Anjana Devanand, Georgina M. Falster, Zoe E. Gillett, Sanaa Hobeichi, Chiara M. Holgate, Chenhui Jin, Mengyuan Mu, Tess Parker, Sami W. Rifai, Kathleen S. Rome, Milica Stojanovic, Elisabeth Vogel, Nerilie Abram, Gab Abramowitz, Sloan Coats , Jason P. Evans, Ailie J. E. Gallant, Andy J Pitman, Scott B. Power, Surendra P. Rauniyar, Andréa S. Taschetto, Anna M. Ukkola

We examine the characteristics and causes of southeast Australia’s Tinderbox Drought (2017–2019) that preceded the Black Summer fire disaster. The Tinderbox Drought was characterised by cool season rainfall deficits of around –50% in three consecutive years, which was exceptionally unlikely in the context of natural variability alone. The precipitation deficits were initiated and sustained by an anomalous atmospheric circulation that diverted oceanic moisture away from the region, despite traditional indicators of increased drought risk in southeast Australia generally being in neutral states. Moisture deficits were later intensified by unusually high temperatures, high vapour pressure deficits and sustained reductions in terrestrial water availability. Anthropogenic forcing intensified the rainfall deficits of the Tinderbox Drought by around 18% with an interquartile range of 34.9% to –13.3% highlighting the considerable uncertainty in attributing droughts of this kind to human activity. Skillful predictability of this drought was possible by incorporating multiple remote and local predictors through machine learning, providing prospects for improving forecasting of multi-year droughts.