabilities between phonetic segments as a cue for segmenting words from English speech is investigated. W e develop a series of class-based n-gram and feature-based neural network models that enable us to quantify the contribution of low-level statistics to word boundary prediction. Training data for our models is representative of genuine conversational speech: a phonological transcription of the London-Lund corpus. These simple models can be purely bottom-up and hence valid bootstrapping models of infant development. W e go on to demonstrate how the boostrapping models mimic the Metrical Segmentation Strategy of Cutler and Norris (1988), and we discuss the implications of this result.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/63x8w9p7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Paul","middle_name":"","last_name":"Cairns","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Richard","middle_name":"","last_name":"Shillcock","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Nick","middle_name":"","last_name":"Chater","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Joe","middle_name":"","last_name":"Levy","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31827/galley/22894/download/"}]},{"pk":33000,"title":"Limiting nested beliefs in cooperative dialogue","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Models of rationality typically rely on underlying logics that allow simulated agents to entertain beliefs about one another to any depth of nesting. We argue that representations of individual deeply nested beliefs are in principle unnecessary for any cooperative dialogue. We describe a simulation of such dialogues in a simple domain, and attempt to generalize the principles of this simulation, first to explain features of human dialogue in this domain, then those of cooperative dialogues in general. We propose that for the purposes of cooperative interaction, the status of all deeply-nested beliefs about each concept can be conjoined into a single represented value, which will be Affected by reasoning that might be expected to lead to conclusions in terms of deeply-nested beliefe. We concede that people are capable of using individual deeply-nested beliefs to some degree, but such beliefs need only be handled explicitly in dialogues involving secrecy or deception.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/80g9m4pq","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jasper","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Taylor","name_suffix":"","institution":"2 Buccleuch Place","department":""},{"first_name":"Jean","middle_name":"C.","last_name":"Carletta","name_suffix":"","institution":"Human Communication Research Centre","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33000/galley/24061/download/"}]},{"pk":36578,"title":"List of Contributors","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96c5g8x1","frozenauthors":[],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36578/galley/27429/download/"}]},{"pk":31841,"title":"Machines that Forget: Learning from retrieval failure of mis-indexed explanations","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A reasoner may fail at a cognitive task, not because it does not have appropriate knowledge with which to reason, but instead because it does not have the proper index or cue with which to retrieve such knowledge from memory. The reasoner knows this memory item; it simply cannot remember the item. This paper argues that forgetting provides an opportunity for learning through memory reorganization. A reasoner that takes full advantage of such opportunities, however, must be able to reason about its own memory system. To do so, it must possess a language for declaratively representing its reasoning failures and must reflectively inspect such representations if it is to fully explain the reason for its failure. Once such an error is understood as a memory failure, the problem of forgetting is to re-adjust the indexes so that the knowledge is properly retrieved in similar, future situations.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1pn91687","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"T.","last_name":"Cox","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"T.","last_name":"Cox","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Ashwin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ram","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31841/galley/22908/download/"}]},{"pk":31850,"title":"MAGI : Analogy-based Encoding Using Regularity and Symmetry","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Analogy has always been considered a mechanism for interrelating distinct parts of the world, but it is perhaps just as important to consider how analogy might be used to break the world into comprehensible parts. The MAGI program uses the Structure-Mapping Engine (SME) to flexibly and reliably match a description against itself. The resulting mapping pulls out the two maximally consistent parts of the given description. MAGI then divides out the parts of the mapping and categorizes the mapping as symmetrical or regular. These parts may then be used as the basis for new comparisons. W e theorize that MAG I models how people use symmetry and regularity to facilitate the encoding task. W e demonstrate this with three sets of examples. First, we show how MAGI can augment traditional axis detection and reference frame adjustment in geometric figures. Next, we demonstrate how MAGI detects visual and functional symmetry in logic circuits, where symmetry of form aids encoding synunetry of hmction. Finally, to emphasize that regularity and symmetry detection is not simply visual, we show how MAG I models some aspects of expectation generation in story imderstanding. In general, MAGI shows symmetry and regularity to be not only pretty, but also cognitively valuable.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/29r4t8v1","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ronald","middle_name":"W .","last_name":"Ferguson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwestern University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31850/galley/22917/download/"}]},{"pk":31847,"title":"Managing Disagreement in Intellectual Conversations: Coordinating Interpersonal and Conceptual Concerns in the Collaborative Construction of Mathematical Explanations","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper reports research into how mathematical explanations are constructed during conversation based on videotapes of pairs of student math teachers collaboratively writing explanations in geometry. In particular, we analyzed how disagreements about parts of their explanations were managed in these conversations. In contrast to research on disagreement in everyday conversation, explanation disagreements were more likely to overlap with preceding turns and to be stated baldly without prefaces, token agreements or qualifications. However, the observed frequencies of different kinds of disagreements were not consistent with a model favoring explicit substantive disgreement either. Instead, it is proposed that both the interpersonal concerns that would motivate a preference for agreement and the conceptual concerns for a quality explanation that would motivate a preference for substantive disagreement are being managed by participants. Disagreements are co-constructed, and conversants are seen to jointly employ complex devices for introducing and managing disagreement across turns that can satisfy both kinds of concerns with much less conflict betweeen them than might have been expected.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ck2w92q","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Randi","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Engle","name_suffix":"","institution":"Stanford University","department":""},{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Greeno","name_suffix":"","institution":"Stanford University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31847/galley/22914/download/"}]},{"pk":31875,"title":"Mapping Hierarchical Structures with Synchrony for Binding: Preliminary Investigations","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Synchrony of firing has recently become a popular technique for dynamic binding in neural networks, and has been applied to numerous problem domains. However, hierarchical structures are difficult to represent using synchrony for binding. This paper presents our progress toward a framework for representing hierarchies in a neural network using synchrony for dynamic binding. We illustrate the approach with a model of analogical mapping. The model (IMM2) uses synchrony to bind case roles to objects within propositions. Hierarchies are established by allowing units representing propositions to play a dual role, acting both as the argument of one proposition and as a pointer to another.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8rs3t4zf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"E.","last_name":"Hummel","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":""},{"first_name":"Eric","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Melz","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":""},{"first_name":"Jeff","middle_name":"","last_name":"Thompson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":""},{"first_name":"Keith","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Holyoak","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31875/galley/22942/download/"}]},{"pk":31910,"title":"Mental models for proportional reasoning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Three studies investigated the role of perceptual and quantitative situational factors on the structure of 5th- and 6th-graders' mental models. A task involved a carton of orange juice made from concentrate and water, and two glasses of different sizes filled from the carton. The children had to predict whether the two glasses would taste the same. W e manipulated whether students were presented with physical, diagrammatic, photographic, or textual information. W e also manipulated the type of relationship specified between quantities: qualitative, easy numerical, or difficult numerical. W e found that for the diagram condition, difficult numerical relationships yielded poor performance, whereas the easy numerical and qualitative relationships yielded excellent performance. In contrast, in the physical condition, the easy numerical relationships yielded poor performance, whereas the difficult numerical and quaUtative relationships yieldedexcellent performance. These and otherresults are interpreted by developing a sketch of the mental models preproportional children construct to reason about this quantitative situation, and describing how situational factors influence the construction of the models. For example, physical features led to models that captured the identity relationship between the juice in the glasses (e.g., the juice came from the same carton) whereas numerical features led to models that captured the relationship between the constituents of concentrate and water in each glass (e.g., within a glass there is more water than concentrate).","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ph88860","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Joyce","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Moore","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""},{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Schwartz","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31910/galley/22975/download/"}]},{"pk":31806,"title":"Mental Models in Propositional Reasoning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A cognitive account of propositional reasoning must consider both the representation of the propositions (premises and states of affairs) and the context in which the propositions are used. This paper is concerned with reasoning processes involving three different connectives (conjunctive, conditional and disjunctive connectives) in three different tasks (accomplishing a request for action expressed by a premise, judging a state of affairs as true or false with respect to a premise, drawing an inference from two premises). Our claim is that the ability to reason with connectives is explained in terms of construction and manipulation of mental models. We present a computer model that takes as input the modelistic representations of the premises and the speciHc state of affairs, compares such models and gives rise to a series of model manipulations in order to produce a result, i.e. an action, a judgement or an inference. A computer program reproduces the performances of subjects of different age groups, predicting both correct and erroneous inferences.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8cw3m1xn","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Bruno","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Bara","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universita' di Torino","department":""},{"first_name":"Monica","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bucciarelli","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universita' di Torino","department":""},{"first_name":"Philip","middle_name":"N.","last_name":"Johnson-Laird","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Vincenzo","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lombardo","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universita' di Torino","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31806/galley/22874/download/"}]},{"pk":31909,"title":"Modeling Inter-Category Topicality within a Symbolic Search Framework","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses category typicality in the context of a category naming task. In contrast to the predominant effort with gradient models, a symbolic search framework is taken. Within this framework, the SC A (Symbolic Concept Acquisition) model demonstrates varying response times as a function of an instance's intra-category typicality. Here its coverage is expanded to inter-category typicality. A functionally motivated extension for SC A is advanced that pursues search backtracking under ambiguous cases. I explain how the backtracking extension accounts for inter-category typicality effects, and support it with some empirical evidence. I discuss how the effect generalizes to a larger class of symbolic search models.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0ff63321","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Craig","middle_name":"S.","last_name":"Miller","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31909/galley/22974/download/"}]},{"pk":31829,"title":"Modeling the Interaction between Speech and Gesture","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an implemented system that generates spoken dialogue, including speech, intonation, and gesture, using two copies of an identical program that differ only in knowledge of the world and which must cooperate to accomplish a goal. The output of the dialogue generation is used to drive a three-dimensional interactive animated model - two graphic figures on a computer screen who speak and gesture according to the rules of the system. The system is based upon a formal, predictive and explanatory theory of the gesture-speech relationship. A felicitous outcome is a working system to realize autonomous animated conversational agents for virtual reality and other purposes, and a tool for investigating the relationship between speech and gesture.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1nn7b2m0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Justine","middle_name":"","last_name":"Cassell","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Matthew","middle_name":"","last_name":"Stone","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Brett","middle_name":"","last_name":"Douville","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Scott","middle_name":"","last_name":"Prevost","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Brett","middle_name":"","last_name":"Achorn","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Mark","middle_name":"","last_name":"Steedman","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Norm","middle_name":"","last_name":"Badler","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Catherine","middle_name":"","last_name":"Pelachaud","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31829/galley/22896/download/"}]},{"pk":31920,"title":"Modeling the Use of Frequency and Contextual Biases in Sentence Processing","subtitle":null,"abstract":"MacDonald, Pearlmutter, and Seidenberg (1993) propose an alternative to the dominant view in sentence processing that syntactic ambiguities are resolved by heuristics based on structural simplicity. MacDonald et al. argue that such ambiguities can be defined in terms of alternatives associated with information in individual lexical items, and thus that syntactic ambiguities can be resolved by lexical disambiguation mechanisms relying on access to the relative frequencies of alternatives and to biases created by contextual constraints. We present evidence from a computer simulation of the use of frequency-based and contextual constraints in the processing of the main verb/reduced relative syntactic ambiguity, showing that frequency and relatively limited contextual information from a sample of natural language can interact sufficiently to model basic results in the literature.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bm4g9sp","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Neal","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Pearlmutter","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Illinois","department":""},{"first_name":"Kim","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Daugherty","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hughes Aircraft Co.","department":""},{"first_name":"Maryellen","middle_name":"C.","last_name":"MacDonald","name_suffix":"","institution":"Univ. of Southern California","department":""},{"first_name":"Mark","middle_name":"S.","last_name":"Seidenberg","name_suffix":"","institution":"Univ. of Southern California","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31920/galley/22985/download/"}]},{"pk":31838,"title":"Modelling Retroactive Context Effects in Spoken Word Recognition with a Simple Recurrent Network","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We present a new variant of a simple recunent network to model auditory word recognition in continuous speech and address the issue of lexical segmentation. Simulations ba-sed on small word sets show that the system provides a nearoptimal solution to the opposite constraints of speed, which requires that lexical processing he immediate, and reliability, which imposes that identification decisions postponed until unambiguous information is available. Contraiy to an oftenheard statement, the simulations show that the existence of embedded words is not incompatible with the notion of continuous on-line lexical processing.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04c2p3jk","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Alain","middle_name":"","last_name":"Content","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universitd Libre de Bruxelles","department":""},{"first_name":"Pascal","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sternon","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universitd Libre de Bruxelles","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31838/galley/22905/download/"}]},{"pk":31893,"title":"Models of Metrical Structure in Music","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Recent models of metrical structure in music rely upon notions of oscillation and synchronization. Such resonance models U-eat the perception of metrical structure as a dynamic process in which the temporal organization of musical events synchronizes, or entrains, a listener's internal processing mechanisms. The entrainment of a network of oscillators to an afferent rhythmic pattern models the perception of metrical structure. In this paper, 1 compare one resonance model with several previously proposed models of meter perception. Although the resonance model is consistent with previous models in a number of ways, mathematical analysis reveals properties that are quite distinct from properties of the previously proposed models.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8dc4q55r","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Edward","middle_name":"W.","last_name":"Large","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31893/galley/22959/download/"}]},{"pk":31819,"title":"Multiple Constraints in Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution: A Connectionist Account of Psycholinguistic Data","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We implement a constraint satisfaction connectionist style model that accounts for data from three psycholinguistics experiments investigating the gardenpaih effect with reduced relative constructions. Normative data was collected on the stimuli used in experiments by Burgess and Tanenhaus (1992) and Ferreira and Clifton (1986) and this data served as the input for the simulation. W e have demonstrated with this set of simulations that a plausible theoretical framework for a range of these results is a hierarchical connectionist network which is sensitive to a number of constraints inherent in the input stimuli. The model accounts for the top-down effect of context, the contribution of the bottom-up morphological frequency asymmetry of the verb, and the probabilistic nature of the disambiguating preposition. These effects are sensitive to the timecourse of processing as well. The pattern of results from the psycholinguistic data suggest that syntactic processing is a confluence of multiple constraints that represent both bouomup and top-down influences in processing. These results are incompatible with a deterministic parsing model. The hierarchical connectionist style model presented in this paper is sensitive to the range of constraints discussed above and is offered as a more adaptive theoretical model that can capture the domain of effects found in the literature encompassing local syntactic ambiguity resolution.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71g7q7p8","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Curt","middle_name":"","last_name":"Burgess","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California-Riverside","department":""},{"first_name":"Kevin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lund","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California-Riverside","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31819/galley/22887/download/"}]},{"pk":32989,"title":"Multiple learning mechanisms within implicit learning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The experiment reported in this paper provides evidence that there are at least two independent implicit learning mechanisms in implicit learning: an efficiency mechanism, which underlies changes in reaction time to patterned stimuli, and a conceptual fluency mechanism, which underlies the ability to make judgments about stimuli based on implicit knowledge. Each of these implicit mechanisms is independent of explicit learning. Subjects performed a serial reaction time task under one of three learning conditions (nonattentional, attentional and observational) for one of three study lengths (2, 6 or 12 blocks). Subjects then completed five tests of their knowledge: attentional and nonattentional reaction time tasks (measuring two kinds of efficiency learning), awareness questionnaire (measuring explicit knowledge) , a generation task, and a conceptual fluency task. Correlation analyses and criterion analyses found no dependencies between the measures in low awareness subjects. In addition, the measures were influenced differently by the independent variables of learning condition and study length; these dissociations indicate separate underlying mechanisms. Implications of the existence of multiple implicit mechanisms for connectionist modeling of implicit learning are drawn.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9jx8q1sx","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Carol","middle_name":"Augart","last_name":"Seger","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Los Angeles","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32989/galley/24050/download/"}]},{"pk":31848,"title":"Natural Oculomotor Performance in Looking and Tapping Tasks","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A unique apparatus recorded eye and head movements of subjects as they tapped or only looked at sequences of 2, 4 or 6 nearby, 3-D targets. Each sequence was repeated 10 times to allow an opportunity for learning. A stereotypical pattern of movements was established after 2-3 repetitions. Subjects almost always looked at each target just before tapping it. Looking-only was more difficult than tapping in that it took more time and, unlike tapping, usually did not benefit from practice. The number of targets in a sequence affected timeA^get in both tasks. Sequence length and practice effects show that memory was involved. The persistent strategy of looking before tapping and the subjects' inability to tap a well-leamed patten with eyes closed, show that visual cues were also important We conclude that motor plarming occurred first at the level of the task and then at the level of specific motor programs. The relative difficulty of the less natural, looking-only task, in which the eyes worked without a meaningful cognitive or motor purpose, suggests that efficient eye movement programming requires a natural task of the kind eye movements evolved to serve.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6r61s7n1","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Julie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Epelboim","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Maryland","department":""},{"first_name":"Eileen","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kowler","name_suffix":"","institution":"Rutgers University","department":""},{"first_name":"Mark","middle_name":"","last_name":"Edwards","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Maryland","department":""},{"first_name":"Han","middle_name":"","last_name":"Collewijn","name_suffix":"","institution":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","department":""},{"first_name":"Casper","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Erkelens","name_suffix":"","institution":"Utrecht Biojhysics Research Institute","department":""},{"first_name":"Zygmunt","middle_name":"","last_name":"Pizio","name_suffix":"","institution":"Purdue University","department":""},{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"M .","last_name":"Steinman","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Maryland","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31848/galley/22915/download/"}]},{"pk":31869,"title":"Objects, actions, nouns, and verbs","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a lexical acquisition mechanism that was implemented in order to increase the robustness of a Natural Language Processing system. Although the mechanism was not intended to be a cognitive model of children's language acquisition, it demonstrates many similarities with psycholinguistic findings. In particular, the structure of the domain knowledge representation forces the system to take a bipolar approach to learning nouns and verbs. Psycholinguistic studies demonstrate differing treatment of nouns and verbs by children and suggest a structural basis for this difference. The knowledge-level similarities between our system and human linguistic knowledge make it possible to infer that children must adopt a similar strategy to effectively learn word meanings.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9t7018x8","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Peter","middle_name":"M .","last_name":"Hastings","name_suffix":"","institution":"The University of Michigan","department":""},{"first_name":"Steven","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Lytinen","name_suffix":"","institution":"DePaul University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31869/galley/22936/download/"}]},{"pk":33017,"title":"Observations from Studying Cognitive Systems in Context","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Keynote Address","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/60t8k87t","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"David","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Woods","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33017/galley/24078/download/"}]},{"pk":32985,"title":"On-line versus Off-line Priming of Word-Form Encoding in Spoken Word Production","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The production of a disyllabic word is speeded up by advance (off-line) knowledge of the first syllable, but not by knowledge about the second syllable (Meyer, 1990). By contrast, when first-syllable or second-syllable primes are presented during the production of a disyllabic word (on-line), both primes yield a facilitatory effect (Meyer & Schriefers, 1991). In this paper, the computational model of word-form encoding in speaking developed in Roelofs (1992b, submitted) is applied to these contradictory findings. Central to the model is the proposal by Levelt (1992) that morphemic representations are mapped onto stored syllable programs by serially grouping the morphemes' segments into phonological syllables, which are then used to address the programs in a syllabary. Results of computer simulations reported in this paper show that the model resolves the empirical discrepancy.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pb2p2m8","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ardi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Roelofs","name_suffix":"","institution":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32985/galley/24046/download/"}]},{"pk":31813,"title":"On the Psychological Basis for Rigid Designation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Kripke (1972) and Putnam (1975a; 1975b) have argued forcefully for the philosophical view of word meaning known as rigid designation. While certain psychological studies have appeared to offer this view support (Keil, 1986; Rips, 1989), we argue that these have not provided an exhaustive evaluation. In particular, the original discussions of Kripke and Putnam reveal that their view rests on an explicit appeal to intuition concerning word use in a range of different scenarios. The study reported here investigates word use under three such types of scenarios, for a variety of natural kind terms, by investigating subjects' judgements of truth or falsity for a range of statement types. W e argue that the results obtained indicate that the intuition on which rigid designation rests is not one which is generally true of agents' language use. Further, we obtam patterns of apparent contradiction which appear strictly inconsistent with rigid designation and which require an account of word meaning which allows that the sense of words may vary systematically with context (Franks & Braisby, 1990).","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5d09c0jq","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Nick","middle_name":"","last_name":"Braisby","name_suffix":"","institution":"London Guildhall University","department":""},{"first_name":"Bradley","middle_name":"","last_name":"Franks","name_suffix":"","institution":"London School of Economics","department":""},{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hampton","name_suffix":"","institution":"City University Northampton Square London","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31813/galley/22881/download/"}]},{"pk":31820,"title":"Parafoveal and Semantic Effects on Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Subjects were presented with strongly past-participle biased sentences such as, Tlie portrait sketched by the tree was very beautiful, in a self-paced reading time task. Sentences were displayed two words at a lime, (e.g.. The portrait /sketched by ...) so that the verb and the disambiguating preposition were read together. In Experiment 1, a set of materials constructed to minimize the past-tense bias with an inanimate N P was compared with a less constraining set of sentences. The syntactic gardenpalh usually associated with the reducedrelative construction was not present with the more constraining materials, but was with the less constraining N P sentences. In Experiment 2. using only the more constraining materials, preposition lengdi was manipulated so that subjects read sentences with both short (i.e., by) and long (i.e., underneath) prepositions. No syntactic gardenpaths occurred with sentences with the past-participle bias and short prepositions; however, when the same sentences were read with the long prepositions, the syntactic gardenpath was present This result is inconsistent with a deterministic parser. W e expand on our previous proposals that the parser must be able to take into account both semantic and verb-form information, as well as, the amount of disambiguating information (in the form of a preposition) that can be integrated with the ambiguous verb.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/47k016p5","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Curt","middle_name":"","last_name":"Burgess","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California-Riverside","department":""},{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"K.","last_name":"Tanenhaus","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Rochester","department":""},{"first_name":"Miriam","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hodman","name_suffix":"","institution":"Stanford University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31820/galley/22888/download/"}]},{"pk":32995,"title":"PCLEARN : A model for learning perceptual-chunks","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Past research in cognitive science reveals that prototypical configurations of domain objects, called perceptual chunks, underlie the abilities of experts to solve problems efficiently. Little research, however, has been carried out on the mechanism used for learning perceptual chunks from solving problems. The present paper addresses this issue in the domain of geometry proof problem-solving. We have developed a computational model that chunks, from problem diagrams, configuration of the elements which are visually grouped together,  based on perceptual chunking criterion. This criterion, called recognition rules, reflects how people see problem diagrams and thus works effectively to determine which portion of problem diagrams are more likely to be grouped as a chunk. This distinguishes the proposed method from the goal- oriented chunking techniques used in machine-learning community. Experiments on solving geometry problems show that our technique can detect essential diagram configurations common to many problems. Additionally, implications of the recognition rules are discussed from a cognitive point of view.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7z55200z","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Masaki","middle_name":"","last_name":"Suwa","name_suffix":"","institution":"Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd","department":""},{"first_name":"Hiroshi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Motoda","name_suffix":"","institution":"Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32995/galley/24056/download/"}]},{"pk":36577,"title":"Planning Language, Planning Inequality by James W. Tollefson","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vm3h1qf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Susan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Conrad","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northern Arizona University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36577/galley/27428/download/"}]},{"pk":31899,"title":"Predicting Irregular Past Tenses","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Learning the past tense of English verbs has become a landmark task for testing the adequacy of cognitive modeling. W e review a set of intriguing psychological phenomena that any modeling of past-tense acquisition has to account for. Traditional grammatical theories fail to explain phenomena of irregular verbs, while connectionist modek, which require no symbols and explicit rules, fail on regular verbs. W e present a generalpurpose symbolic pattern associator (SPA for short) which learns a set of sufficient and necessary symbolic rules for both distinguishing and predicting regular and irregular verbs. Our aU-rule theory is similar in spirit to Pinker's (1991, 1993) modular hypothesis, and is able to account for most psychological phenomena in past-tense acquisition. Even on the task of irregru/ar past-tense generalization, the SPA is judged to be slightly more plausible than the connectionist model by adult native English speakers. Our results support the view that language acquisition and processing should be better modeled by symbolic, rather than connectionist, systems.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1418x5s3","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Charles","middle_name":"X.","last_name":"Ling","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Western Ontario","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31899/galley/22964/download/"}]},{"pk":31897,"title":"Priming , Perceptual Reversal , and Circular Reaction in a Neural Network Model of Schema-Based Vision","subtitle":null,"abstract":"ISOR is a neural network system for object recognition and scene analysis that leeims visual schemas from examples. Processing in VISOR is based on cooperation, competition, and parallel bottom-up and top-down activation of schema representations. Similar principles appear to imderlie much of human visual processing, and VISOR can therefore be used to model vairious perceptucd phenomena. This paper focuses on anedyzing three phenomena through simulation with VISOR: (1) priming and mental imagery, (2) perceptual reversal, and (3) circular reaction. The results illustrate similarity and subtle differences between the mechanisms mediating priming and mental imagery, show how the two opposing accounts of perceptual reversal (neural satiation and cognitive factors) may both contribute to the phenomenon, and demonstrate how intentional actions can be graduaJly learned from reflex cictions. Successful simulation of such effects suggests that similar mechanisms may govern human visual perception eind learning of visual schemas.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6c836771","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Wee","middle_name":"Kheng","last_name":"Leow","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Texas at Austin","department":""},{"first_name":"Ritso","middle_name":"","last_name":"Miikkulainen","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Texas at Austin","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31897/galley/22962/download/"}]},{"pk":32978,"title":"Probabilistic Reasoning under Ignorance","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The Representation of ignorance is a long standing challenge for researchers in probability and decision theory. During the past decade, Artificial Intelligence researchers have developed a class of reasoning systems, called Truth Maintenance Systems, which are able to reason on the basis of incomplete information. In this paper we will describe a new method for dealing with partially specified probabilistic models, by extending a logic-based truth maintenance method from Boolean truth-values to probability intervals. Then we will illustrate how this method can be used to represent Bayesi&n Belief Networks — one of the best known formalisms to reason under uncertainty — thus producing a new class of Bayesian Belief Networks, caUed Ignorant Belief Networks, able to reason on the basis of partially specified prior and conditional probabilities. Finally, we will discuss how this new method relates to some theoretical intuitions and empirical findings in decision theory and cognitive science.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/07p9b364","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Marco","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ramoni","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""},{"first_name":"Alberto","middle_name":"","last_name":"Riva","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universita di Pavia","department":""},{"first_name":"Vimla","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Patel","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32978/galley/24039/download/"}]},{"pk":31812,"title":"Problem Content Affects the Categorization and Solutions of Problems","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In many domains, the content of a problem (i.e., its surface cover story) provides useful clues as to the type of problem it is and its solution. Three experiments examined this role of problem content on the problem categorization and solution of algebra word problems with experienced subjects, by manipulating only the content of the problems. When a problem's content was highly correlated with its deep structure (e.g., a content of cars driving for a distance-timerate problem), people were able to categorize the problem after seeing a smaller portion of it compared to a baseline with contents uncorrelated to the problem deep structure. In addition, for more complex problems in which irrelevant information had been added, problem solving performance was higher and people showed greater sensitivity to the relevance of the information. When a problem's content suggested a different (inappropriate) type of problem, people required a greater part of the problem to categorize it and were slower and less accurate at solving the problem. These results suggest that content may be influential even for experienced problem solvers.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6pn3s5fq","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Stephen","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Blessing","name_suffix":"","institution":"Camegie Mellon University","department":""},{"first_name":"Brian","middle_name":"H.","last_name":"Ross","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of llinois","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31812/galley/22880/download/"}]},{"pk":31874,"title":"PROVERB - A System Explaining Machine-Found Proofs","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper outlines an implemented system called PROVERB that explains machine-found natural deduction proofs in natural language. Different from earlier works, we pursue a reconstructive approach. Based on the observation that natural deduction proofs are at a too low level of abstraction compared with proofs found in mathematical textbooks, we define first the concept of socalled assertion level inference rules. Derivations justified by these rules can intuitively be understood as the application of a definition or a theorem. Then an algorithm is introduced that abstract machine-found ND proofs using the assertion level inference rules. Abstracted proofs are then verbalized into natural language by a presentation module. The most significant feature of the presentation module is that it combines standard hierarchical text planning and techniques that locally organize argumentative texts based on the derivation relation under the guidance of a focus mechanism. The behavior of the system is demonstrated with the help of a concrete example throughout the paper.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3b11v83m","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Xiaorong","middle_name":"","last_name":"Huang","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universitat des Saarlandes","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31874/galley/22941/download/"}]},{"pk":31871,"title":"Psychological Evidence for Assumptions of Path-Based Inheritance Reasoning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The psychological validity of inheritance reasoners is clarified. Elio and Pelletier (1993) presented the first pilot experiment exploring some of these issues. W e investigate other foundational assumptions of inheritance reasoning with defaults: transitivity, blocking of transitivity by negative defaults, preemption in terms of strucUirally defined specificity and structurally defined redundancy of information. Responses were in accord with the assumption of at least limited transitivity, however, reasoning with negative information and structurally defined specificity conditions did not support the predictions of the literature. 'Preemptive' links were found to provide additional information leading to indeterminacy, rather than providing completely overriding information as the literature predicts. On the other hand, results support the structural identification of certain links as redundant. Other findings suggest that inheritance proof-theory might be excessively guided by its syntax.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3053x0br","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Claire","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hewson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Carl","middle_name":"","last_name":"Vogel","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31871/galley/22938/download/"}]},{"pk":36570,"title":"Putting Grading Into Context: From a Nightmare to a Learning Experience","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6nd91898","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Katharine","middle_name":"Davies","last_name":"Samway","name_suffix":"","institution":"San José State University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36570/galley/27421/download/"}]},{"pk":31840,"title":"Rational choice an d framing devices:. Argumentation and computer programming","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The argumentative discourse of computer programmers engaged in a collaborative programming task were analyzed as instances of ecologically valid reasoning behavior. Teams of expert programmers were brought into a laboratory setting to work cooperatively on a software maintenance task. Arguments which occurred spontaneously in the course of the task were examined with respect to: (a) their effect on task performance; and (b) to reveal the sorts of inferential machinery programmers use when they reason with one another. Arguments were found to be important in the formulation of plans as well as the negotiation of strategic priorities with respect to the task. Pragmatic features of the programmers' discourse revealed extensive use of framing devices whose efficacy depended upon interpretation in the context of linked pragmatic scales.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rf773hx","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Seana","middle_name":"","last_name":"Coulson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, San Diego","department":""},{"first_name":"Nick","middle_name":"V .","last_name":"Flor","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, San Diego","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31840/galley/22907/download/"}]},{"pk":31891,"title":"Recurrent Natural Language Parsing","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A recurrent network was trained from sentence examples to construct symbolic parses of sentence forms. Hundreds of sentences, representing significant syntactic complexity, were formulated and then divided into training and testing sets to evaluate the ability of a recurrent network to learn their structure. The network is shown to generalize well over test sentences and the errors that do remain are found to be of a single type and related to human limitations of sentence processing.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1k76v6kw","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Stan","middle_name":"C.","last_name":"Kwasny","name_suffix":"","institution":"Washington University","department":""},{"first_name":"Sahnny","middle_name":"","last_name":"Johnson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Knox College","department":""},{"first_name":"Barry","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Kalman","name_suffix":"","institution":"Washington University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31891/galley/22957/download/"}]},{"pk":31908,"title":"Scaffolding Effective Problem Solving Strategies in Interactive Learning Environments","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Novices often experience great difficulty leeirning new domains. Thus, understanding how best to scaffold novice problem solving has potentiaUy tremendous importance for learning in formal domains. In this paper, we present results from ein experimental study that compared learning outcomes of students solving introductory programming problems in three different learning environments. This range of environments v£iries in two ways. First, the notations used in the environments vary between diagrammatic and textuaJ. More importantly, the environments differ in the cognitive activities students are led to perform while solving problems, such as prediction of intermediate results and noting future goals to achieve. This experiment demonstrated that environments that scaffold more of the important cognitive activities lead to superior performance, regardless of whether the environments are textual or diagrammatic.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nr0j6c0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Douglas","middle_name":"C.","last_name":"Merrill","name_suffix":"","institution":"The RAND Corporation","department":""},{"first_name":"Brian","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Reiser","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwestern University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31908/galley/22973/download/"}]},{"pk":33026,"title":"Scientific Creativity: Multidisciplinary Perspectives","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Symposia","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61z652qp","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Nancy","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Nersessian","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33026/galley/24086/download/"}]},{"pk":31866,"title":"Scientific Discovery in a Space of Structural Models : A n Exampl e from the History of Solution Chemistry","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Much previous work in developing computational models of scientific discovery has concentrated on the formation of basic laws. The important role played by additional assumptions in this process is a neglected research topic. W e argue that hypotheses about structure are an important source of such additional assumptions, and that knowledge of this type can be embodied in the notion of Informal Qualitative Models (IQMs). In this paper, we demonstrate that such models can be synthesised by applying a set of operators to the most fundamental model in a domain. Heuristics are employed to control this process, which forms the basis of an architecture for model-driven scientific discovery. Conventional data-driven discovery techniques can be integrated into this architecture, resulting in laws which depend crucially on the model that is applied to a problem. This approach is illustrated by an historical survey of eighteenth and nineteenth century solution chemistry, which focuses on the evolution of the models employed by scientists. A series of models are synthesised which reflect these historical developments, showing the importance of structural models both in understanding certain aspects of the scientific discovery process, and as a basis for practical discovery systems.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1j2159c8","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Adrian","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gordon","name_suffix":"","institution":"University de Paris-Sud","department":""},{"first_name":"Peter","middle_name":"","last_name":"Edwards","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Aberdeen","department":""},{"first_name":"Derek","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sleeman","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Aberdeen","department":""},{"first_name":"Yves","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kodratoff","name_suffix":"","institution":"University de Paris-Sud","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31866/galley/22933/download/"}]},{"pk":31828,"title":"Segmenting Speech without a Lexicon: Evidence for a Bootstrapping Mode l of Lexical Acquisition","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Infants face the difficult problem of segmenting continuous speech into words without the benefit of a fully developed lexicon. Several information sources in speech—prosody, semantic correlations, phonotactics, and so on—might help infants solve this problem. Research to date has focused on determining to which of these information sources infants might be sensitive, but little work has been done to determine the usefulness of each source. The computer simulations reported here are a first attempt to measure the usefulness of distributional and phonotactic information in adult- and children directed speech. The simulations hypothesize segmentations of speech into words; the best segmentation hypothesis is selected using the Minimum Description Length paradigm. Our results indicate that while there is some useful information in both phoneme distributions and phonotactic rules, the combination of both sources is most useful. Further, this combination of information sources is more useful for segmenting childdirected speech than adult-directed speech. The implications of these results for theories of lexical acquisition are discussed.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99d3c3bw","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Timothy","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Cartwright","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Johns Hopkins University","department":""},{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Brent","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Johns Hopkins University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31828/galley/22895/download/"}]},{"pk":31886,"title":"Semantics and Pragmatics of Vague Probability Expressions","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Two experiments assessed the membership functions that Germ an speakers assign to 12 adverb phrases and 17 modal verb fonns that express probability assessments. These expressions fall largely into three rather homogeneous classes. The membership functions are used as part of the semantic knowledge base of the natural language dialog system Pragma, one of whose purposes is to model pragmatic and contextual influences on the use of vague expressions. The system's normative model accounts for the role, in the selection and interpretation of vague probability expressions, of the listener's prior expectations, the speaker's dialog motivation, and the expressions that the speaker could have used but did not.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s62w1fm","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Bernhard","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kipper","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Saarbrucken","department":""},{"first_name":"Anthony","middle_name":"","last_name":"Jameson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Saarbrucken","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31886/galley/22952/download/"}]},{"pk":31918,"title":"Similarity by feature creation: Reexamination of the asymmetry of similarity","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We developed a computational model of similarity judgment in problem-solving contexts. The model first attempts to transform an object to another using the knowledge of the domain, the strategy, and the goal. If the transformation succeeds, new feature about transformability is created. A similarity of an object to another is computed, based on the created features. If the model fails to create a new feature, it computes a similarity by feature comparison in the same way as the contrast model. An important prediction of the model is that the asymmetry of similarity judgments is caused by the directionadity of the problem-solving skills. W e examined the model's prediction. The materijJ was the Tower of Hanoi puzzle. Subjects were required to rate the similarities of one state to the goal as well as those of the goal to a state. In Experiment 1, we taught one group of subjects the 'move-pattern strategy' that induced learners to acquire highly directional skills, and compared their judgments with those by naive subjects. The asymmetry was observed only in the judgments by the trained subjects. The second experiment showed that the results of the experiment 1 could not be attributed to the 'prototypicality' of the goal.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6fr433hs","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Hitoshi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ohnishi","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Hiroaki","middle_name":"","last_name":"Suzuki","name_suffix":"","institution":"Aoyama Gakuin University","department":""},{"first_name":"Kazuo","middle_name":"","last_name":"Shigemasu","name_suffix":"","institution":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31918/galley/22983/download/"}]},{"pk":33003,"title":"Simulated Perceptual Grouping: An Application to Human-Computer Interaction","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The perceptual principles that allow people to group visually similar objects into entities, or groups, have been called the Gestalt Laws of perception. Two well known principles of perceptual grouping are proximity and similarity: objects that lie close together are perceived to fall into groups; objects of similar shape, size or color are more likely to form groups than objects differing along these dimensions. While the primary function of these \"laws\" is to help us perceive the world, they also enter into our communications. People can build on assumptions about each other's perception of the world as a basis for simplifying discourse: for example, we invariably refer to collections of objects simply by gesturing in their direction and uttering \"those.\" The current work describes an algorithm that simulates parts of the visual grouping mechanism at the object level. The system uses feature spaces and simple ranking methods to produce object groupings. Computational aspects of this system are described in detail and its uses for enhancing multi-modal interfaces are explained.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jh242rc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kristinn","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Thorisson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33003/galley/24064/download/"}]},{"pk":31894,"title":"Simulating Similarity-Based Retrieval: A Comparison of ARCS and MAC/FAC","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Current theories and supporting simulations of similaritybased retrieval disagree in their process model of semantic similarity decisions. We compare two current computational simulations of similarity-based retrieval, MAC/FA C and ARCS, with particular attention to the semantic similarity models used in each. Four experiments are presented comparing the performance of these simulations on a common set of representations. The results suggest that MAC/FAC, with its identicality-based ccmstraint on semantic similarity, provides a better account of retrieval than ARCS, with its similarity-table based model.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2258x59g","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Keith","middle_name":"","last_name":"Law","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwest University","department":""},{"first_name":"Kenneth","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Forbus","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwest University","department":""},{"first_name":"Dedre","middle_name":"","last_name":"Centner","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwest University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31894/galley/22960/download/"}]},{"pk":32991,"title":"Situated Cognition: Empirical Issue, 'Paradigm Shift' or Conceptual Confusion?","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The self-advertising, at least, suggests that 'situated cognition' involves the most fundamental conceptual reorganization in AI and cognitive science, even appearing to deny that cognition is to be explained by mental representations. A. Vera and H. Simon have rebutted many of these claims, but they overlook an important reading of situated arguments which may, after all, involve a genuinely revolutionary insight.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3n9222rw","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Peter","middle_name":"","last_name":"Slezaak","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of New South Wales","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32991/galley/24052/download/"}]},{"pk":31831,"title":"SL : A Subjective, Intensional Logic of Belief","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Logics of belief are usually either quite complex, unintuitive, make overly idealistic assumptions, or all of the above, because they have to cope with the unusual characteristics of the belief operator (relation, predicate). Some of these problematic characteristics are referential opacity, the possible falsehood of objects of belief, belief recursion, identification of referents from outside of the belief operator in quantification contexts, etc. The difficulties faced by traditional logical treatments seem to stem mainly from the fact that an essentially subjective, intensional phenomenon gets analyzed from an objective, outside observer's point of view in an extensional, logical framework. As an alternative, we propose a subjective, intensional logic SL, which takes seriously the usual characterization of belief as a propositional attitude, that is, in SL belief is treated as a relation between an agent and a proposition (an intensional object). As results we gain technical simplicity and a simple, intuitive semantics for belief sentences.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1wf8z17j","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Hans","middle_name":"","last_name":"Chalupsky","name_suffix":"","institution":"State University of New York at Buffalo","department":""},{"first_name":"Stuart","middle_name":"C.","last_name":"Shapiro","name_suffix":"","institution":"State University of New York at Buffalo","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31831/galley/22898/download/"}]},{"pk":36567,"title":"Smiling Through the Turbulence: The Flight Attendant Syndrome and Other Issues of Writing Instructor Status in the Adjunct Model","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section - Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6296r5wf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Lynn","middle_name":"","last_name":"Goldstein","name_suffix":"","institution":"Monterey Institute of International Studies","department":""},{"first_name":"Cherry","middle_name":"","last_name":"Campbell","name_suffix":"","institution":"Monterey Institute of International Studies","department":""},{"first_name":"Martha","middle_name":"Clark","last_name":"Cummings","name_suffix":"","institution":"Monterey Institute of International Studies","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36567/galley/27418/download/"}]},{"pk":33006,"title":"Steps: A Preliminary Model of Learning from a Tutor","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a prototype of a simulated physics student that learns by interacting with a human tutor. The system solves physics problems while showing its work on a workstation screen, and the tutor can intervene at certain points during problem-solving to advise the simulated student This prototype constitutes an initial cognitive task analysis of the skill of learning from a tutor, which prescribes several tutoring practices that appear to be plausible for both human and computer tutors.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/40r0h1d7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Sigalit","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ur","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Kurt","middle_name":"","last_name":"VanLehn","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33006/galley/24067/download/"}]},{"pk":32976,"title":"Strong Systematicity within Connectionism: The Tensor-Recurrent Network","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Systematicity, the ability to represent and process stnicturally related objects, is a significant and pervasive property of cognitive behaviour, and clearly evident in language. In the case of Connectionist models that leam from examples, systematicity is generalization over examples sharing a conmion structure. Although Connectionist models (e.g., the recurrent network and its variants) have demonstrated generalization over structured domains, there has not been a clear demonstration of strong systematicity (i.e., generalization across syntactic position). The tensor has been proposed as a way of representing structured objects, however, there has not been an effective learning mechanism (in the strongly systematic sense) to explain how these representations may be acquired. I address this issue through an analysis of tensor learning dynamics. These ideas are then implemented as the tensor-recurrent network which is shown to exhibit strong systematicity on a simple language task. Finally, it is suggested that the properties of the tensor-recurrent network that give rise to strong systematicity are analogous to the concepts of variables and types in the Classical paradigm.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0rp960zk","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Steven","middle_name":"","last_name":"Phillips","name_suffix":"","institution":"The University of Queensland","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32976/galley/24037/download/"}]},{"pk":31879,"title":"Suppression of Misinformation in Memory","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Agents in a dynamic world must continue to comprehend and reason about events, even after they learn that previously encoded information about an event is incorrect. As a result, some mechanism is needed to modify incorrect information in memory, and allow one to use new, superceding knowledge instead. Ho w is misinformation suppressed in human memory? A study using a text understanding paradigm and a standard anaphoric inference task investigates this problem of updating memory. Subjects read a set of stories, half of which contained a conection, and were asked to make a speeded wordrecognition judgment for a probe word appearing after an anaphor sentence. Subjects in a short delay condition showed slower reaction times to correct referents in correction stories than in control stories that did not contain misinformation. Those in the longer delay condition showed no difference in reaction times to correct referents, but more priming for invalidated items in correction stories. These results suggest that misinformation can interfere with accessing correct information, but that an additional comprehension process, possibly suppression-like, may facilitate access to correct information after delay.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/34q139j9","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Hollyn","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Johnson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Michigan","department":""},{"first_name":"Colleen","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Seifert","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Michigan","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31879/galley/22945/download/"}]},{"pk":33002,"title":"Synchronous Firing Variable Binding is a Tensor Product Representation with Temporal Role Vectors","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Synchronous firing of neural units has recently been proposed as a new way of solving the variable binding problem in connectionist networks. Firing synchrony appears to be unrelated to earlier methods of variable binding, nearly all of which can be analyzed as species of tensor product representations, where vectors representing variables and values are bound together with the outer product. In this paper, we argue that, despite appearances, firing synchrony is also a case of tensor product representation. This analysis exposes two logically independent components of the synchronous firing idea. The most obvious is the idea of using time as a resource: spatio-temporal patterns of activation are used. This, we argue, is a purely implementational issue which does not bear on the complexity issues of variable binding. In contrast, the second idea does bear on genuinely representational issues, and is the source of most of the formal properties claimed for the synchrony scheme. Rather than explicitly binding a semantic role like giver to a semantic filler like John, these two are implicitly bound—by explicitly binding each to a common formal role, via the tensor product. The analysis situates synchronous firing in a typology of alternative variable binding schemes.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64j311j1","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Bruce","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Tesar","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Colorado","department":""},{"first_name":"Paul","middle_name":"","last_name":"Smolensky","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Colorado","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33002/galley/24063/download/"}]},{"pk":31834,"title":"The Architecture of Intuition: Converging Views from Physics Education and Linguistics","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes two converging views of the architecture of intuition. A. diSessa and L. Talmy, working independently in different fields (physics education and linguistics), have formulated strikingly similar theories of intuition. Both view people's intuitions about forces as simple pieces of knowledge organized heterarchically. However, Talmy's force dynamic patterns have more system-wide structure than diSessa's phenomenological primitives. Using these primitives, people generate common sense explanations for a wide variety of situations. Moreover, people may build upon these intuitions while studying formal disciplines such as physics. However, several primitives directly conflict with physics concepts and may account for resilient misconceptions. Finally, intuitions may also provide the basis for understanding social and psychological phenomena.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jt0k007","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ming","middle_name":"Ming","last_name":"Chiu","name_suffix":"","institution":"U. C. Berkeley","department":""},{"first_name":"Joshua","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gutwill","name_suffix":"","institution":"U. C. Berkeley","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31834/galley/22901/download/"}]},{"pk":31861,"title":"The Coherence Imbalance Hypothesis: A Functional Approach to Asymmetry in Comparison","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Directional asymmetiy is a well-documented phenomenon in research on similarity, meuphor, and analogy. In this paper, we present an account of this phenomenon based on structural alignment. We propose that a major source of asymmetry is coherence imbalance: that is, a difference in the degree of systematicity of the relational structures being compared. These claims are tested in three experiments which examine the relationship between asymmetry, informativity, and conceptual coherence. The results support the hypodiesis that coherence imbalance is a key factor in directional comparison processes. Further, by incorporating the insights offered by structural alignment, coherence imbalance advances a more functional account of asymmetry.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/45n0j88d","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Dedre","middle_name":"","last_name":"Centner","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwestern University","department":""},{"first_name":"Brian","middle_name":"F.","last_name":"Bowdle","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwestern University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31861/galley/22928/download/"}]},{"pk":31851,"title":"The Construction-Integration Model : A Framework for Studying Context Effects in Sentence Processing","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Contextual and pragmatic knowledge facilitates the eventual interpretation of a syntactically ambiguous sentence. However, psycholinguistic studies have not provided a clear answer to when and how this non-syntactic knowledge is used. One explanation for the discrepancy of the results is that the predictions for parsing processes in context carmot be specified unless they are based on a theory of text comprehension. The constructionintegration model of discourse comprehension (Kintsch, 1988) is proposed as an example for such a theory. The model is parallel and weakly interactive, and its psychological validity has been shown in a variety of applications. Three simulations for syntactic ambiguity resolutions are presented. In the first, syntactic constraints are used to account for the correct interpretation of a garden-path sentence, as well as for common misparses. In the second example, pragmatic knowledge is used to disambiguate a prepositional phrase attachment. In the final example, it is shown that the model can also account for effects of discourse context in the resolution of prepositional phrase attachment ambiguities.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20j3340v","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Evelyn","middle_name":"C.","last_name":"FerstI","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Colorado at Boulder","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31851/galley/22918/download/"}]},{"pk":31887,"title":"The Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Context-sensitivity is an important characteristic feature of every cognitive process and therefore should be reflected in every architecture pretending to explain human cognition. In this paper some experimental facts demonstrating context effects on various cognitive processes are reviewed and an attempt at context modeling is described A hybrid (symbolic/connectionist) cognitive architecture, DUAL , is proposed. It consists of a multitude of agents having both a symbolic and a connectionist part. The symbolic part represents some knowledge structure, while the coimectionist part represents its relevance to the current context The performance of the cognitive system emerges as result of the work and interaction of the currently active agents, where the set of active agents is not predefined for a specific task but is dynamic and reflects the specific context. So particular symbolic operations and data structures may be supported or suppressed depending on the particular activation pattern of the connectionist parts which represent the context-dependent relevance of the operations and structures. In this way a context-sensitive computation emerges. A n example of context-sensitive deductive reasoning is described.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0wj7w24k","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Boicho","middle_name":"Nikolov","last_name":"Kokinov","name_suffix":"","institution":"Bulganan Academy of Sciences","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31887/galley/22953/download/"}]},{"pk":31876,"title":"The Curtate Cycloid Illusion: Cognitive Constraints on the Processing of Rolling Motion","subtitle":null,"abstract":"When a wheel rolls along a flat surface, a point on the wheel's perimeter follows a cycloid trajectory. Subjects, however draw the curtate cycloid, characterized by bottom loops, rather than the cycloid to depict the path that a point on a static wheel's perimeter would trace if the wheel were rolling. This is the curtate cycloid illusion. In Experiment 1, we show that animating the wheel does not dispel the illusion and that subjects high in spatial ability are less susceptible to the illusion than are low-spatials. Experiments 2, 3a, and 3b supported the hypothesis that the illusion occurs when subjects reallocate cognitive resources from processing a rolling wheel's translation to computing its instant centers, the point about which the wheel is rotating at a given instant in time. This reallocation occurs only when a reference point on the wheel's perimeter contacts and leaves the surface. We conclude that the illusion does not reflect fundamental perceptual biases, but rather stems from transient shortages of cognitive resources during the higher-level processing of the wheel's translation and rotation.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6h2723qd","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Matthew","middle_name":"I.","last_name":"Isaak","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University","department":""},{"first_name":"Marcel","middle_name":"Adam","last_name":"Just","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31876/galley/22943/download/"}]},{"pk":31849,"title":"The Effect of Similarity on Memory for Prior Problems","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Students often rely on prior work or previously studied examples to help them solve their current problems. In this paper we investigate the relative contributions of easily accessed superficial similarity and deep, solution relevant, structural similarity to memory for prior problems. Some models of memory for analogy suggest that superficial similarity initially selects or constrains memory for prior examples and predicts that analogs that share both surface and structural similarities will be more likely noticed by novices. An experiment is reported in which subjects are observed as they learn how to program. We find that people remember the examples that are related in terms of structural features alone as frequently as those that are related in terms of both structural and superficial features but there is no advantage to having superficial similarities as well. Moreover, even though superficial features sometimes are associated with helpful similarities and sometimes associated with unhelpful similarities people still do not get misled by superficial similarity when that is the only basis for similarity. This finding suggests that models that require superficial similarity as a major selection procedure for analogical reminding may need to be modified for conditions in which people are learning a new skill.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5q01353j","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jeremiah","middle_name":"M .","last_name":"Faries","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwestern University","department":""},{"first_name":"Karen","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Schlossberg","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwestern University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31849/galley/22916/download/"}]},{"pk":31846,"title":"The Effect of Syntactic Form on Simple Belief Revisions and Updates","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In this paper we report preliminary results on how people revise or update a previously held set of beliefs. When intelligent agents learn new things which conflict with their current belief set, they must revise their belief set. When the new information does not conflict, they merely must update their belief set. Various AI theories have been proposed to achieve these processes. There are two general dimensions along which these theories differ: whether they are syntactic-based or model-based, and what constitutes a minimal change of beliefs. This study investigates how people update and revise semantically equivalent but syntactically distinct belief sets, both in symbolic-logic problems and in quasi-real-world problems. Results indicate that syntactic form affects belief revision choices. In addition, for the symbolic problems, subjects update and revise semantically-equivalent belief sets identically, whereas for the quasi-real-world problems they both update and revise differently. Further, contrary to earlier studies, subjects are sometimes reluctant to accept that a sentence changes from false to true, but they are willing to accept that it would change from true to false.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9991z36k","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Renee","middle_name":"","last_name":"Elio","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Alberta","department":""},{"first_name":"Francis","middle_name":"Jeffry","last_name":"Pelletier","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Alberta","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31846/galley/22913/download/"}]},{"pk":31830,"title":"The Effects of Labels in Examples on Problem Solving Transfer","subtitle":null,"abstract":"It is hypothesized that labels in examples help learners group a set of steps and to try to explain why those steps belong together. The result of these grouping and selfexplanation processes might be the formation of a subgoal. It is conjectured that the meaningfulness of the label itself might not be critical in order for the grouping and self-explanation processes to occur. This conjecture is supported in an experiment in which subjects studying examples in probability that had steps labeled transferred to novel problems more successfully than subjects whose examples did not contain labels. Furthermore, subjects who saw less meaningful labels transferred as successfully as subjects studying examples with more meaningful labels. Thus, it appears that the meaningfulness of the label does not seem to affect subgoal formation as much as the presence of a label. This result supports the interpretation that subgoal learning is affected by labels and that labels produce this benefit by helping learners group the steps into a purposeful unit, perhaps through a self-explanation process.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/18r7k1ds","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Richard","middle_name":"","last_name":"Catrambone","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31830/galley/22897/download/"}]},{"pk":32980,"title":"The Guessing Game : A Paradigm for Artificial Grammar Learning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In a guessing game, Ss reconstruct a sequence by guessing each successive element of the sequence from a finite set of alternatives, receiving feedback after each guess. A n upper bound on Ss knowledge of the sequence is given by H, the estimated entropy of the numbers of guesses. The method provides a measure of learning independent of material type and distractors, and the resulting data set is very rich. Here, the method is apK plied to artificial grammar learning; Ss were exposed to strings from a finite state grammar and subsequently distinguished between strings that followed or violated the grammar reliably better than Ss who had not seen the learning strings (but who themselves performed at above chance levels). Ss knowledge of the strings, H, reflected both grammaticality and exposure to learning strings, and was correlated with overall judgement performance. For non-grammatical strings, the strings that Ss knew most about were those they found most difficult to c\\assify correctly. These results support the hypothesis that fragment knowledge plays an important part in artificial grammar learning, and we suggest that the guessing game paradigm is a useful tool for studies of learning and memory in general.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5nx7r1hc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Martin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Redington","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Nick","middle_name":"","last_name":"Chater","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Edinburgh","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32980/galley/24041/download/"}]},{"pk":31823,"title":"The Implications of Corrections : Then Why Did You Mention It?","subtitle":null,"abstract":"How can misreported information be effectively corrected? Wilkes and Leatherbarrow (1988) found that people relied upon invalidated information to answer questions despite their awareness of its inaccuracy, a phenomenon called the \"continued influence effect\" (Johnson & Seifert, in press). But corrections in which an assertion is made and then denied (e.g., \"X is true ... actually, X is untrue\") ma y violate important conversational assumptions. Grice (1967/1989) and others have argued that people expect speakers to offer only information that is both truthful and conversationally relevant; thus, people may seek interpretations for corrections that will incorporate both the literal meaning and the conversational implications of the contradictory statements. Our hypothesis was that corrections would be more successful when they explained why the original information was asserted. An empirical study showed that corrections that accounted for conversational implications (e.g., \"X, which bad originally been believed because of Y, is actually untrue\") could more effectively reduce the continued use of discredited information. Additionally, the results show that reiterating the literal content of a correction ma y actually be perceived as implying that the correction statement should be disbelieved. Since the conversational implications of corrections critically shape comprehension, their examination is crucial in domains (such as courtrooms, newspapers, and classrooms) where informational updates frequently occur.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dv1473h","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Julie","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Bush","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Michigan","department":""},{"first_name":"Hollyn","middle_name":"M .","last_name":"Johnson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Michigan","department":""},{"first_name":"Colleen","middle_name":"M .","last_name":"Seifert","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Michigan","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31823/galley/22891/download/"}]},{"pk":36573,"title":"The Missing Link: Workplace Education in Small Business by Forrest Chisman and The Workplace Literacy Primer: An Action Manual for Training and Development Professionals by William J. Rothwell and Dale C. Brandenburg","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gz9x7rx","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"","last_name":"Wiley","name_suffix":"","institution":"Career Resources Development Center, San Francisco","department":""},{"first_name":"Marji","middle_name":"","last_name":"Knowles","name_suffix":"","institution":"Mission Community College","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36573/galley/27424/download/"}]},{"pk":31843,"title":"The Null List Strength Effect in Recognition Memory : Environmental Statistics an d Connectionist Accounts","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In recognition paradigms, increasing the number of occurrences or presentation time in a study list of some words improves performance on these words (the item strength effect), but does not affect the performance on other words {null list strength effect). In contrast, adding new items results in a deterioration of performance on the other words {list length effect). Taken together these results place strong constraints on models of recognition memory. To explain these data an account based on optimisation to the environment is presented. A summary is given of environmental analyses which suggest that (1) the likelihood of recurrence of a word within a context increases as the number of occurrences increases; (2) the repetition rates of other words in a context has no significant effect on the recurrence probability of a word; and (3) the recurrence probability of a word drops as a function of the number of words since the last occurrence of that word. A training set which reflected these constraints was constructed and presented to an optimising connectionist network which was designed to extract recurrence statistics (the Hebbian Recurrent Network). The resultant model is able to model all three of the effects outlined above.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5q75t68k","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Simon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Dennis","name_suffix":"","institution":"The University of Queensland","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31843/galley/22910/download/"}]},{"pk":31888,"title":"The Origin of Clusters in Recurrent Neural Network State Space","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Cluster analysis has been successfully applied to the problem understanding hidden unit representations in both feed-forward and recurrent neural networks. While the topological properties of feed-forward networks may support the use of cluster analysis, the results described within this paper suggest that applications to recurrent networks are not justified. This paper illustrates how clustering fails to provide useful insights into the underlying task-dependent information processing mechanism of recurrent networks. In this paper, I first demonstrate that randomly generated networks display a surprising amount of clustering before training. Then I explain that the clustering structure emerges, not in response to the task training, but because of the volume-reducing iterated mappings that comprise the commonly used recurrent neural networks models.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33d6z5x9","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"F.","last_name":"Kolen","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31888/galley/22954/download/"}]},{"pk":31917,"title":"The Power of Negative Thinking: The Central Role of Modus Tollens in Human Cognition","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Thinking is governed by abstract schemas. Verbal protocols illustrate spontaneous use, by logically unsophisticated subjects, of the schema known as modus tollens. The tollens inference schema appeared embedded within two reasoning strategies, the classical reductio ad absurdum and reasoning by elimination. The psychological reality of modus tollens is implicitly assumed by many theories in cognitive science and the hypothesis that it is a basic component of human cognition cannot be dismissed.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0rm7w0dp","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Stellan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ohisson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Nina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Robin","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California Los Angeles","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31917/galley/22982/download/"}]},{"pk":33016,"title":"The Representation of Relational Information","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Most graphic and tabular displays are relational information displays—displays that represent relational information, which is a relation on a set of dimensions. In this paper, we argue that relational information displays are distributed representations—representations that are distributed cross the internal mind and the external environment, and display-based tasks are distributed cognitive tasks—tasks that require the interwoven processing of internal and external information. The basic components of relational information displays are dimensions. Through a theoretical analysis of dimensional representations, we identified four major factors that affect the representational efficiencies of relational information displays: the distributed representation of scale information, the relation between psychological and physical measurements, the interaction between dimensions, and the visual and spatial properties of dimensions. Based on the representational analysis of relational information displays, we proposed a representational taxonomy of relational information displays. This taxonomy can classify most types of relational information displays. In addition, it can be used as a theoretical framework to study the empirical issues of relational information displays in a systematic way.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7wc8v0tz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jiajie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zhang","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Donald","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Norman","name_suffix":"","institution":"Apple Computer, Inc.","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33016/galley/24077/download/"}]},{"pk":33024,"title":"The Role of Cases in Learning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The notion of cases arises in various guises in a number of areas of research within Cognitive Science. Recent theories of situated cognition, for example, have argued that learning occurs most felicitously in circumstances that most closely resemble those of eventual use (Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989; Norman, 1993). Furthermore, research in analogical problem-solving has shown that transfer is improved when the similarity between training problems and target problems is increased (Gick & Holyoak, 1980). Both positions, therefore, support the argument that instruction based on cases is more likely to be usefully applied in practice than instruction based strictly on abstracted principles. Others have gone further to argue that learning through exposure to real cases is not only beneficial, but essential for attaining expertise. For example, Dreyfus has asserted (Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986) that advanced stages of expertise can only be achieved through practice with a large number of cases. Moreover, advocates of Case-Based Reasoning (Kolodner, 1994) have argued that the process of acquiring expertise is really one of accumulating experience with a succession of real cases and properly indexing these experiences for later retrieved. The purpose of this symposium will be to determine to what degree these views are compatible and to what degree they diverge. The presenters will endeavor to address the following questions from their own disciplinary perspectives: What is a case? How is it represented in memory? How are appropriate cases retrieved for later use? Does expertise consist (strictly) in the acquisition of a collection of past solved problems? What role should the study of cases play in the acquisition of expertise? Should they precede or follow the study of abstracted principles?","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Symposia","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7v81k077","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Timothy","middle_name":"","last_name":"Koschmann","name_suffix":"","institution":"Southern Illinois University","department":""},{"first_name":"Allan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Collins","name_suffix":"","institution":"BBN and Northwestern University","department":""},{"first_name":"Gary","middle_name":"","last_name":"Klein","name_suffix":"","institution":"Klein Associates, Inc","department":""},{"first_name":"Keith","middle_name":"","last_name":"Holyoak","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California-Los Angeles","department":""},{"first_name":"Janet","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kolodner","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33024/galley/24084/download/"}]},{"pk":33019,"title":"The Role of Existing Knowledge in Generalization","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Plenary Speakers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4431x86b","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Pazzani","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Irvine","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33019/galley/24080/download/"}]},{"pk":31814,"title":"The Theory-Ladenness of Data: An Experimental Demonstration","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Most philosophers of science now believe that scientific data are theory laden, i.e., the evaluation of data is influenced by prior theoretical beliefs. Although there is historical and psychological evidence that is consistent with the theory-laden position, experimental evidence is needed to directly test whether prior beliefs influence the evaluation of scientific data. In a fully counterbalanced design, one group of subjects received evidence that dinosaurs were cold-blooded, and another group of subjects received evidence that dinosaurs were warm-blooded. The subjects reported a strong belief in whichever theory they had read about. Then subjects were presented with a piece of data that supported one theory and contradicted the other theory. The identical piece of data was rated as more believable when it was consistent with the subject's theory than when it was inconsistent. These results provide clear support for the position that scientific data are theory laden.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0q23c07n","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"William","middle_name":"F.","last_name":"Brewer","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","department":""},{"first_name":"Clark","middle_name":"A .","last_name":"Chinn","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31814/galley/22882/download/"}]},{"pk":31904,"title":"Time as Phase : A Dynamic Model of Time Perception","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a dynamic niodel of human time perception is presented which treats time as phase, relative to the period of an oscillator that adapts its oscillation rate in response to an input rhythm. The adaptive oscillator mechanism is characterized by four fundamental properties: (1) a preferred oscillation rate which captures the notion of a preferred tempo, (2) a fast-acting synchronisation procedure which models our ability to perceptually lock onto salient aspects of a rhythm, (3) a decay process to oppose synchroniaation, and (4) a drift process which causes the preferred rate to gradually drift towards the adapted rate, thereby modeling the context effects of long-term pattern exposure. By assuming that sensitivity to duration is a function of oscillator entrainment to the contextual rhythm, the model provides a qualitative match to data on tempo discrimination, and predicts the types of errors subjects would make on such tasks. These predictions are in agreement with data showing that subjects overestimate short intervals and underestimate long intervals.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6kh5246s","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"J.","middle_name":"Devin","last_name":"McAuley","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31904/galley/22969/download/"}]},{"pk":32996,"title":"Toward A Theoretical Account of Strategy Use and Sense-Making in Mathematics Problem Solving","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Much problem solving and learning research in math and science has focused on formal representations. Recently researchers have documented the use of unschooled strategies for solving daily problems -- informal strategies which can be as effective, and sometimes as sophisticated, as school-taught formalisms. Our research focuses on how formal and informal strategies interact in the process of doing and learning mathematics. We found that combining informal and formal strategies is more effective than single strategies. We provide a theoretical account of this multiple strategy effect and have begun to formulate this theory in an ACT-R computer model. We show why students may reach common impasses in the use of written algebra, and how subsequent or concurrent use of informal strategies leads to better problemsolving performance. Formal strategies facilitate computation because of their abstract and syntactic nature; however, abstraction can lead to nonsensical interpretations and conceptual errors. Reapplying the formal strategy will not repair such errors; switching to an informal one may. We explain the multiple strategy effect as a complementary relationship between the computational efficiency of formal strategies and the sense-making function of informal strategies.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1m79n2hq","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Hermina","middle_name":"J. M .","last_name":"Tabachneck","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon","department":""},{"first_name":"Kenneth","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Koedinger","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon","department":""},{"first_name":"Mitchell","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Nathan","name_suffix":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32996/galley/24057/download/"}]},{"pk":31895,"title":"Towards A Computer Model of Memory Search Strategy Learning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Much recent research on modeling memory processes has focused on identifying useful indices and retrieval strategies to support particular memory tasks. Another important question concerning memory processes, however, is how retrieval criteria are learned. This paper examines the issues involved in modeling the learning of memory search strategies. It discusses the general requirements for appropriate strategy learning and presents a model of memory search strategy learning applied to the problem of retrieving relevant information for adapting cases in case-based reasoning. It discusses an implementation of that model, and, based on the lessons learned from that implementation, points towards issues and directions in refining the model.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0k30888f","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"David","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Leake","name_suffix":"","institution":"Indiana University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31895/galley/22961/download/"}]},{"pk":31906,"title":"Towards a New Model of Phonological Encoding","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The sound-form generation of a word in speech production involves the retrieval of segmental and suprasegmental information from the mental lexicon. A translation task experiment showed that the naming latencies of target items can be reduced when prime words are presented that have the same placement of the lexical stress as the target. However, this reduction will only occur when primes and targets have the same word onset. A second experiment showed that primes that have the same number of segments as the targets will cause naming facilitation compared to primes that have different numbers of segments. I have developed a new model of phonological encoding that incoqwrates ordered selection of the various elements. Lexical stress is chosen fu-st, followed by information about the number of slots, the word onset, the second segment, and the other segments, until all segments have been selected. The model further employs mechanisms that allow for the retrieval of the initial segment to influence the retrieval of lexical stress. Various simulations show that the model can replicate the findings of the two experiments. Other models of phonological encoding largely neglect suprasegmental retrieval and cannot explain these results.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4cr2r9pz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Paul","middle_name":"J. A.","last_name":"Meyer","name_suffix":"","institution":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31906/galley/22971/download/"}]},{"pk":33015,"title":"Towards a Principled Representation of Discourse Plans","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We argue that discourse plans must capture the intended causal and decompositional relations between communicative actions. W e present a planning algorithm, DPOCL , that builds plan structures that property capture these relations, and show how these structures are used to solve the problems that plagued previous discourse planners, and allow a system to participate effectively and flexibly in an ongoing dialogue.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7f15h333","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"R.","middle_name":"Michael","last_name":"Young","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Johanna","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Moore","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Martha","middle_name":"E.","last_name":"Pollack","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33015/galley/24076/download/"}]},{"pk":32993,"title":"Tractable Learning of Probability Distributions Using the Contrastive Hebbian Algorithm","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In some tasks (e.g., assigning meanings to ambiguous words) humans produce multiple distinct alternatives in response to a particular stimulus, apparently mirroring the environmental probabilities associated with each alternative. For this purpose, a network architecture is needed that can produce a distribution of outcomes, and a learning algorithm is needed that can lead to the discovery of ensembles of connection weights that reproduce the environmentally specified probabilities. Stochastic symmetric networks such as Boltzmann machines and networks that use graded activations perturbed with Gaussian noise can exhibit such distributions at equilibrium, and they can be trained to match environmentally specified probabilities using Contrastive Hebbian Leaning, the generalized form of the Boltzmann Learning algorithm. Learning distributions exacts a considerable computational cost as processing time is used both in settling to equilibrium and in sampling equilibrium statistics. The work presented here examines the extent of this cost and how it may be minimized, and produces speedups of roughly a factor of 5 compared to previously published results.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/24z2t983","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Craig","middle_name":"E. L.","last_name":"Stark","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University","department":""},{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"McClelland","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32993/galley/24054/download/"}]},{"pk":32979,"title":"Troubleshooting Strategies in a Complex, Dynamical Domain","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present results ftom two empirical studies in which subjects diagnosed faults that occurred in a computerbased, dynamical simulation of an oil-fired marine power plant, called Turbinia. Our results were analyzed in the framework of dual problem space search (DPSS), in which non-routine diagnosis was characterized as a process of generating hypotheses to explain the observed faults, and testing these hypotheses by conducting experiments. In the first study, we found that the less-efficient subjects conducted significantly more experiments, indicating a strong bottom-up bias in their diagnostic sU-ategy. In tiie second study, we examined the effects of imposing external resource bounds on subjects' diagnostic strategies. Results indicated that constraints on diagnosis time led to a reduction in the number of actions performed and components viewed, without appearing to affect diagnostic performance. Constraints on the number of diagnostic tests reduced search in the experiment space, which appeared to negatively affect performance. Taken together, these suggest results that subjects' diagnostic strategies were sensitive to consti-aints in tiie external task environment. We close with a sketch of how DPSS might be augmented to include effects due to external resource bounds.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5jg1x0sf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Margaret","middle_name":"M .","last_name":"Recker","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"T.","middle_name":"","last_name":"Govindaraj","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Vijay","middle_name":"","last_name":"Vasandani","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32979/galley/24040/download/"}]},{"pk":31901,"title":"Uniform Representations for Syntax-Semantics Arbitration","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Psychological investigations have led to considerable insight into the working of the human language comprehension system. In this article, we look at a set of principles derived from psychological findings to argue for a particular organization of linguistic knowledge along with a particular processing strategy and present a computational model of sentence processing based on those principles. Many studies have shown that human sentence comprehension is an incremental and interactive process in which semantic and other higher-level information interacts with syntactic information to make informed commitments as early as possible at a local ambiguity. Early commitments may be made by using top-down guidance from knowledge of different types, each of which must be applicable independently of others. Further evidence from studies of error recovery and delayed decisions points toward an arbitration mechanism for combining syntactic and semantic information in resolving ambiguities. In order to account for all of the above, we propose that all types of linguistic knowledge must be represented in a common form but must be separable so that they can be applied independently of each other and integrated at processing time by the arbitrator. W e present such a uniform representation and a computational model called COMPERE based on the representation and the processing strategy.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/01w789bd","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kavi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Mahesh","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Kurt","middle_name":"P.","last_name":"Eiselt","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31901/galley/22966/download/"}]},{"pk":31868,"title":"Using Connectionist Networks to Examine thue Role of Prior Constraints in Human Learning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This research investigated the effects of prior knowledge on learning in psychologically-plausible connectionist networks. This issue was examined with respect to the benchmark orthography-to-phonology mapping task (Sejnowski & Rosenberg, 1986; Seidenberg & McClelland, 1989). Learning about the correspondences between orthography and phonology is a critical step in learning to read. Children (unlike the networks mentioned above) bring to this task extensive knowledge about the sound-structure of their language. We first describe a simple neural network that acquired some of this phonological knowledge. W e then summarize simulations showing that having this knowledge in place facilitates the acquisition of orthographicphonological correspondences, producing a higher level of asymptotic performance with fewer implausible errors and better nonword generalization. The results suggest that connectionist networks may provide closer approximations to human performance if they incorporate more realistic assumptions about relevant sorts of background knowledge.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3sz3s4pf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"","last_name":"Harm","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Southern California","department":""},{"first_name":"Lori","middle_name":"","last_name":"Altmann","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Southern California","department":""},{"first_name":"Mark","middle_name":"S.","last_name":"Seidenberg","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Southern California","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31868/galley/22935/download/"}]},{"pk":31863,"title":"Using Trajectory Mapping to Analyze Musical Intervals","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Cognitive scientists have often pondered the question of perceptual spaces, that is, the question of how a certain gamut of familiar stimuli might be organized in the mind. W e present Trajectory Mapping as an alternative clustering method to the traditional algorithm of Multi-Dimensional Scaling. We suggest that given data about the relationships among stimuli, Multi-Dimensional Scaling provides the one type of information (geometric), while Trajectory Mapping offers a second type (relational). As an illustration we present the initial results of applying both clustering techniques to subjects' perceptions of musical intervals. While an interpretation of the MultiDimensional Scaling requires a priori knowledge of music theory, Trajectory Mapping directly reveals the music theory that has been internalized by subjects.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6zz624kk","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Stephen","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Gilbert","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Whitman","middle_name":"","last_name":"Richards","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31863/galley/22930/download/"}]},{"pk":31898,"title":"Variation in Unconscious Lexical Processing: Education an d Experience Make a Difference","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Over the past twenty years numerous studies have investigated the extent to which morphological constituents of words are activated during the process of word recognition. In the vast majority of these studies it has been assumed that a correspondence exists between the formal linguistic analysis of a word and its representation in the minds of native speakers. This paper investigates the the extent to which this correspondence can be affected by individual variation that is associated with education, exposure and training. We investigated student who had recently completed a course in medical terminology. These students, and matched control subjects, responded to medical and nonmedical multimorphemic stimuli in a lexical decision task. The results indicate that the medical terminology students' training affected their performance on novel medical words as well as their performance on very common medical words (e.g., psychiatry) that would have been part of their vocabulary prior to taking the course. The results therefore support the view that automatic unconscious lexical processing can indeed be modified by explicit training and specialized exposure. This finding has consequences for the generalizability of studies conducted on university students to the general population of native speakers.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8qj876qs","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Gary","middle_name":"","last_name":"Libben","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Alberta","department":""},{"first_name":"Leone","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sveinson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Mount Royal College","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31898/galley/22963/download/"}]},{"pk":33012,"title":"Verb Inflections in German Child Language: A Connectionist Account","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The emerging function of verb inflections in German lenguage acquisition is modeled with a connectionist network. A network that is initially presented only with a semantic representation of sentences uses the inflectional verb ending -t to mark those sentences that are low in transitivity, whereas all other verb endings occur randomly. This behavior matches an early stage in German language acquisition where verb endings encode a similar semantic rather than a grammatical function. When information about the siuface structure of the sentence is added to the input data, the network learns to use the correct verb inflections in a process very similar to children's learning. This second phase is facilitated by the semeintic phase, suggesting that there is no shift from semantic to grammatical encoding, but rather an extension of the initial semantic encoding to include grammatical information. This can be seen as evidence for the strong version of the functionalist hypothesis of language acquisition.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/67w2r392","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Gert","middle_name":"","last_name":"Westermann","name_suffix":"","institution":"Technical University of Braunschweig","department":""},{"first_name":"Risto","middle_name":"","last_name":"Miikkulainen","name_suffix":"","institution":"The University of Texas","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33012/galley/24073/download/"}]},{"pk":32988,"title":"Viewpoint dependence and face recognition","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Face recognition stands out as a singular case of object recognition: Although most faces are very much alike, people discriminate between many different faces with outstanding efficiency. Even though little is known about the mechanisms of face recognition, viewpoint dependence — a recurrent characteristic of research in face recognition — could help to understand algorithmic and representational issues. The current research tests whether learning only one view of a face could be sufficient to generalize recognition to other views of the same face. Computational and psychophysical research (Poggio & Vetter, 1992) showed that learning one view of a bilaterally symmetric object could be sufficient for its recognition, if this view allows the computation of a symmetric, \"virtual,\" view. Faces are roughly bilaterally symmetric objects. Learning a side-view — which always has a symmetric view — should allow for better generalization performances than learning the frontal view. Two psychophysical experiments tested these predictions. Stimuli were views of shaded 3D models of laserscanned faces. The first experiment tested whether a particular view of a face was canonical. The second experiment tested which single views of a face give rise to best generalization performances. The results were compatible with the theoretical predictions of Poggio and Vetter (1992): learning a side view allows better generalization performances than learning the frontal view.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7ng3s9zd","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Philippe","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Schyns","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Heinrich","middle_name":"H.","last_name":"Bulthoff","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32988/galley/24049/download/"}]},{"pk":33025,"title":"Visual Reasoning in Discovery, Instruction and Problem Solving","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The symposium on \"Visual Reasoning in Discovery, Instruction and Problem Solving\" will consist of three talks focusing on the role of visual reasoning in higher level cognitive processes. As this is a newly emerging research area spanning cognitive science and artificiaJ intelligence, the symposium is designed both to inform and to stimulate interest, discussion, and further enquiry. The speakers will consider visual reasoning in three areas: scientific reasoning and discovery, learning and instruction, and problem solving. The talks will show how several different types of data can contribute to a clearer understanding of processes, mechanisms, and strategies underlying visual reasoning. First, N2uicy Nersessian will cover the discovery aspect by providing a historical view on visual representation in creative scientific reasoiung. Next, Rogers Hall will cover the educational aspect by laying out a set of genered educational questions concerning the role of representational forms, and discussing studies of how people coordinate representational resources while working on problems in different instructional and work settings. Finally, Mary Hegarty and Hari Narayanan will together cover the problem solving cispect from both experimental and computational perspectives.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Symposia","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5xt6b9tz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"N .","middle_name":"Hari","last_name":"Narayanan","name_suffix":"","institution":"Stanford University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33025/galley/24085/download/"}]},{"pk":31873,"title":"WanderECHO : A Connectionist Simulation of Limited Coherence","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The Theory of Explanatory Coherence, or TEC, (Ranney & Thagard, 1988; Thagard. 1989, 1992) and ECHO, a connectionist implementation of TEC, attempt to model human reasoning about evidence and hypotheses. The ECH O model is based on the simultaneous satisfaction of multiple constraints. This yields predicted activations (\"believabilities\") for propositions, which are based on the propositions' evidential status, their explanatory relationships, and their contradictory relationships. While ECH O has been demonstrated to usefully model human reasoning, it does not model processing limitations on the maintenance of coherence. WanderECHO is a variation on the ECH O model that attempts to simulate attentional and memorial limitations with a stochastic updating algorithm that is based on a traveling focus of attention. Several variants of the WanderECHO simulation were applied to Schank and Ranney's (1991) data, and were found to generally simulate subjects' mean believability ratings better than standard ECHO.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9wn6304w","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Christopher","middle_name":"M .","last_name":"Hoadley","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California at Berkeley","department":""},{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ranney","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California at Berkeley","department":""},{"first_name":"Patricia","middle_name":"","last_name":"Schank","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California at Berkeley","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31873/galley/22940/download/"}]},{"pk":33022,"title":"What Animal Cognition Tells Us About Human Cognition","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The focus of this symposium will be on the relevance of animal cognition to human cognition. The speakers at the Symposium will present research in animal cognition and will discuss its relevance to human cognitive systems. After their presentations, the speakers and the audience will participate in a moderated discussion of the relevance of animal cognition to human cognition and to cognitive science as a whole.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Symposia","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7br3x6vq","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Anthony","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Francis","name_suffix":"Jr.","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Duane","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Rumbaugh","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Mike","middle_name":"","last_name":"Tomasello","name_suffix":"","institution":"Emory University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33022/galley/24082/download/"}]},{"pk":31882,"title":"When 'Or' Means 'And': A Study in Mental models","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We describe an algorithm that constructs mental models of assertions containing sentential connectives, such as and. if, and or. It performs at three levels of expertise depending on the completeness of the models it constructs. At a rudimentary level of performance, it constructs models that make explicit as little as possible. One unexpected consequence is that it produces the same explicit models for assertions of the form: if p then q, and if r then s if p then q, 21 if r then s p and q, 01 r and s. W e initially suspected that there was a bug in the algorithm (or theory), but there was not. W e therefore carried out two experiments with logically-untrained subjects. Their results confirmed the phenomena: for many individuals, a conjunction of conditionals is equivalent to their disjunction, which in turn is equivalent to a disjunction of conjunctions.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Refereed Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/85t9z7ff","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Philip","middle_name":"N.","last_name":"Johnson-Laird","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""},{"first_name":"Patricia","middle_name":"E .","last_name":"Barres","name_suffix":"","institution":"Princeton University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1994-01-01T20:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31882/galley/22948/download/"}]},{"pk":34559,"title":"Acknowledgments","subtitle":null,"abstract":"[No abstract]","language":"en","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Acknowledgments","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kk6265v","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"[No author]","middle_name":"","last_name":"CLLR","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2014-01-09T00:36:09+02:00","date_accepted":"2014-01-09T00:36:09+02:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T02:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_cllr/article/34559/galley/25652/download/"}]},{"pk":55585,"title":"A Critique of Said Samatar's \"Somalia: A Nation in Turmoil\"","subtitle":null,"abstract":"No abstract","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1151k6j1","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ahmed","middle_name":"Q.","last_name":"Ali","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2013-03-18T10:27:14+02:00","date_accepted":"2013-03-18T10:27:14+02:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T02:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55585/galley/41966/download/"}]},{"pk":37378,"title":"A Dialogue With the Past: Alvaro García's \nLa noche junto al álbum","subtitle":null,"abstract":"[No abstract]","language":"en","license":{"name":"Copyright","short_name":"Copyright","text":"","url":"https://escholarship.org/terms"},"keywords":[],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7645j9qc","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Alan S.","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bruflat","name_suffix":"","institution":"Wayne State College","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-10-27T00:55:50+03:00","date_accepted":"2012-10-27T00:55:50+03:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T02:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/mester/article/37378/galley/28160/download/"}]},{"pk":53401,"title":"A estrutura mórfica dos neologismos em Tutaméia","subtitle":null,"abstract":"n/a","language":"pt","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Linguistics","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1mg581zk","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ana","middle_name":"Maria","last_name":"Carvalho","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2018-07-25T01:26:55+03:00","date_accepted":"2018-07-25T01:26:55+03:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T02:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/lucero/article/53401/galley/40311/download/"}]},{"pk":55575,"title":"Aidoo, Ama Ata. Changes: A Love Story","subtitle":null,"abstract":"No abstract","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book Reviews","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/55d834q2","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Kendahl","middle_name":"","last_name":"Radcliffe","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2013-03-18T10:16:34+02:00","date_accepted":"2013-03-18T10:16:34+02:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T02:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55575/galley/41956/download/"}]},{"pk":53397,"title":"Alma blanca, cuerpo negro: la construcción ideológica del mulato en la novela antiesclavista (los casos de Sab y Matalaché)","subtitle":null,"abstract":"n/a","language":"es","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Literary Analysis","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dr7d44v","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Luis","middle_name":"","last_name":"Millones-Figueroa","name_suffix":"","institution":"Stanford University","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2018-07-25T01:19:54+03:00","date_accepted":"2018-07-25T01:19:54+03:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T02:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/lucero/article/53397/galley/40307/download/"}]},{"pk":53391,"title":"Ante el centenario de José Carlos Mariátegui","subtitle":null,"abstract":"n/a","language":"es","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Special Contributions","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0809c7x3","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Horacio","middle_name":"","last_name":"Centanino","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2018-07-25T01:12:50+03:00","date_accepted":"2018-07-25T01:12:50+03:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T02:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/lucero/article/53391/galley/40301/download/"}]},{"pk":59988,"title":"A Positive Economic Theory of the Right of Publicity","subtitle":null,"abstract":"[No abstract]","language":"en","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/15c119rg","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Mark","middle_name":"F.","last_name":"Grady","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2015-04-17T20:09:52+03:00","date_accepted":"2015-04-17T20:09:52+03:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T02:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_elr/article/59988/galley/45947/download/"}]},{"pk":55570,"title":"A Question of Subjects: The \"Female Circumcision\" Controversy and the Politics of Knowledge","subtitle":null,"abstract":"No abstract","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8t8827w2","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Sondra","middle_name":"","last_name":"Hale","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2013-03-18T10:13:48+02:00","date_accepted":"2013-03-18T10:13:48+02:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T02:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55570/galley/41951/download/"}]}]}