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Actions","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Taiwan","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/92w038w0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Paul","middle_name":"C.B.","last_name":"Liu","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2014-03-29T06:32:31+01:00","date_accepted":"2014-03-29T06:32:31+01:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T01:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_pblj/article/61057/galley/47020/download/"}]},{"pk":55572,"title":"West African Women: Some Considerations","subtitle":null,"abstract":"No abstract","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8w36f2wp","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Bridget","middle_name":"","last_name":"Teboh","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2013-03-18T09:16:19+01:00","date_accepted":"2013-03-18T09:16:19+01:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T01:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55572/galley/41953/download/"}]},{"pk":55581,"title":"Which Way the Horn of Africa: Disintegration or Confederation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"No abstract","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0n81d41t","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kendie","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2013-03-18T09:25:56+01:00","date_accepted":"2013-03-18T09:25:56+01:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T01:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55581/galley/41962/download/"}]},{"pk":53396,"title":"“Whitening” and the E-race-ure of Difference in Jorge de Lima's Poemas Negros","subtitle":null,"abstract":"n/a","language":"en","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Literary Analysis","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3d55b1n6","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Alexandra","middle_name":"Aryana","last_name":"Hammond","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2018-07-25T00:18:45+02:00","date_accepted":"2018-07-25T00:18:45+02:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T01:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/lucero/article/53396/galley/40306/download/"}]},{"pk":57664,"title":"White Supremacy and Higher Education: The Alabama Higher Education Desegregation Case","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"en","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5qj0m58b","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Aldon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Morris","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""},{"first_name":"Walter","middle_name":"","last_name":"Allen","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""},{"first_name":"David","middle_name":"","last_name":"Maurrasse","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""},{"first_name":"Derrick","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gilbert","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":"2015-04-22T00:48:52+02:00","date_accepted":"2015-04-22T00:48:52+02:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T01:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_nblj/article/57664/galley/43841/download/"}]},{"pk":34590,"title":"Working but \"Not Available to Work\": Reconciling the Rights of Undocumented Laborers with the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986","subtitle":null,"abstract":"[No abstract]","language":"en","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Comments","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/51f7m9tz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Michelle","middle_name":"","last_name":"McAloon","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2014-01-09T00:28:35+01:00","date_accepted":"2014-01-09T00:28:35+01:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T01:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_cllr/article/34590/galley/25683/download/"}]},{"pk":34570,"title":"Working to Secure Language Rights: \nCota v. City of Tucson Police Department","subtitle":null,"abstract":"[No abstract]","language":"en","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Bilingual Education and Language Rights","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9zc548jk","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Esteban","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lizardo","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2014-01-08T23:50:31+01:00","date_accepted":"2014-01-08T23:50:31+01:00","date_published":"1994-01-01T01:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_cllr/article/34570/galley/25663/download/"}]},{"pk":3533,"title":"Abstracts and Titles of Student Work","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Recent PhD Dissertations, Masters Thesis and Professional Reports from the Departmet of City and Regional Planning.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"DCRP News","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/56g8263f","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"DCRP","middle_name":"","last_name":"Students","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T20:37:20+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T20:37:20+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3533/galley/2290/download/"}]},{"pk":3522,"title":"A Cycle of Dependence: Automobiles, Accessibility, and the Evolution of the Transportation and Retail Hierarchies","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper explores how the automobile has indirectly led to dramatic changes in patterns of accessibility to retail and service activity within metropolitan regions. The automo­ bile instigated a greater articulation of the hierarchy of transportation facilities, as reflected in a greater differentia­ tion between the local and the regional systems. At the same time, the automobile instigated a collapse in the retail hierarchy, by encouraging the growth of community and regional centers at the expense of local shops and the cen­ tral busmess district. The result has been a cycle of depend­ ence, in which suburban communities are designed for the automobile, leaving residents little choice but to drive. Ac­ cess to retail activity is now dependent on the automobile but vulnerable to increasing levels of congestion that are driven by dependence on the automobile.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mt6b48p","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Susan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Handy","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T19:56:45+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T19:56:45+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3522/galley/2279/download/"}]},{"pk":3525,"title":"American Housing Policy","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The 1992 election of President Bill Clinton rescued housing, cities, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) from the obscurity to which they had been relegated by the Reagan and Bush administrations. How much the Clinton Administration does for cities and housing-that is, what level of resources will ultimately be directed to cities and housing-remains to be seen. For the moment, however, there is little doubt that the problems of urban America in general, and of housing in particular, are back on the national agenda:\n \nHistory teaches that new presidents and new administrations often take new approaches to housing policy. What directions should the Clinton Administration take? Should it break completely with past housing policies and programs, and consider fundamentally new ap­ proaches-perhaps those pioneered at the local level in places like Boston and San Francisco? Or should it continue and expand the pro­ grams and institutions that have successfully weathered the indiffer­ ence of the last twelve years? Where those programs and policies have been successful, should the Administration build on them?","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Essays","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89n6f1c9","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"D","last_name":"Landis","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T20:09:58+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T20:09:58+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3525/galley/2282/download/"}]},{"pk":3523,"title":"Contra Costa County Edge Cities: Challenges for Urban Planning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This article reports on research on the role of land-use planning in the emergence of new urban centers, or \"edge cities, in Contra Costa County, on the eastern periphery of the San Francisco Bay Area. Based on an examination of the development of four employment and commercial nodes in that county, this article examines the process of planning these new suburban centers, and the role of pub­ lic land-use planners, local electorates concerned with growth, and traditional market players.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x48g860","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Patrick","middle_name":"S","last_name":"McGovern","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T19:59:59+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T19:59:59+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3523/galley/2280/download/"}]},{"pk":3526,"title":"Enacting a Progressive Housing Agenda","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The election of President Bill Clinton has put the problems of our cities, including housing and poverty, back on the national agenda. What does it really mean to say that an issue like housing is \"back on the agenda\"? After twelve years of Reagan-Bush anti-housing policies (policies enacted with the complicity of the Democrats in Congress, I might add), we have come so far from any real vision of a decent fed­ eral housing policy, that even returning to where we were in 1980 would leave us far behind the curve.\n \nI think all of us in this room tonight can agree that twelve years of cutbacks in federal housing assistance, and twelve years of bank de­ regulation, have had a devastating impact on American cities. During the last decade, the American establishment basically became indiffer­ ent to the needs of its poorest citizens. All you have- to do is walk down the street going home or on your way to work and you will either step over or be confronted by someone who doesn't have any­ thing to eat, or any place to live. This situation didn't exist in America 15 years ago, certainly not at the magnitude we see today. Because many suburban communities reject all forms of low- and moderate­ income housing, our central cities have become places in which poor people are concentrated in ghettos and barrios. The severity of the so­ cial and economic problems plaguing our central cities has worsened noticeably over the last 1 5 years.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9q3094fs","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Peter","middle_name":"","last_name":"Dreier","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T20:12:24+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T20:12:24+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3526/galley/2283/download/"}]},{"pk":3527,"title":"Housing Policy Can Work","subtitle":null,"abstract":"I want to share with you tonight six housing policy lessons learned from the past that can be directly applied to the future. The first is that housing policy can work, and sometimes does. The second lesson is that housing equals jobs. The third lesson is that housing and commu­ nity development go together. The fourth lesson is that housing and supportive services go together. The fifth lesson is that housing can bring people together-and sometimes does. And the sixth is that part­ nerships are the housing policy of the future. Let me elaborate on each of these poi nts.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/66x3z6xt","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Marc","middle_name":"A","last_name":"Weiss","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T20:15:33+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T20:15:33+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3527/galley/2284/download/"}]},{"pk":3520,"title":"Introduction: Planning without Walls","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Though most of us will not admit it, as planners we tend to like walls-walls specifically in the sense of boundaries. We are very ac­ customed to them. If we take a look around, we see them everywhere. I doubt if our profession could last long without them. There are politi­ cal boundaries, areas defined by zoning, general plans, neighborhood boundaries, census tracts, just to name a few. In our lives as practitio­ ners we struggle to keep everything within these lines, to find ways to define what is inside and outside of these city and community •walls.\" We are constantly faced with the need to understand a bounded area and what do with the problems in and around it. NIMBY-ism (not-in­ my-backyard), as an example, refers to a phenomenon in which a group of citizens are very aware of a smaller boundary condition (namely their own lot lines), but are vocal about what happens around that boundary, particularly as it affects property values.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Editorial Notes","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6840295f","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Dave","middle_name":"","last_name":"Simpson","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T19:50:58+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T19:50:58+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3520/galley/2277/download/"}]},{"pk":3528,"title":"Let the Market Meet our Housing Needs","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Good evening. It is indeed a great privilege to be here this evening as one of the speakers in the Catherine Bauer Wurster Lecture Series. I am here in the interests of ideological balance. Or, to put it more sim­ ply, I'm the bad guy. It has fallen to me to be the defender of the hated Reagan-Bush do-nothing policies which, according to Peter Dreier, drove American housing markets into the ground. To be called upon to defend the market at Berkeley is about as comfortable a position as de­ fending socialism before the U.S. Cha'Tiber of Commerce. But what the heck: if I have survived doing this kind of thing for twenty-odd years in New York, I certainly can do it once again here in Berkeley. After all these years, I still love preaching to the unconverted.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Theme Section","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3fm736hw","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Peter","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Salins","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T20:18:36+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T20:18:36+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3528/galley/2285/download/"}]},{"pk":3530,"title":"Progressive Cities and Critical Practice: Toward a Meeting of the Twain","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Recent work in planning and political science has shown the dura­ bility of liberal hopes for •progressive cities• (Clave! 1986, Clave! and Wiewel 1991, Deleon 1992, Goldsmith and Blakely 1992). In Chi­cago, New York, and San Francisco, long-dominant •pro-growth coali­tions• have fallen to alternative coalitions who tried to ensure that more resources reached or remained in the hands of \"the community\" (Mollenkopf 1983 and 1993, Elkin 1987, Stone 1989, Deleon 1992, Clave! and Wiewel 1991). In practice, this diversion of resources tended to mean more power for resident-controlled neighborhood groups (Castells 1983), more resources for non-profit economic and housing development corporations (Mier and Moe 1991), more oppor­ tunities for public participation in local decision-making (Keating and Krumholz 1991 ), and constraints on large-scale real estate developers (Deleon 1992).","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Essays","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5173131w","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Rolf","middle_name":"","last_name":"Pendall","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T20:26:05+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T20:26:05+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3530/galley/2287/download/"}]},{"pk":3531,"title":"The Language of Planning: A Look at the Uses of Critical and Feminist Theory","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Planning theory is an ill-defined body of literature that is supposed to guide planning practice. The object of this paper is to challenge the appropriateness of traditional planning theory, to expose the places where it grows thin, and to begin the question-asking process that can lead to change. John Friedmann (1987: 318) writes recently of a \"crisis in planning,\" marked by an apparent failure of scientific and technical reason. In planning, recognition of the inadequacy of the \"rational\" branch of theory arises from the recognition that planning is messy business, that values vie with facts in a decision-making arena domi­ nated by politics rather than rational objectivity. Acknowledging the political nature of planning entails asking questions about power, about the fault lines along which decisions get made and through which the allocation of resources takes place.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Essays","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9sf2p6s8","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Lisa","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Servon","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T20:29:56+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T20:29:56+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3531/galley/2288/download/"}]},{"pk":3529,"title":"Theories of Labor and Industrial Location","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In the past 20 years, the threat of competition from low-wage coun­ tries in the Third World has been a recurring theme in the discourse of American economic policy. After two decades of job losses in the key manufacturing sectors of the postwar economy, as we strive to under­ stand the new dynamics of metropolitan labor markets, regional forma­ tions and shifts, and try to plan for our economic future, many are quick to point to high American wages with a kind of fatalism.\n \nNotwithstanding the fact that most of the real competitive ground has been lost to other developed countries, it is the recurring image of a Korean or Mexican worker, willing to work for a fraction of Ameri­ can wages, which continues to haunt debates in a number of fields: trade policy, where opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is precipitated by a desire to protect higher-wage American workers; education policy, where a workforce prepared for the \"high-tech jobs of the future• is widely seen as an imperative even before these jobs exist en masse; social policy, where excessive taxa­ tion and regulation, producing an •unfriendly business climate: can ostensibly drive industries to the far corners of the Earth.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Essays","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0r257599","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Edmund","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Egan","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T20:21:17+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T20:21:17+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3529/galley/2286/download/"}]},{"pk":3521,"title":"The Street Food Project: Using Research for Planning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Planning that improves life chances of the poor in low­ income countries is challenging and difficult. This article describes EPOC's Street Food Project as a possible model for using an action research project as a planning tool. The project involved participation of municipal officials, univer­ sity staff, non-governmental organizations, and the vendors themselves in the design and interpretation of data collec­ tion. Implementation ofproposals for improving the income of vendors and the safety of the food they sell is illustrated by the founding of the Street Food Vendors' Organization in Minia, Egypt. Policy implications of the nine country study, and of the Minia organization, emphasize the impact of carefully designed research.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/182901tf","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Irene","middle_name":"","last_name":"Tinker","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T19:54:00+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T19:54:00+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3521/galley/2278/download/"}]},{"pk":3532,"title":"Two World Truths","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In our business one of the things we're supposed to do is discover truths. World truths are best. On some days I discover two or three of them. There are also days when I discard them, two or three at a time. Over the years, a few have remained and it's important, I think, that they be shared. Two world truths follow.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Urban Fringe","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xj12697","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Allan","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Jacobs","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T20:33:48+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T20:33:48+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3532/galley/2289/download/"}]},{"pk":3524,"title":"Water Transfers and the Imperfect Water Industry in California","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Market ideology often obscures public choices about rea­ sonable and beneficial uses of water. Current debates in California water policy reflect the tug of war between the potential efficiency and flexibility of water transfers (often called ·water marketing\") and the desire for a stable and re­ liable California water system. The water industry's para­ mount concern remains the protection of the reliability and stability of operations of its complex socio-technical sys­ tems for delivering water, particularly at a time when envi­ ronmental concerns over instream uses of water are increas­ ing. Loosening restrictions on water transfers while protecting appropriative rights is a flexible approach to meeting long-term water demand. But given such market imperfections as oligopoly and redistributive land rents, state regulation of transfers of California's most political natural resource-for example, through a drought water bank-remains likely in the future.","language":"en","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/62n809zm","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Tim","middle_name":"","last_name":"Stroshane","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":"None"}],"date_submitted":"2012-07-25T20:02:53+02:00","date_accepted":"2012-07-25T20:02:53+02:00","date_published":"1993-07-25T09:00:00+02:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"","type":"","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucb_crp_bpj/article/3524/galley/2281/download/"}]},{"pk":36581,"title":"1993-1994 CATESOL Board of Directors","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9rw5m37n","frozenauthors":[],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36581/galley/27432/download/"}]},{"pk":31666,"title":"A Better Tool for the Cognitive Scientist's Toolbox: Randomization Statistics","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Cognitive Science has typically proceeded with two major forms of research: model-building and experimentation. Traditional parametric statistics are normally used in the analysis of experiments, yet the assumptions required for parametric tests are almost never met in Cognitive Science. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to present a viable alternative to traditional parametric statistics—the randomization test—and to demonstrate that this method of statistical testing is particularly suited to research in Cognitive Science.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3066m1xd","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"D.","last_name":"Byrne","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31666/galley/22734/download/"}]},{"pk":36579,"title":"Abstracts","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8rc4j1bf","frozenauthors":[],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36579/galley/27430/download/"}]},{"pk":31803,"title":"A Cognitive Taxonomy of Numeration Systems","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the representational\nproperties of numeration systems. W e argue that\nnumeration systems are distributed representa-\ntions—representations that are distributed\nacross the internal mind and the external envi-\nronment. W e analyze number representations at\nfour levels: dimensionality, dimensional repre-\nsentations, bases, and symbol representations.\nThe representational properties at these four\nlevels determine the representational efficien-\ncies of numeration systems and the performance\nof numeric tasks. From this hierarchical struc-\nture, we derive a cognitive taxonomy that can\nclassify most numeration systems.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0z0267h3","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jiajie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zhang","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Donald.","middle_name":"A .","last_name":"Norman","name_suffix":"","institution":"Apple Computer, Inc","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31803/galley/22871/download/"}]},{"pk":31796,"title":"A Computational Model of Human Emotions","subtitle":null,"abstract":"AI and Cognitive Science have largely\nIgnored the modeling of emotions and their\nInfluence on cognition. Yet clinical\npsychologists suggest that emotions are of\nall factors the most Important for driving\npeople's motivations, that Is, In establishing\ngoals and intentions. Emotions and\nemotional reactions are instrumental in\nunderstanding what problems people solve.\nThis paper describes an implementation of\na model of h u m a n emotions. The system\nwe have built is a considerable extension of\nthe model described by [Ortony, Clore. and\nCollins. 19881. The system consists of\nemotion detectors for almost 3 0 emotions\nrelated to events, agents and objects;\nemotional intensities are also computed.\nA n extensive simulation has been\nconstructed to demonstrate the operation of\nthe system.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/115077tg","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"R.L.","middle_name":"","last_name":"Warner","name_suffix":"","institution":"Virginia Tech","department":""},{"first_name":"A.T.","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bouzid","name_suffix":"","institution":"Virginia Tech","department":""},{"first_name":"J.W.","middle_name":"","last_name":"Roach","name_suffix":"","institution":"Virginia Tech","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31796/galley/22864/download/"}]},{"pk":31696,"title":"A Computer Model of Chess Memory","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Chess research provides rich data for testing\ncomputational models of human memory. This paper\npresents a model which shares several common\nconcepts with an earlier attempt (Simon & Gilmartin,\n1973), but features several new attributes: dynamic\nshort-term memory , recursive chunking, more\nsophisticated perceptual mechanisms and use of a\nretrieval structure (Chase & Ericsson, 1982).\nSimulations of data from three experiments are\npresented: 1) differentia] recall of random and g a m e\npositions; 2) recall of several boards presented in\nshort succession; 3) recall of positions modified by\nmirror image reflection about various axes. The\nmodel fits the data reasonably well, although some\nempirical phenomena are not captured by it. At a\ntheoretical level, the conceptualization of the internal\nrepresentation and its relation with the retrieval\nstructure needs further refinement.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9gh3p938","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Fernand","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gobert","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31696/galley/22764/download/"}]},{"pk":31725,"title":"A Connectinonist Implementation of the ACT-R Productino System","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a connectionist\nimplementation of the ACT-R production\nsystem. Declarative knov^ledge is stored as\nchunks in separate associative memories for\neach type. Procedural knowledge consists of\nthe pattern of connections between the type\nmemories and a central memory holding the\ncurrent goal. ACT-R concepts such as adaptive\nlearning and activation-based retrieval and\nmatching naturally map into connectionist\nconcepts. The implementation also provides a\nmore precise interpretation for issues in ACT-R\nsuch as time of memory retrieval and\nproduction firing, retrieval errors and partial\nmatching. Finally, the implementation\nsuggests limitations on production rule structure","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6471s90n","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Christian","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lebiere","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie-Mellon University","department":""},{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Anderson","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie-Mellon University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31725/galley/22793/download/"}]},{"pk":31762,"title":"A Connectionist Attentional Shift Model of Eye Movement Control in Reading","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A connectionist attentional-shift model of eye-\nm o v e m e n t control (CASMEC) in reading is described.\nT h e model provides an integrated account of a range\nof saccadic control effects found in reading, such as\nword-skipping, refixation, and of course normal\nsaccadic progression.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04f7p33v","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ronan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Reilly","name_suffix":"","institution":"University College Dublin","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31762/galley/22830/download/"}]},{"pk":31785,"title":"A Connectionist Model of Speech Act Prediction","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We developed a connectionist architecture that accounts\nfor the systematicity in the sequentialOTderingof speech\nact categories. That is, to what extent can the category\nof speech act n+1 be successfully predicted given speech\nacts 1 through n? Three connectionist architectures\nwere contrasted: Elman's recurrent network, a single-\nentry backpropagation network, and a double-entry\nbackpropagation network. T h e recurrent networkfit the\nspeech act sequences in naturalistic conversation better\nthan the backpropagation networks. M o s t of the\nsystematicity w a s captured by the network's use of 2 to\n3 prior speech acts of context.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4s19k6qm","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Shane","middle_name":"S.","last_name":"Swamer","name_suffix":"","institution":"Memphis State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Arthur","middle_name":"C.","last_name":"Graesser","name_suffix":"","institution":"Memphis State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Stanley","middle_name":"P.","last_name":"Franklin","name_suffix":"","institution":"Memphis State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Marie","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Sell","name_suffix":"","institution":"Memphis State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Robert","middle_name":"","last_name":"Cohen","name_suffix":"","institution":"Memphis State University","department":""},{"first_name":"William","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Baggett","name_suffix":"","institution":"Memphis State University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31785/galley/22853/download/"}]},{"pk":31732,"title":"A Connectionist Model of the Development of Seriation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Seriation is the ability to order a set of objects on\nsome dimension such as size. Psychological research\non the child's development of seriation has uncovered\nboth cognitive stages and perceptual constraints. A\ngenerative connectionist algorithm, cascade-\ncorrelation, is used to successfully model these\npsychological regularities. Previous rule-based models\nof seriation have been unable to capture either stage\nprogressions or perceptual effects. T h e present\nsimulations provide a number of insights about\npossible processing mechanisms for seriation, the\nnature of seriation stage transitions, and the\nopportunities provided by the environment for learning\nabout seriation.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3348r2zj","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Denis","middle_name":"","last_name":"Mareschal","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Oxford","department":""},{"first_name":"Thomas","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Shultz","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31732/galley/22800/download/"}]},{"pk":31733,"title":"All Differences are not Created Equal: A Structural Alignment View of Similarity","subtitle":null,"abstract":"An emerging view in cognitive psychology is that\nthe determination of similarity involves a comparison\nof structured representations. O n this view, s o m e\ndifferences are related to the commonalities of a pair\n{alignable differences) and others are unrelated to the\ncommonalities of a pair {nonalignable differences).\nPrevious evidence suggests that pairs of similar items\nhave more commonalities and alignable differences\nthan do pairs of dissimilar items. Structural\nalignment further predicts that alignable differences\nshould be easier to findthan nonalignable differences.\nT a k e n together, these assertions lead to the\ncounterintuitive prediction that it should be easier to\nfind differences for similar pairs than for dissimilar\npairs. This prediction is tested in two studies in\nwhich subjects are asked to list differences for as\nm a n y word pairs as possible in a short period of time.\nIn both studies, more differences are listed for similar\npairs than for dissimilar pairs. Further, similar and\ndissimilar pairs differ in the number of alignable\ndifferences listed for them, but not in the number of\nnonalignable differences listed for them. These\nstudies provide additional support for the structural\nalignment view of similarity.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/93g777kz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Arthur","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Markman","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwestern University","department":""},{"first_name":"Dedre","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gentner","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwestern University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31733/galley/22801/download/"}]},{"pk":31691,"title":"A Model-based Approach to Learning from Attention-focusing Failures","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a theory of how\nmachines can learn from attention focusing\nfailures. Our method requires that learning\nmechanisms have available a detailed model\nof decision-making mechanisms they are to\nmodify; it is therefore central to this research\nto develop and present such a model. The\nportions of our developing model presented\nbelow concern those parts of a decision-making\napparatus that should be approximately the\nsame & somone agent to another. Though\nlearning mechanisms would have to be sensitive\nto both the idiosyncratic and agent-invariant\nelements of aji cidaptable decision architecture,\nw e have concentrated on the invariant elements,\nwhich provide the most general constraints on\nlearning.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1f58d9zg","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"","last_name":"Freed","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwestern University","department":""},{"first_name":"Gregg","middle_name":"","last_name":"Collins","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northwestern University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31691/galley/22759/download/"}]},{"pk":31764,"title":"A Model of Visual Perception and Recognition Based on Separated Representation of \"What\" and \"Where\" Object Features","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In the processes of visual perception and\nrecognition h u m a n eyes actively select\nessential information by way of successive\nfixations at the most informative points of the\nimage. So, perception and recognition are not\nonly results or neural computations, but are\nalso behavioral processes. A behavioral\nprogram defining a scanpath of the image is\nformed at the stage of learning (object\nmemorizing) and consists of sequential motor\nactions, which are shifts of attention from\none to another point of fixation, and sensory\nsignals expected to arrive in response to each\nshift of attention.\nIn the m o d e m view of the problem,\ninvariant object recognition is provided by the\nfoUowing: (i) separated processing of \"what\"\n(object features) and \"where\" (spatial\nfeatures) information at high levels of the\nvisual system; (ii) mechanisms of visual\nattention using \"where\" information;\n(iii)representation of \"what\" information in an\nobject-based frame of reference (OFR).\nHowever, most recent models of\nvision based on O F R have demonstrated the\nability of invariant recognition of only simple\nobjects like letters or binary objects without\nbackground, i.e. objects to which a frame of\nreference is easily attached. In contrast, w e\nuse not O F R , but a feature-based frame of\nreference (FFR), connected with the basic\nfeature (edge) at the fixation point. This has\nprovided for our model, the ability for\ninvariant representation of complex objects in\ngray-level images, but demands realization of\nbehavioral aspects of vision described above.\nThe developed model contains a\nneural network subsystem of low-level vision\nwhich extracts a set of primary features\n(edges) in each fixation, and high-level\nsubsystem consisting of \"what\" (Sensory\nM e m o r y ) and \"where\" (Motor M e m o r y )\nmodules. The resolution of primary features\nextraction decreases with distances from the\npoint of fixation. F F R provides both the\ninvariant representation of object features in\nSensory M e m o r y and shifts of attention in\nMotor Memory. Object recognition consists\nin successive recall (from Motor Memory)\nand execution of shifts of attention and\nsuccessive verification of the expected sets of\nfeatures (stored in Sensory Memory). The\nmodel shows the ability of recognition of\ncomplex objects (such as faces) in gray-level\nimages invariant with respect to shift,\nrotation, and scale","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0nb5s6tt","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ilya","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Rybak","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31764/galley/22832/download/"}]},{"pk":31706,"title":"Analogical Similarity: Performing Structure Alignment in a Connectionist Network","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We describe a connectionist network that performs a com-\nplex, cognitive task. In contrast, the majority of neural net-\nwork research has been devoted to connectionist networks\nthat perform low-level tasks, such as vision. Higher cogni-\ntive tasks, like categorization, analogy, imd similarity may\nultimately rest on alignment of the structured representa-\ntions of two domains. W e model human judgments of simi-\nlarity, as predicted by Structure-Mapping Theory, in the\none-shot mapping task. W e use a localist connectionist\nrepresentation in a Maricov Random Field formalism to\nperform cross-product matching on graph representations\nof propositions. The network performs structured analo-\ngies in its domain flexibly and robustly, resolving local and\nnon-local constraints at multiple levels of abstraction.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6ct515f5","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Handler","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Institute for the Learning Sciences , Evanston","department":""},{"first_name":"Paul","middle_name":"R.","last_name":"Cooper","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Institute for the Learning Sciences , Evanston","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31706/galley/22774/download/"}]},{"pk":31625,"title":"An Architecturally-based Theory of Human Sentence Comprehension","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Real-time language comprehension is an important area of focus for a candidate unified theory of cognition. In his 1987 William James lectures, Allen Newell sketched the beginnings of a comprehension theory embedded in the Soar architecture. This theory, NL-Soar, has developed over the past few years into a detailed computational model that provides an account of a range of sentence-level phenomena: immediacy of interpretation, garden path effects, unproblematic ambiguities, parsing breakdown on difficult embeddings, acceptable embedding structures, and both modular and interactive ambiguity resolution effects. The theory goes beyond explaining just a few examples, it addresses over 80 different kinds of constructions. Soar is not merely an implementation language for the model, but plays a central theoretical role. The predictive power of NLSoar derives largely from architectural mechanisms and principles that shape the comprehension capability so that it meets the real time constraint.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Symposia","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nx3089s","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Richard","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Lweis","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31625/galley/22693/download/"}]},{"pk":31688,"title":"A Neural Net Investigaion of Vertices as Image Primitives in Biederman's RBC Theory","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Neural networks have been used to investigate some\nof the assumptions m a d e in Biederman's recognition\nby components (RBC) theory of visual perception.\nBiederman's RBC theory states, in part, that object\nvertices are critical features for the 2D region\nsegmentation phase of human object recognition.\nThis paper presents computational evidence for\nBiederman's claim that viewpoint-invariant vertices\nare critical to object recognition. In particular, w e\npresent a neural network model for 2D object\nrecognition using object vertices as image primitives.\nThe neural net is able to recognize objects with as\nmuch as 65% mid-segment centered contour deletion,\nwhile it is unable to recognize objects with as little as\n25% vertex centered deletion. In addition the neural\nnet exhibits shift, scale and partial rotational\ninvariance.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/16d712ng","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Hany","middle_name":"","last_name":"Farid","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Gregory","middle_name":"","last_name":"Provan","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""},{"first_name":"Thomas","middle_name":"","last_name":"Fontaine","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31688/galley/22756/download/"}]},{"pk":31774,"title":"A New Approach to the Study of Subitizing as Distinct Enumeration Processing","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new methodology for\nexamining the phenomenon of subitizing. Subjects\nwere presented with a standard numerosity-detection\ntask but for a range of presentation times to allow\nTask-Accuracy Functions to be computed for\nindividual subjects. The data appear to show a\ncontinuous change in processing for numerosities\nfrom 2 to 5 when the data are aggregated across\nsubjects. At the level of individual subjects, there\nappear to be qualitative shifts in enumeration\nprocessing after 3 or 4 objects. The approach used in\nUiis experiment m a y be used to test the claim that\nsubitizing is a distinct enumeration process that can\nbe used for small numbers of objects.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1s91h49q","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Tony","middle_name":"","last_name":"Simon","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Angel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Caberera","name_suffix":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","department":""},{"first_name":"Reinhold","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kliegl","name_suffix":"","institution":"Max Planck Institute for Human\nDevelopment & Education","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31774/galley/22842/download/"}]},{"pk":31777,"title":"An Inhibitory Mechanism for Goal-Directed Analogical Mapping","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Theories of analogical thinking have differed\nin the roles they ascribe to processing goals as a\nsource of constraint on analogical mappings. W e\nreport an experiment that examines the impact of\nprocessing goals on subjects' mappings in (a) a\ntask involving generation of plot extensions for\nsoap opera scripts, and (b) an explicit m o p i n g task\nbased on characters in the scripts. The scripts were\nwritten so that the mappings for central characters\nwere four-ways ambiguous. Manipulations of\nsubjects' processing goals influenced their preferred\nm£q)pings, both in the plot-extension and mapping\ntasks. In the latter task, goal-irrelevant information\ncontributed to the resolution of m ^ p i n g s that were\nambiguous on the basis of goal-relevant\ninformation alone. T h e qualitative pattern of\nresults was successfully simulated using A C M E , a\nconstraint-satisfaction model of mapping, in which\nprocessing goals are assumed to control an\ninhibitory process of selective attention.\nProcessing goals attenuate the activation level of\ngoal-irrelevant information, reducing or even\neliminating its impact on mapping decisions.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3sq5f989","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Barbara","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Spellman","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California. Los Angeles","department":""},{"first_name":"Keith","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Holyoak","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California. Los Angeles","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31777/galley/22845/download/"}]},{"pk":31739,"title":"APECS: A Solution to the Sequential Learning Problem","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper contains some modifications to Back\nPropagation that aim to remove one of its failings\nwithout sacrificing power. Adaptively Parametrised\nError Correcting Systems ( APECS ) are shown not\nto suffer from the sequential learning problem, and\nto be capable of solving EOR , higher order parity,\nand negation problems. This opens the w a y to\ndevelopment of connectionist models of associative\nlearning and memory that do not suffer from\n\"catastrophic interference\", and may shed light on\nissues such as the episodic / semantic memory\ndistinction.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5r23d9tp","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"I.P.L.","middle_name":"","last_name":"MCLaren","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Warwick","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31739/galley/22807/download/"}]},{"pk":31722,"title":"Apparent Computational Complexity in Physical Systems","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Many researchers in AI and Cognitive Science believe\nthat the information processing complexity of a mecha-\nnism is reflected in the complexity of a description of its\nbehavior. In this paper, w e distinguish two types of com-\nplexity and demonstrate that neither one can be an\nobjective property of the underlying physical system. A\nshift in the method or granularity of observation can\ncause a system's behavioral description to change in\nboth the number of apparent states and the complexity\nclass. These examples demonstrate h o w the act of obser-\nvation itself can suggest frivolous explanations of physi-\ncal phenomena, up to and including computation.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1fk027xh","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"F.","last_name":"Kolen","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""},{"first_name":"Jordan","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Pollack","name_suffix":"","institution":"The Ohio State University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31722/galley/22790/download/"}]},{"pk":31700,"title":"A Psychometric PDP Model of Temporal Structure in Story Recall","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A new parallel distributed processing (PDP) model\npossessing a statistical interpretation is proposed for ex-\ntracting critical psychological regularities from the tem-\nporal structure of human free recall data. The model is\nessentially a non-linear five parameter Jordan sequen-\ntial network for predicting categorical time-series data.\nT h e model consists of five parameters: an episodic\nstrength parameter (t/), a causal strength parameter {0),\na shared causal/episodic strength parameter (7), a work-\ning memory span parameter (//), and a number of items\nrecalled parameter (A). T h e \"psychological validity\" of\nthe model's parameter estimates were then evaluated\nwith respect to the existing experimental literature us-\ning children and adult free recall data from four stories.\nThe model's parameter estimates replicated and ex-\ntended several previously known experimental findings.\nIn particular, the model showed: (i) effects of causal\nstructure /3, (ii) showed a decrease in (7/4-7) while /?\nremained constant as retention interval increased, and\n(iii) an increase in {r]+y) whileftremained constant as\nsubject age increased.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64r4q363","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Richard","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Golden","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Texas","department":""},{"first_name":"Sandra","middle_name":"F.","last_name":"Golden","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Texas","department":""},{"first_name":"Joseph","middle_name":"","last_name":"Strickland","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Texas","department":""},{"first_name":"Inah","middle_name":"","last_name":"Choi","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Texas","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31700/galley/22768/download/"}]},{"pk":31661,"title":"A Restriced Interactive Model of Parsing","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Much of the controversy surrounding the autonomy of syntax issue has focused on whether prepositional phrase (PP) attachments can be influenced by prira- discourse context. W e briefly review four studies that have produced results supporting either the autonomy view or the interactive view, and then describe the results of a recent series of experiments that identify the conditions under which a read^ will be garden pathed when encountering a structurally ambiguous PP. The results of these experiments suggest that a reader can avoid being led down the garden path by a discourse that successfully creates referential ambiguity, but only in sentences where the verb does not require the P P in order to be grammatical. W e also describe a restricted interactive parser that can account for these empirical results. The parser divides its task between two processors that use limited forms of semantic and discourse information when making attachments.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0hk8g6tw","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"M.","middle_name":"Anne","last_name":"Britt","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Gareth","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gabrys","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""},{"first_name":"Charles","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Perfetti","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31661/galley/22729/download/"}]},{"pk":31771,"title":"Assessing Conceptual Understanding of Arithmmetic Stucture and Language","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We contend that the primary role of an\nillustration or physical manipulable for\nteaching mathematics is to help the learner\nunderstand the language of the mathematics\nby providing the learner with a referential\nsenr«ntics. Having taught this to subjects, w e\naddress the question of how to assess their\nunderstanding. Problem-solving performance,\nw e show, is insufficient by itself. A n\nassessment of students' m e m o r y for the\noriginal problem statement, and their ability to\nuse cues within the referential semantics is\ndemonstrated as a potential method.\nFourth graders (n=24) solved word algebra\nproblem after (a) training with a designed\nreferential semantics from a computer tutor\ncalled the Planner, (b) training with symbolic\nmanipulatives, or (c) receiving no training\n(control). Although pretest-posttest gains\nwere only moderately better for the Planner\ngroup than the symbol group, the former\nshowed reliably better ability to reconstruct the\nproblem statements after a 5-day delay. A\nparticular advantage for recall of algebraic\nrelations (as compared to assignments) was\nevident. Mental representation of relations has\nbeen singled out as a major obstacle to\nsuccessful word problem solving. The support\nthat a well-designed referential semantics\nplays in the formation and retrieval of\nappropriate mental structures for problem\nsolving are discussed, as are methods for\nassessing problem comprehension and\nconceptual change.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6q09331v","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Baruch","middle_name":"","last_name":"Schwarz","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hebrew University","department":""},{"first_name":"Mitchell","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Nathan","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31771/galley/22839/download/"}]},{"pk":31697,"title":"Associating Wat and Where Using Temporal Cues","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Johansson showed that people can recognize hunicin\ngaits from brief presentation of only a few moving\ndots. A recently constructed connectionist model,\nMARS , is the first program of any type to model this\nphenomenon. One of the key ideais is that an associ-\nation is formed between visual actions and spatial lo-\ncations. Simulations show that in MARS the cissocia-\ntion mechanism is necessary for reliable recognition of\nmultiple actions, and that the action-recognition pro-\ncess and the location association process ax;t in con-\nsort to arrive at a stable interpretation of the image\nsequence. Association between location and action is\nperformed in a spatiotopic network of cells that spe-\ncialize in detecting temporal synchrony between vi-\nsual events in the scene and predictions generated by\nactive models of actions held in memory . The model\nsuggests that such a mechanism may be used to build\nand maintain associations acquired sequentially.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7d63350b","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Nigel","middle_name":"H.","last_name":"Goddard","name_suffix":"","institution":"Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31697/galley/22765/download/"}]},{"pk":31650,"title":"A Structured Representation for Noun phrases and Anaphora","subtitle":null,"abstract":"I present a computationally-based representation for indefinite noun phrases and anaphora that models their use in natural language. To this end, three goals for knowledge representation for natural language processing: natural form, conceptual completeness, and structure sharing are described. In addressing these goals, an augmentation to the representation of variables (corresponding to indefinite noun phrases or anaphora) so that variables are not atomic terms is suggested. This leads to an extended, more \"natural\" representation. It is shown how this representation resolves some representational difficulties with sentences with nonlinear quantifier scoping, in particular, donkey sentences.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rw9c9w7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Syed","middle_name":"S.","last_name":"Ali","name_suffix":"","institution":"State University of New York at Buffalo","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31650/galley/22718/download/"}]},{"pk":31781,"title":"A Theory of Skilled Memory","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A theory of mnemonic expertise is outlined along\nwith findings from initial tests. The expertise belongs\nto a nonnal adult ( D D ) w h o developed a digit-span of\n104 through extended practice. The theory describes\nh o w mechanisms consistent with the principles of\nskilled m e m o r y (Chase & Ericsson, 1982; Ericsson\n& Staszewski, 1989) and identified by analyses of\nDD's behavior, support his skill. Implemented as a\ncomputational model, the theory assumes that distinct\nknowledge structures mediate both DD's encoding of\nshort segments of trial lists as elaborate, well-\nstructured L T M representations and their retrieval in\nseveral recall tasks. Current testing investigates the\nmodel's ability to generate contextual codes, a class of\npatterned m e m o r y elaborations experimentally shown\nto improve DD's serial recall (Staszewski, 1990).\nGiven the same lists D D received, it successfully\ngenerates over 8 0 % of the contextual codes in his\nverbal reports. Because successful simulation of\ncontextual codes entails accurate simulation of\noperations performed by first-order coding\nmechanisms, results support theoretical assumptions\nabout the knowledge underlying DD's coding\noperations. The model's overly powerful coding\nsuggests that more stringent architectural constraint\nmust be incorporated to rigorouslydemonstrate h o w\nskilled m e m o r y can increase working m e m o r y\ncapacity in a normal cognitive architecture and\nsupport expertise.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zd5b2b5","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Staszewski","name_suffix":"","institution":"Camegie Mellon University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31781/galley/22849/download/"}]},{"pk":31673,"title":"Attention and Awareness in Sequence Learning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"How does implicit learning interact with the availability of explicit information? In a recent series of experiments, Curran & Keele (1992) demonstrated that sequence learning in a choice reaction setting involves at least two different processes, that result in differing availability of the acquired knowledge to conscious inspection, and that are differentially affected by the availability of attentional resources. In this paper, I propose a new information-processing model of sequence learning and explore how well it can account for these data. The model is based on the Simple Recurrent Network (Elman, 1990; Cleeremans & McClelland, 1991; Qeeiemans, 1993), which it extends by allowing additional information to modulate processing. The model implements the notion that awareness of sequence structure changes the task from one of anticipating the next event based on temporal context to one of retrieving the next event from short-term memory. This latter process is sensitive to the availability of attentional resources. When the latter are available, performance is enhanced. However, reliance on representations that depend on attentional resources also results in serious performance degradation when these representations become less reliable, as when a secondary task is performed concurrently with the sequence learning task.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4nb0r5ds","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Axel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Cleeremans","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universite Libre de Bruxelles","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31673/galley/22741/download/"}]},{"pk":31788,"title":"Attenuation of Belief Perserverance In a Covariation Judgement Task","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A wide variety of judgment tasks have shown that\nonce a reasoner favors a hypothesis, encountering\nevidence which contradicts it might not, in and of\nitself, dislodge that hypothesis. T h e interaction of\nprior belief and n e w evidence w a s studied in a\ncovariation judgment task where subjects monitored\nmultiple predictor-outcome relationships. Each\nrelationship w a s programmed to reflect a strong\npositive contingency in a first phase, but in the\nsecond phase the contingency w a s negative,\ndisconfirming the acquired expectation. For two of\nthese relationships, the negative evidence w a s framed\nas positive evidence for alternative relationships,\nwhile in a third relationship, the negative evidence\nw a s not presented as supporting alternative\nexplanations. Subjective contingency estimates\nindicated that the negative contingency w a s\nrecognized in all three conditions. Belief\nperseverance, as measured by the likelihood of\npredicting the outcome on trials where the original\npredictor variable w a s present, w a s the strongest in\nthe condition v^thout alternatives. These results\nsupport the notion that belief change is a function of\nthe negative evidence pertaining to that belief and the\npresence of alternative explanations which seek their\nsupport from that same evidence.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5xj424kb","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Frederic","middle_name":"","last_name":"Vallee-Tourangeau","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""},{"first_name":"A.G.","middle_name":"","last_name":"Baker","name_suffix":"","institution":"McGill University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31788/galley/22856/download/"}]},{"pk":31670,"title":"Barriers to Conceptual Change in Learning Science Concepts: A Theoretical Conjecture","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper identifies and characterizes the existence of a specific class of \"constojcts\" which may be particularly difficult to learn and understand. Their difficulty necessitates conceptual change, which is a form of learning which we define in the context of this class of constructs. Our explanation seems to fit a diverse set of data concerning the difficulty in learnirig science concepts of this nature. Instructional implications for how w e can overcome this barrier to conceptual change will also be entertained.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pf1487h","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Michelene","middle_name":"T.H.","last_name":"Chi","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31670/galley/22738/download/"}]},{"pk":31620,"title":"Behavior-Based Artificial Intelligence","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to define Behavior-Based Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a new approach to the study of Intelligence. It distinguishes this approach from the traditional Knowledge-Based approach in terms of the questions studied, the solutions adopted and the criteria used for success. It does not limit Behavior-Based AI to the study of robots, but rather presents it as a general approach for building autonomous systems that have to deed with multiple, changing goals in a dynamic, unpredictable environment.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Invited Research Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xn0j6d2","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Pattie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Maes","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31620/galley/22688/download/"}]},{"pk":36595,"title":"BOOK BYTES","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Book and Media Review","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/878095sb","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Elizabeth","middle_name":"","last_name":"Leite","name_suffix":"","institution":"Mt. Diablo Unified School District","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36595/galley/27446/download/"}]},{"pk":31761,"title":"Boundary Effects in the Linguistic Representations of Simple Recurrent Networks","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a number of simulations which\nshow that SRN representations exhibit interactions\nbetween m e m o r y and sentence and clause\nboundaries reminiscent of effects described in the\nearly psycholinguistic literature (Jarvella, 1971;\nCaplan, 1972). Moreover, these effects can be\naccounted for by the intrinsic properties of srn\nrepresentations without the need to invoke external\nmemory mechanisms, as has conventionally been\ndone.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7v47v7mq","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Ronan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Reilly","name_suffix":"","institution":"University College Dublin","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31761/galley/22829/download/"}]},{"pk":31744,"title":"Categorizing Example Types in Context: Applications for the Generation of Tutorial Descriptions","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Different situations may require the presentation of\ndifferent types of examples. For instance, some sit-\nuations require the presentation of positive examples\nonly, while others require both positive and nega-\ntive examples. Furthermore, different examples often\nhave specific presentation requirements: they need\nto appear in an appropriate sequence, be introduced\nproperly and often require associated prompts. It\nis important to be able to identify what is needed\nin which case, and what needs to be done in pre-\nsenting the example. A categorization of examples,\nalong with their associated presentation requirements\nwould help tremendously. This issue is particularly\nsalient in the design of a computational framework for\nthe generation of tutorial descriptions which include\nexamples. Previous work on characterizing exam-\nples has approached the issue from the direction of\nwhen different types of examples should be provided,\nrather than what characterizes the different types. In\nthis paper, w e extend previous work on example char-\nacterization in two ways: (i) we show that the scope\nof the characterization must be extended to include\nnot just the example, but also the surrounding con-\ntext, and (ii) w e characterize examples in terms of\nthree orthogonal dimensions: the information con-\nlent, the intended audience, and the knowledge type.\nWe present descriptions from text-books on USP to\nillustrate our points, and describe h o w such catego-\nrizations can be effectively used by a computational\nsystem to generate descriptions that incorporate ex-\namples.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j23v5bd","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Vibhu","middle_name":"O.","last_name":"Mittal","name_suffix":"","institution":"Information Sciences Institute","department":""},{"first_name":"Cecile","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Paris","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31744/galley/22812/download/"}]},{"pk":36580,"title":"CATESOL Journal Editorial Staff","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":null,"keywords":[],"section":"Article","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6w1479wg","frozenauthors":[],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36580/galley/27431/download/"}]},{"pk":31802,"title":"Causal Mechanisms as Temporal Bridges in a Connectionist Model of Causal Attribuion","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We use a connectionist model which relies on the\nencoding of lempnjral relationships a m o n g events to\ninvestigate the role of causal mechanisms in causal\nattribution. Mechanisms are encoded as intervening\nevents with temporal extent that occur between the\noffset of a causal event and the onset of an effect. In\none set of simulations, the presence of intervening\nevents facilitated acquisition of a relationship between\ncause and effect via the mechanism. In a second set of\nsimulations, prior experience with mechanisms\nenhanced development of a cause-effect relationship\nduring later training absent the mechanism. The results\nprovide evidence that causal mechanisms can facilitate\ncausal attribution via H u m e a n cues-to-causality.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7r18t6t0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"E.","last_name":"Young","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Minnesota","department":""},{"first_name":"Brian","middle_name":"","last_name":"DeBauche","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Minnesota","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31802/galley/22870/download/"}]},{"pk":31720,"title":"Changes in Children's Conceptual Models of a Natural Phenomenon Using a Pictorial Complex Computer Simulation as a Tool","subtitle":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an investigation\nexamining the constructing of a conceptual\nmodel of a selected natural phenomenon by\nchildren when using a pictorial computer\nsimulation of that phenomenon. The paper\nconcentrates on describing changes in\nchildren's conceptual models which appeared\nafter an independent and spontaneous\nexploration process. The selected natural\nphenomenon was the variations of sunlight\nand heat of the sun as experienced on the\nearth related to the positions of the earth and\nthe sun in space. Before the exploration of the\nnatural phenomenon with the pictorial\ncomputer simulation children's conceptual\nmodels were at very different levels. S o m e\nchildren's conceptual models of the\nphenomenon were quite unidentified, and\nsome others' very developed. Only some\nchildren's conceptual models contained\nmisconceptions. The most significant change\nin children's conceptual models was that the\ninterconnections of different things and\nphenomena began to be constructed and the\nconstruction seems to be in the direction of\nthe currently accepted scientific knowledge.\nAccording to these findings it seems to be\npossible that an independent exploration by\nmeans of a pictorial computer simulation of a\ngiven natural phenomenon at a very early\nstage, w h e n children are spontaneously\ninterested in those things, could help children\nin the formation of a correctly directed\nconceptual model of that phenomenon.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5xd3n2x0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Marjatta","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kangassalo","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Tampere","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31720/galley/22788/download/"}]},{"pk":31747,"title":"Children with Dyslexia Acquire Skill More Slowly","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Two studies are reported in which a group of adolescent\nchildren with dyslexia and a group of normal children\nmatched for age and IQ undertook extended training. In\nStudy 1, which comprised three phases of learning over\nan 18 month period, the children learned to navigate\nvia key presses around a fixed circuit of a computer\nmaze. It w a s concluded that, following extended\ntraining under these optimal conditions, the children\nwith dyslexia had normal 'strength' of automatisation\n(as assessed by resistance to unlearning, by ease of\nreleaming, and by dual task performance) but that their\n'quality' of automatisation (as assessed by speed and\naccuracy) was impaired. Study 2 investigated the\nblending of two compatible simple reaction responses\ninto a two choice reaction. Although performance on\nthe simple reactions was equivalent across groups, the\nchildren with dyslexia had m o r e difficulty combining\nthe two skills at firstand showed significantly less\nlearning over the course of the training period. T h e\nestimated learning rate was around 5 0 % slower for the\nchildren with dyslexia, leading to the prediction that the\nproportionate slowing in acquisition time would\nincrease as the square root of the normal acquisition\ntime. A connectionist frameworic may provide a natural\nexplanation of the phenomena.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/50p943rz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Roderick","middle_name":"I.","last_name":"Nicolson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Sheffield","department":""},{"first_name":"Angela","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Fawcett","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Sheffield","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31747/galley/22815/download/"}]},{"pk":31689,"title":"Children with Dyslexia Show Deficits on Most Primitive Skills","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Anomalies have been found in a range of skills for\nchildren with dyslexia. The study presented here\ninvestigated performance on the full range of primitive skills for with dyslexia and normal children at ages 8, 11 and 16 years. Unexpectedly severe deficits were\nrevealed in a range of skills, including motor skill,\nphonological skill, and processing speed. Overall, the\nperformance of the 16 year old children with dyslexia was no better than that of the 8 year old normal\nchildren, with some skills being significantly worse,\nand some better. The results are inierpteted in terms of\na developmental progression in which children with\ndyslexia suffer from general deficits in primitive skill\nlearning, but are able to consciously compensate in\nmany skills. We believe that a connectionist learning\nframewcxk may provide a parsimonious account of the\nrange of deficits, providing a potential link between\nthese difficulties in skilled performance and the\nunderlying neuroanatomical abnormalities","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9f894074","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Angela","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Fawcett","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Sheffield","department":""},{"first_name":"Roderick","middle_name":"I.","last_name":"Nicolson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Sheffield","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31689/galley/22757/download/"}]},{"pk":31617,"title":"Computational Principles in Visual Comprehension: Simulating Neuropsychological Deficits by Lesioning Attractor Networks","subtitle":null,"abstract":"A central challenge In cognitive neuroscience is to explain how disorders of brain function give rise to disorders of cognition. In this regard.connectionist modeling provides a useful computational formalism for relating cognitive processes to their underlying neurological Implementation. In the domain of visual comprehension of words and objects. I will show how two peculiar patterns of impairment observed after brain damage. deep dyslexia and optic aphasia, also arise in simulations embodying a set of general computational principles: (1) visual and semantic Information is represented as distributed patterns of activity over separate groups of units such that the patterns exhibit the appropriate similarities within and between these domains: (2) the knowledge of the relationships between representations is encoded as weights on connections between units: and (3) the mapping between representations is accomplished by Interactivity among umts, forming \"attractors\" for familiar patterns of activity. Further assumptions are that short-term correlational information is useful in object recognition but not In word recognition, and that there is less structure in the mapping from visual to semantic representations for words than for objects. In a simulation of word reading, damage leads to the peculiar Interactions of visual and semantic similarities in errors found in deep dyslexia. In a simulation of object naming, very few purely visual errors occur after damage but now semantic similarity Interacts with perseverative effects from previous trials, as in optic aphasia. The replication of complex empirical phenomena concerning Impaired visual comprehension of both words and objects provides evidence that the general principles underlying the simulations also apply to the semantic processing of visual information and its breakdown following brain damage In humans.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Invited Research Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9gg9d21q","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"David","middle_name":"C.","last_name":"Plaut","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31617/galley/22685/download/"}]},{"pk":31776,"title":"Concept Hierarchy Networks for Inheritance Systems: Concept Formations, Property Inhertitance and Conflict Resolution","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Most inheritance systems which use hierarchi-\ncal representation of knowledge, do not consider\nlearning. In this paper, a concept hierarchy net-\nwork model based on adaptive resonance theory\nis proposed for inheritance systems, which ex-\nplicitly includes learning as one of its major de-\nsign goals. B y chunking relations between con-\ncepts as cognitive codes, concept hierarchy can\nbe learned/modified through experience. Fur-\nthermore, fuzzy relations between concepts can\nbe represented by weights on links connecting\nthem. It is shown that by a spreading activation\nprocess based on code firing, and competition be-\ntween conflicting concepts, the model is able to\nexhibit property inheritance and to resolve such\nconflicting situations as exceptions and conflicting multiple inheritance.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/893204z6","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Hui-Shin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Vivien Soon","name_suffix":"","institution":"Northeastern University","department":""},{"first_name":"Ah-Hwee","middle_name":"","last_name":"Tan","name_suffix":"","institution":"Neural Systems Boston University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31776/galley/22844/download/"}]},{"pk":31608,"title":"Conceptual Change and Other Varieties of Cognitive Development: Some Distinctions in the Emergence of Biological Thought","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Conceptual change is generally proposed to occur In one of three ways: 1. constant evolution of new conceptual structures out of older ones such that all traces of the original may eventually disappear. 2. creation of new concepts out of old ones wherein the old remain Intact, and 3. emergence of new concepts from preconceptual states via general learning procedures. The actual incidence of these kinds of change, however, may be overestimated at the expense of two other patterns of cognitive development. One type involves changing access to already present explanatory systems, often through a reframlng of what properties and relations are considered most relevant. Whether to call this process conceptual change is controversial, as the basic systems of explanation may be constant throughout. The other type Involves a range of mechanisms that are not conceptual change in any normal sense of the word. but rather increasing accretion and/or differentiation of knowledge within a highly stable and regular conceptual structure. Not surprisingly, details of all these views depend greatly on models of what concepts actually are; and a particular view of concepts and its Implications Is discussed. These Issues are explored with examples from the realm of biological thought.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Invited Research Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2kv9h7g3","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Frank","middle_name":"C.","last_name":"Keil","name_suffix":"","institution":"Cornell University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31608/galley/22676/download/"}]},{"pk":31675,"title":"Connectionism and Probability Judgement: Suggestions on Biases","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In the present paper we deal with several violations of normative rules in probability judgement: the inverse-base-rate and the conjunction fallacy, among others. To reproduce these failures, a sample of subjects was asked to judge the probability of several items according to what they had learnt in a previous learning task on medical diagnosis. Attempts are made to explain the results within the connectionist framework. W e based our approach in a simple network, designed by Gluck and Bower (1988), which updates its weights using the L MS rule.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/07n4x55d","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Pedro","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Cobos","name_suffix":"","institution":"Universidad de La Laguna","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31675/galley/22743/download/"}]},{"pk":31633,"title":"Connectionism, Symbol Grounding, and Autonomous Agents","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In this position paper we would like to lay out our view on the importance of grounding and situatedness for cognitive science. Furthermore we would like to suggest that both aspects become relevant almost automatically if one consequently pursues the original ideas from connectionism. Finally we discuss the relevance of grounding for theories of meaning and the possible contribution of symbol grounding for autonomous agents.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Symposia","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4182q4s5","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Georg","middle_name":"","last_name":"Dorffner","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Vienna","department":""},{"first_name":"Erich","middle_name":"","last_name":"Prem","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Vienna","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31633/galley/22701/download/"}]},{"pk":31794,"title":"Constraints on Knowledge Acquisition: Evidence from Children's Models of the Earth and the Day/Night Cycle","subtitle":null,"abstract":"First, third, and fifth grade children were asked\nquestions about the shape of the earth and about the\nday/night cycle. The majority of the children used a\nsmall number of well-defined mental models of the\nearth, the sun, and the m o o n to explain the day/night\ncycle. T h e younger children formed initial mental\nmodels which explained the day/night cycle in terms\nof everyday experience (e.g., the sun goes d o w n behind\nthe mountains; clouds cover up the sun). T h e older\nchildren constructed synthetic mental models (e.g., the\nsun and m o o n revolve around the stationary earth\nevery 24 hours; the earth rotates in an \"up/down\"\ndirection with the sun and m o o n fixed at opposite\nsides) which are attempts to synthesize aspects of the\nscientific view with aspects of their initial models. A\nfew of the older children appeared to have constmcted a\nmental model of the day/night cycle similar to the\nscientific one. The children's models of the shape of\nthe earth provided strong \"second-order\" constraints on\ntheir models of the day/night cycle (e.g., children with\nflat earth models do not explain the day/night cycle in\nterms of the m o v e m e n t of the earth). The changes in\nthe children's models with age was explained in terms\nof the gradual reinterpretation of a set of\npresuppositions, s o m e of which are present early in\nthe child's life, and others which emerge later out of\npreviously acquired knowledge.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12x8451p","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Stella","middle_name":"","last_name":"Vosniadou","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Athens","department":""},{"first_name":"William","middle_name":"F.","last_name":"Brewer","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Illinois","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31794/galley/22862/download/"}]},{"pk":31773,"title":"Content in Computation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Examining the philosophical foundations of theories\nin computational psychology, and cognitive science in\ngeneral, is a methodology that is likely to yield strong\nresults to problems in the philosophy of mind. O n e\nsuch problem is the problem of intentionality. A n\nintentional property is semantic: it has parts which\nrefer or are true. T h e problem is to explain w h y these\nproperties are empirically, and hence causally,\nrespectable. A s in all special, \"non-basic\" sciences, an\nempirically respectable property has sufficient\nconditions for its instantiation. But specifying such\nconditions for the intentional properties used by\ncomputational psychology proves difficult, since\napparently neither physical nor computational identity\nare enough. A solution is proposed by examining in\nsome detail the computational theory of vision. A key\nelement of this theory requires that the intentional\nproperties attributed to representations are constrained\nby considering the later computational uses to which\nthese representations must be put. This constraint is\nstrong enough to yield sufficient conditions for a given\nrepresentation to have a given intentional property.\nSince analogous constraints are likely to be found in\nother cognitive d o m a i n s , the result argued for\nconstitutes an important methodological a n d\nphilosophical insight about cognitive science in\ngeneral.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rx2455b","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Daniel","middle_name":"","last_name":"Seymour","name_suffix":"","institution":"City University of New York Graduate Center","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31773/galley/22841/download/"}]},{"pk":31718,"title":"Contingent Freqiency Effects in Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution","subtitle":null,"abstract":"We investigated contingent frequency effects in syntactic\nambiguity resolution in three self-paced reading\nexperiments. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the\nfrequency with which that occurs as a determiner or a\ncomplementizer in different syntactic environments\npredicts readers initial parsing preferences. Experiments\n2 and 3 demonstrated frequencyand regularity effects for\nreading the and that after different types of verbs that\nare similar to effects that have been well-documented in\nword recognition.","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3g84974g","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Cornell","middle_name":"","last_name":"Juliano","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Rochester","department":""},{"first_name":"Michael","middle_name":"K .","last_name":"Tanenhaus","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Rochester","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31718/galley/22786/download/"}]},{"pk":31716,"title":"Correcting Causal Explanations in Memory","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Several lines of research have suggested that\ninformation previously integrated into memory can\ninfluence inferences and judgments, even w h e n more\nrecent information discredits it. A first experiment\ntested the prediction that information providing causal\nstructure, versus being mentioned but otherwise\nunintegrated into the account, would lead to more\ninfluence, and found that subjects used both discredited\nand valid information affording causal structure to\nmake inferences, but not incidentally mentioned\ninformation with the same content Experiment 2 found\nthat w hen a plausible causal alternative accompanied\nthe correction, subjects showed less influence from the\ndiscredited information than when the correction simply\nnegated earlier information. The findingssuggest that\nthe continued influence of discredited information\ndepends on the causal structure it affords","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Presentations","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1wb60215","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Hollyn","middle_name":"M .","last_name":"Johnson","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Michigan","department":""},{"first_name":"Colleen","middle_name":"M .","last_name":"Seifert","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Michigan","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31716/galley/22784/download/"}]},{"pk":31628,"title":"Correction in Tutoring","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The goal of the current paper is to describe the results of an empirical study of tutoring dialogue, with special attention on the issue of correction in tutoring. In particular, this paper presents findings which strongly suggest that the ever> day preference for self-correction (Pomerantz, 1975) is maintained even in a heavily knowledge-asymmetric situation like tutoring. For further details of this study, readers should consult Fox (1993).","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Symposia","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xd0t2xt","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Barbara","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Fox","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Colorado","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1993-01-01T19:00:00+01:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31628/galley/22696/download/"}]}]}