Predictions were made about the types and the number of inferences to be found in the verbal protocols of subjects reading difficult to understand texts. The predictions were made on the basis of two alternative models of inference generation, the backward bottom-up inference and the forward bottom-up inference. It was also hypothesized that plan-goal and script inferences would be stored longer in STM than coreference and role identification inferences. This implies that plan-goal and script inferences are more likely to be reported than coreference and role Identification inferences. The protocol analyses support the backward bottom-up inference model and support the assumed length of storage in STM of the different types of inferences.
","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9wp6b469","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"RAYMONDE","middle_name":"","last_name":"GUINDON","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Colorado, Boulder","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20835/galley/10568/download/"}]},{"pk":20833,"title":"Interestingness and Memory for Stories","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Two experiments investigated the effects of the number of interesting events in a story on memory for that story. The results differed depending on whether or not the story followed a stereotypical script. For script-based stories, adding interesting events spaced throughout the stories decreased the stories' memorability. However, for non-script-based stories, adding a few interesting events aided memory for the stories, but adding too many decreased memory. These results were interpreted in terms of a limited resource model of story understanding limited resource model of story understanding that focusses processing on interesting events.
","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5kr9j6td","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Black","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""},{"first_name":"Steven","middle_name":"P.","last_name":"Shwartz","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""},{"first_name":"Wendy","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Lehnert","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20833/galley/10566/download/"}]},{"pk":20894,"title":"Invariance Hierarchies in Metaphor Interpretation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Interpreting metaphors is an integral and inescapable process in human understanding of natural language. The current investigation analyzes analogical mappings underlying metaphors and their implications for inference and memory organization. Regularities have been observed indicating that certain types of conceptual relations are much more apt to remain invariant in analogical mappings than other relations, resulting in an induced invariance hierarchy. The central thesis is that human inference processes are governed by the same analogical mappings manifest as metaphors in language.
","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r06k4w0","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Jaime","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Carbonell","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie Mellon University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20894/galley/10627/download/"}]},{"pk":20877,"title":"Knowledge Structures of Computer Programners","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted 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University","department":""},{"first_name":"Herbert","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Simon","name_suffix":"","institution":"Carnegie-Mellon University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20832/galley/10565/download/"}]},{"pk":20900,"title":"Learning With Understanding","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5kr553k9","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Creeno","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20900/galley/10633/download/"}]},{"pk":21191,"title":"Marriage is a Do-It-Yourself Project: The Organization of Marital Goals","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Articles","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1mz1d9hd","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Naomi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Quinn","name_suffix":"","institution":"Duke University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":"2024-05-13T13:26:15.814000-04:00","date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/21191/galley/10841/download/"}]},{"pk":20867,"title":"Memory in Story Invention","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5cp820fs","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Natalie","middle_name":"","last_name":"Dehn","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20867/galley/10600/download/"}]},{"pk":20896,"title":"Metaphor as Nonliteral Similarity","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1wv4c336","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Odella","middle_name":"E.","last_name":"Schattin","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""},{"first_name":"Hartvig","middle_name":"","last_name":"Dahl","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20896/galley/10629/download/"}]},{"pk":20852,"title":"Mops and Learning","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5tm3b0m7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Roger","middle_name":"C.","last_name":"Schank","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20852/galley/10585/download/"}]},{"pk":20847,"title":"New Tools for Cognitive Science","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7ph4d8vx","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Leonard","middle_name":"","last_name":"Friedman","name_suffix":"","institution":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20847/galley/10580/download/"}]},{"pk":20863,"title":"Point of View in Problem Solving","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84h1d8zz","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Edwin","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"Hutchlns","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California. San Diego","department":""},{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Levin","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California. San Diego","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20863/galley/10596/download/"}]},{"pk":20866,"title":"Positive Affect and Creative Problem Solving","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Two studies run simultaneously investigated the influence of positive affect on creative problem solving as indicated by Duncker's (1945) candle task. Results show that positive affect, as induced by exposure to a funny movie, facilitated a subject's ability to solve the problem in comparison with those in control groups who either saw a control film or who did not view a film at all. In addition, in accord with previous findings (AJamson, 1952; Higgins & Chaires, 1980) , subjects in another comparison group who were exposed to a facilitative display of the items were also more likely than a control group to solve the candle task. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of a positive affective state on accessibility of material and on cognitive organization.
","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/76k9s9dh","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Alice","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Isen","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Maryland Baltimore County","department":""},{"first_name":"Gary","middle_name":"P.","last_name":"Nowicki","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Maryland Baltimore County","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20866/galley/10599/download/"}]},{"pk":20822,"title":"Rational Processes in Perception","subtitle":null,"abstract":"In this paper we will give our reasons for believing that certain current attempts to explain perceptual phenomena on a lower level in terms of known sensorymechanisms are untenable. We will do this by focussing on two topics, lightness perception and the perception of apparent motion. We will summarize some older data (not all of which are sufficiently known) and will describe some recent work of our own. Finally, on a more positive note, we will try to indicate the direction that a theory must take if it is to deal effectively with these phenomena.
","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Symposium - Cognition and Perception","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6gp965s7","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Alan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Gilchrist","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""},{"first_name":"Irvin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rock","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20822/galley/10555/download/"}]},{"pk":20868,"title":"Recognizing Thematic Units In Narratives","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Lehnert (1980) proposed a model thematic knowledge structures called 'plot units', which are structurally deflned sequences of mental states, positive events, and negative events In a clustering experiment, subjects were asked to sort 36 stories into groups. These groups were labeled by the subjects, and that data used to identify the nature of each mental category. Plot units generally provided a good fit to the clustering patterns in the data, with higher level clusters corresponding to discriminations on the nature of the outcome and judgements about the 'fairness' of the protagonist.
","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8609q9nk","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Brian","middle_name":"J.","last_name":"Reiser","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""},{"first_name":"Wendy","middle_name":"G.","last_name":"Lehnert","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""},{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"B.","last_name":"Black","name_suffix":"","institution":"Yale University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20868/galley/10601/download/"}]},{"pk":20859,"title":"Relations Between Schemata-Based Computational Vision and Aspects of Visual Attention","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/97v5b8pt","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Roger","middle_name":"A.","last_name":"Browse","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of British Columbia","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20859/galley/10592/download/"}]},{"pk":20864,"title":"Representing Problem-Solving Episodes","subtitle":null,"abstract":"The understanding of simple, narrative episodes in which a protagonist successfully realizes a goal through a sequence of actions is studied. In two experiments, subjects rated the acceptability of sentences of the form \"The protagonist does ACT J^ in order that the protagonist could ACT 2\", where ACT 2 and ACT }_ were actions from the episode. Ratings were predicted by (I.e., inversely related to) distance within a narrative representation which organizes actions into sequences (action chains) reflecting aspects of the problem-solving plan employed by the protagonist. Subjects separated action chains that had been interleaved in a text. Mishap, irrelevant, and restorative actions were not incorporated directly into an attempt structure. Corrective actions, undoing the ill effects of mishaps, were incorporated. Further research is suggested.
","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2s37v4fv","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Arthur","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Farley","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""},{"first_name":"Oavid","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"McCarty","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20864/galley/10597/download/"}]},{"pk":20853,"title":"Retrieving General and Specific Information From Stored Knowledge of Specifics","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9qr1n7jv","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"James","middle_name":"L.","last_name":"McClelland","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, San Diego","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20853/galley/10586/download/"}]},{"pk":20885,"title":"Role of Context in Cognitive Development","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7p31k8b5","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Gideon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Carmi","name_suffix":"","institution":"Hebrew University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20885/galley/10618/download/"}]},{"pk":20836,"title":"Self-Embedding Is Not a Linguistic Issue","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6r47c38k","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"John","middle_name":"M.","last_name":"Carroll","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20836/galley/10569/download/"}]},{"pk":20861,"title":"Shaping Explanations: Effects of Questioning on Text Interpretation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"Results in cognitive psychology have shown that readers can be steered away from an otherwise plausible interpretation of a story by extra-textual factors such as the source of the text, the stated reading purpose, interruptions and repetition of questions about the text. For instance, successive repetitions of the same question about a given text will often elicit a series of alternative interpretations of the text. This effect cannot be accounted for by established principles of text processing behavior, such as people's preference for cohesive and parsimonious representations of text. This paper presents a computer program called MACARTHUR, which models this behavior by varying the depth and direction of its inference pursuit in response to re-questioning, resulting in a series of markedly different interpretations of the same text. In light of the results, some new experiments are suggested in hopes of arriving at a new principle, beyond cohesion and parsimony, to account for the observed text processing behavior.
","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/91k13811","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Richard","middle_name":"H.","last_name":"Granger","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of California, Irvine","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20861/galley/10594/download/"}]},{"pk":20827,"title":"Situation Based Emotion Frames And The Cultural Construction of Emotions","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Symposium - Affect","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3dm2t91n","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Catherine","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lutz","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20827/galley/10560/download/"}]},{"pk":20891,"title":"Skills, Learning and Parallelism","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/43c728j6","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Aaron","middle_name":"","last_name":"Sloman","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of Sussex","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20891/galley/10624/download/"}]},{"pk":20879,"title":"Some Questions About Verbal and Pictoral Representation","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0tc8c68w","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Sheldon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Richmond","name_suffix":"","institution":"","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20879/galley/10612/download/"}]},{"pk":20849,"title":"Some Thoughts on Logic, Language, Mind and Reality","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/80w49630","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Rachel","middle_name":"Joffe","last_name":"Falmagne","name_suffix":"","institution":"Clark University","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20849/galley/10582/download/"}]},{"pk":20824,"title":"Structure and Function In The Early Processing of Visual Information","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Symposium - Cognition and Perception","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0gw0w2db","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Shimon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ullman","name_suffix":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","department":""}],"date_submitted":null,"date_accepted":null,"date_published":"1981-01-01T13:00:00-05:00","render_galley":null,"galleys":[{"label":"PDF","type":"pdf","path":"https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/20824/galley/10557/download/"}]},{"pk":20899,"title":"Surrealistic Imagery & The Calculation of Behavior","subtitle":null,"abstract":"","language":"eng","license":{"name":"","short_name":"","text":null,"url":""},"keywords":[],"section":"Submitted Papers","is_remote":true,"remote_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/90m3v34x","frozenauthors":[{"first_name":"Sheldon","middle_name":"","last_name":"Klein","name_suffix":"","institution":"University of 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