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{ "count": 39501, "next": "https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=api&limit=100&offset=14400", "previous": "https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=api&limit=100&offset=14200", "results": [ { "pk": 29572, "title": "Nonlinear Probability Weighting Can Reflect Attentional Biases in Sequential Sampling", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Nonlinear probability weighting allows cumulative prospect theory (CPT) to account for seminal phenomena in riskychoice (e.g., the certainty effect). The attentional drift diffusion model (aDDM) formalizes that attentional biases canshape preferences as a sequential sampling process. We simulated choices between safe and risky options using the aDDMwith varying attentional biases to safe or risky options and modeled these choices with CPT. Changes in preferences dueto attentional biases were systematically reflected in the parameters of CPT’s weighting function (curvature, elevation).We demonstrate that this also holds empirically, in the sampling paradigm in decision from experience. Hence, nonlinearprobability weighting can arise from option-specific attentional biases in information search. This challenges commoninterpretations of probability-weighting parameters, suggests novel attentional explanations for empirical phenomena as-sociated with characteristic shapes of CPT’s probability-weighting function, and adds to the integration of two prominentcomputational frameworks for decision making.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qh651gh", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Veronika", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Zilker", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Max Planck Institute for Human Development", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Thorsten", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pachur", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Max Planck Institute for Human Development", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29572/galley/19432/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29695, "title": "Not all Errors are the Same: The Role of Cognitive Effort in Cross-SituationalWord Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Errors are usually viewed as detrimental to learning. Yet, recent proposals suggest that errors may create desirable difficul-ties and thereby improve learning. We evaluated these proposals in the context of cross-situational word learning. Duringeach learning trial, adults saw two images and heard two words. In the Error1 condition, the first word was unexpectedbased on prior experience and the second was expected. The referent of the unexpected word could only be establishedafter hearing the expected word. In the Error2 condition, the expected word came first, which made it easier to learn themapping of the subsequent unexpected word. There was no difference between the conditions; however, expected wordswere only learned significantly better than unexpected words in the Error2 condition. This suggests that the structure ofthe learning environment modulates the impact of errors.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1ss5f5f7", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Katherine", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Snelling", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Queen’s University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Sydney", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Thib", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Queen’s University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Stanka", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Fitneva", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Queen’s University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29695/galley/19552/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29772, "title": "Not as Bad as Painted?\nLegal Expertise, Intentionality Ascription, and Outcome Effects Revisited", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Previous research by Kneer and Bourgeois-Gironde (2017)\nsuggests that legal experts are susceptible to the “severity\neffect” – they ascribe a higher level of intentionality for\nactions if they lead to very bad side-effects than when they\nhave somewhat bad side-effects. These results are potentially\nproblematic for the legal system because ascriptions of\nintentionality in the law explicitly depend on the evaluation of\nmental states of the agent (mens rea), not on the badness of\nthe outcomes she caused. In this paper, we provide and test an\nalternative explanation of the “severity effect” that has no\ntroubling implications for the law. We suggest that it may be\na subtype of a more general “side-effect effect” (Knobe,\n2003), which is compatible with certain legal criteria of\nascribing intentionality.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "severity effect; intentionality; mens rea; criminal\nlaw; legal expertise" } ], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20c41270", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Karolina", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Prochownik", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Ruhr University Bochum", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Melina", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Krebs", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Ruhr University Bochum", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Alex", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wiegmann", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Ruhr University Bochum", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Joachim", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Horvath", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Ruhr University Bochum", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29772/galley/19626/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29402, "title": "Not what you expect: The relationship between violation of expectation andnegation", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Language acquisition research has shown that children aredelayed in their production and comprehension of truth-functional negation (e.g., “A raven is not a writing desk.”) ascompared to other kinds of negation (e.g., rejection and nonex-istence). The source of this delay is unclear, it may reflectdifficulty in mapping the concept of negation to the way itmanifests in their language, or it may be due to a lack of aconceptual or cognitive ability. This work aims to investigatethe circumstances under which a learner might infer the pres-ence of negation in a message, inspired by the approach ofPapafragou, Cassidy, and Gleitman (2007). Namely, we in-vestigate the degree to which videos in which agents fail incompleting an action encourages adult participants to infer theuse of negation in an utterance describing it. In addition toEvent Type (i.e., Failures vs. Successes), we provided par-ticipants with additional linguistic information (i.e., syntacticinformation via Jabberwocky sentences), lexical information(i.e., an alphabetical list of the content words), and Full Lin-guistic Context (the English sentence with a single item miss-ing). With adults, we ask whether learners with the ability toattend to goals and perceive deviations from their completioncould make use of this information, and if so, to what extentdo varying degrees of converging linguistic evidence furtherassist in inferring the use of a negator.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "language acquisition; cognitive development; nu-merical cognition; preregistered" } ], "section": "Language Development", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1153q47b", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Victor", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gomes", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yubin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Huh", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Trueswell", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29402/galley/19262/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29746, "title": "Novice conceptions and perception of single and two force interactions", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Physics education and psychology research have found novices struggle to accurately predict the trajectory of objects,and perception research has found people cannot perceptually differentiate between plausible and implausible collisionoutcomes. Prior research focused on single force interactions, we explored predictions and perception of both one andtwo force interactions. Participants (N = 111) drew predicted paths of balls acted upon by a single force, two forcesacting simultaneously, and two forces acting sequentially. Paths were categorized into: correct, curved, single forcedominant, inaccurate angle, first force dominant, and recent force dominant. Participants also made perceptual naturalnessand animacy ratings for animations portraying accurate solutions and high frequency alternate conceptions. Preliminaryresults suggest participants were accurate for forces aligned on one dimension, and less accurate for forces not aligned onone dimensionparticipants anticipated curved paths, paths taking an inaccurate angle, and paths aligned with only one ofthe forces.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1cv5z7dv", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Rachel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Myer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Temple University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Shipley", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Temple University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29746/galley/19602/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29486, "title": "Object Bias Disrupts Rule-Based Generalization in Adults Across Domains", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Humans are remarkably adept at abstract rule learning, but\nlittle is known about when learners apply this knowledge. We\ninvestigated a fundamental constraint in rule generalization:\nattention to featural similarity (object bias). Across two\nexperiments in different domains, we asked whether adults’\nabstract rule generalization is constrained by superficial\nmatches to the concrete exemplars present during learning, as\nis known to be the case for analogical reasoning (Gentner &\nToupin, 1986). In the present studies, participants were\nexposed to a series of sequences following a simple rule and\nwere asked to generalize to novel instances of either the same\nrule or a new rule. In one condition, an individual element\npresent during initial learning was inserted into the new,\nunfamiliar pattern. Results showed that adults often chose this\nobject match over the rule match, suggesting that abstract rule\ngeneralization, like analogical reasoning, is impacted by\nconcrete features of the input.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "abstract rule learning; generalization; analogy;\nlearning bias; object match" } ], "section": "Biases", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04z70948", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Evan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Orticio", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Swarthmore College", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Stella", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Christie", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Tsinghua University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29486/galley/19346/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30163, "title": "On causal claims, contingencies, and inference:How causal terminology affects what we think about the strength of causal links", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The communicative goal behind a causal claim like “Smok-ing causes heart attacks” is to inform recipients about the ex-istence of a causal link between the factors mentioned in theproposition. Different terminologies can be used to accomplishthis goal. Sometimes people use formulations of the form “Ccauses E”, like in the tobacco warning above, and sometimesthey use other formulations, such as modal propositions like“C can cause / lead to E.”, or statements like “C increases therisk of E.”. We investigate the hypothesis that different causalstructure claims, by means of different terminologies, not onlycommunicate the existence of a causal link but also implic-itly elicit intuitions about that link’s strength. Experiment 1revealed that claims like “C causes E” imply a stronger linkthan, for example, modal formulations like “C can cause E”.Experiment 2 tested implications of this finding for researchon causal structure learning.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "causality; causal claims; causal reasoning; causalstrength; causal structure; causal talk" } ], "section": "Papers accepted as Posters, appearing in proceedings only", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gr8g9jh", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Simon", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Stephan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of G ̈ottingen", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Waldmann", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of G ̈ottingen", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30163/galley/20017/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29458, "title": "Online Article Comprehension in Monolingual Spanish-Speaking Preschoolers with\nSpecific Language Impairment: A Language-Mediated Visual Attention Study", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Article production difficulties in Spanish-speaking children\nwith specific language impairment (SLI) are well documented.\nHowever, evidence on article comprehension is scarce. In an\neye tracking experiment, we compared online comprehension\nof definite and indefinite articles in monolingual Spanish-\nspeaking children with SLI and children with typical language\ndevelopment (TLD) matched for age. Children listened to\nsimple phrases while inspecting a visual context with four\nimages. The article in the phrase agreed in number and gender\nwith the target image only. Visual target preference was\nmonitored as the phrase unfolded. Eye movements revealed\nthat children with SLI showed a weak preference for the target\non indefinite article trials only after hearing the noun, although\nno significant effects of definiteness were observed. In\ncontrast, children with TLD were able to use the article to\nanticipate the noun. These findings contribute to reducing the\ngap between article production and comprehension in children\nwith SLI.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "Specific language impairment; grammar; articles;\ncomprehension; eye movements" } ], "section": "Reading and Processing", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/28p6f68s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Andrea", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Helo", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Universidad de Chile", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Carmen", "middle_name": "Julia", "last_name": "Coloma", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Universidad de Chile", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Zulema", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "De Barbieri", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Universidad Santo Tomás", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ernesto", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Guerra", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Universidad de Chile", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29458/galley/19318/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30215, "title": "Online Ratings: A Case Study of Information Integration", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Building upon previous literature that demonstrates the effect of average rating and number of reviews on consumerbehavior, the present study begged the question of how rating distributions influence perception of product quality at theindividual consumer level. To address this question, we presented a wide range of rating variances for each average ratingfrom 1.1 to 4.9 in a 5-star system and asked participants to indicate their perceived quality of each product on a scale of1 10. The behavioral study revealed an interaction between average rating and rating variance: Among all products of thesame average rating, when the average rating was low (below 2.5), people judged less-variable products to be of higherquality, whereas when the average rating was high (above 2.5), people judged more-variable products to be of higherquality. A utility-based cognitive model was developed to identify the underlying mechanisms of this reversed preference.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Member Abstracts, appearing in proceedings only", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89f8k4sc", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jingqi", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Yu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Indiana University Bloomington", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Landy", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Indiana University Bloomington", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Goldstone", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Indiana University Bloomington", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30215/galley/20069/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30114, "title": "On the Malleability and Stability of Ignoring Group-Level Effects", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Co-operation and group-serving behaviour of group members has increasingly been acknowledged as essential to theflourishing of groups in general and the success of teams in organizations or companies in particular. Studying this,however, presupposes dissociating individual-level and group-level effects (involving a Simpsons Paradox). We havestarted investigating settings where true individual- and group-level effects could be dissociated in a learning paradigmconcerned with individuals in changing teams. Our results show that participants often evaluated the overall most effectivegroup-serving team-player much more negatively than all less effective non-interacting workers. This suggested a potentialTragedy of Personnel Selection, when personnel managers, relying on number-based outcomes, tend to ignore even strongand crucial group-level effects of team-players. Here we briefly summarize some findings and present an experiment,where we tried to improve participants ability to dissociate individual- from group-level effects, by explicitly providingthem with hypotheses about a team player.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m97c7bb", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Momme", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "von Sydow", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Siegen", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Niels", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Braus", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Heidelberg", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ulrike", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hahn", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Birkbeck, University of London", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30114/galley/19968/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29710, "title": "On the Predictive Power of Neural Language Models for Human Real-TimeComprehension Behavior", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Human reading behavior is tuned to the statistics of natural lan-guage: the time it takes human subjects to read a word can bepredicted from estimates of the word’s probability in context.However, it remains an open question what computational ar-chitecture best characterizes the expectations deployed in realtime by humans that determine the behavioral signatures ofreading. Here we test over two dozen models, independentlymanipulating computational architecture and training datasetsize, on how well their next-word expectations predict humanreading time behavior on naturalistic text corpora. Consistentwith previous work, we find that across model architecturesand training dataset sizes the relationship between word log-probability and reading time is (near-)linear. We next evalu-ate how features of these models determine their psychometricpredictive power, or ability to predict human reading behav-ior. In general, the better a model’s next-word expectations(as measured by the traditional language modeling perplexityobjective), the better its psychometric predictive power. How-ever, we find nontrivial differences in psychometric predictivepower across model architectures. For any given perplexity,deep Transformer models and n-gram models generally showsuperior psychometric predictive power over LSTM or struc-turally supervised neural models, especially for eye movementdata. Finally, we compare models’ psychometric predictivepower to the depth of their syntactic knowledge, as measuredby a battery of syntactic generalization tests developed usingmethods from controlled psycholinguistic experiments. Onceperplexity is controlled for, we find no significant relationshipbetween syntactic knowledge and predictive power. These re-sults suggest that, at least for the present state of natural lan-guage technology, different approaches may be required to bestmodel human real-time language comprehension behavior innaturalistic reading versus behavior for controlled linguisticmaterials designed for targeted probing of syntactic knowl-edge.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "Language modeling" }, { "word": "real-time language compre-hension" }, { "word": "Deep learning" }, { "word": "eye-tracking" }, { "word": "self-paced reading" } ], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/738338tm", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ethan", "middle_name": "G.", "last_name": "Wilcox", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Harvard University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jon", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gauthier", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jennifer", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Peng", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Qian", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Roger", "middle_name": "P.", "last_name": "Levy", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29710/galley/19567/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29707, "title": "On the Psychology of Resource Monitoring", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This research aims to understand when, why, and how people monitor resources such as money, time, and calories. Over-all, we find that people monitor money more closely than time or calories, but this varies by time horizon. While time andcalories were monitored most closely over a day, monitoring of money peaked at a month. Examining several possiblemediators of engagement with resource monitoring, we find the factors that impact ones engagement with resource moni-toring varies both by resource and by time horizon. One mediating factor that seems particularly important is the numberof budget categories people create. We find the degree to which people engage in resource monitoring is positively relatedto the number of categories they form. This research has implications for any behavior that involves tracking resources,such as financial decision-making, dieting, time management, and goal pursuit more generally.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9c88m2sj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Daniel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Katz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Chicago", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Abigail", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Sussman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Chicago", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29707/galley/19564/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30185, "title": "Ontogenesis of social interaction: Review of studies relevant to the fetal socialbehavior.", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The paper discusses the ontogenesis of social interaction by reviewing different studies of fetal voice recognition, mimicry,and twin fetuses co-movement. The review found that fetuses behave socially, but they are unable to do this on their owndue to a lack of understanding social reality, which requires linking certain social cues with corresponding social cases.The article hypothesizes the facilitation of social learning of fetuses through mental interaction with the mother. Thismodality of interaction was explored in 12 online experiments with 67 adults and children. Participants were requiredto translate unfamiliar foreign words themselves (independently), by choosing one correct translation from 10 variants intheir native language in a congruent design and, with the opposite task, in incongruent one. The confederates receivedhints about the correct answers. These online experiments in different languages found evidence of a 98% increase in agroup performance (the p-value 0.001).", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Member Abstracts, appearing in proceedings only", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5n24z2zf", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Igor", "middle_name": "Val", "last_name": "Danilov", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Academic Center for Coherent Intelligence", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Sandra", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Mihailova", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Riga Stradins University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30185/galley/20039/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30071, "title": "Openness to Fictional Experience: Measuring Readers’ and Viewers’ NarrativeAbsorption as a Function of Personality", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Social media uses narrative templates to present information, whether news (real or fake) or advertisements. The perpetualengagement with stories influences our attention, memory, thinking and behaviour. This study addresses two researchquestions: What kind of story engages what kind of audience? Are people high in openness to experience more susceptibleto getting lost in counterfactual worlds? Participants with high/low scores in openness to experience are presented withliterary and film vignettes independently rated as engaging/non-engaging. Narrative absorption and openness to experiencequestionnaires provide preliminary data indicating reliable narrative absorption-openness correlation. Eye tracking willprovide implicit narrative engagement measures for attention (eye fixation), cognitive load (pupil dilation) and engagement(gaze duration). Eye-movement, self-reports, and personality questionnaires will indicate which narrative designs engagespecific audiences efficiently.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9k44x594", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Catalina", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Iricinschi", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of the Arts", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Zoe", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Darazsdi", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of the Arts", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30071/galley/19925/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29645, "title": "Optimal Attentional Allocation in the Presence of Capacity Constraints in VisualSearch", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "There is large agreement among vision scientists that biolog-ical perception is capacity-limited and that attentional mecha-nisms control how that capacity is allocated. Despite the factthat Bayesian models generally do not include capacity limits,many researchers model perceptual attention as the result ofoptimal Bayesian inference. This inconsistency arises becausevision science currently lacks a feasible and principled com-putational framework for characterizing optimal attentional al-location in the presence of capacity constraints. Here, weintroduce such a framework based on rate-distortion theory(RDT), a theory of optimal lossy compression developed in theengineering literature. Our approach defines Bayes-optimalperformance when an upper limit on information processingrate is imposed. Here, we compare Bayesian and RDT ac-counts in a visual search task, and highlight a typical shortcom-ing of unlimited-capacity Bayesian models that is not sharedby RDT models, namely that they often over-estimate task-performance when information-processing demands are in-creased. In this study, we asked human subjects to find eitherone or two targets in a collection of distractors in a single-fixation search task. We predicted relative performance be-tween one- and two-target conditions based on both RDT andBayesian models. Performance differed between conditions ina way that was well accounted for by the capacity-limited RDTmodel but not by the capacity-unlimited Bayesian model.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "visual attention" }, { "word": "visual search" }, { "word": "rate-distortion the-ory" }, { "word": "resource rationality" }, { "word": "information theory" }, { "word": "Bayesian model-ing" }, { "word": "Computational Modeling" } ], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99x9r84k", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Christopher", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Bates", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Rochester", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Jacobs", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Rochester", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29645/galley/19503/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29750, "title": "Optimality and Space in Weakly Constrained Everyday Activities", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The action order of most everyday activities is only weaklyconstrained: When setting the table, for example, the orderin which the items are placed on the table does not matter ifall required items are on the table eventually. Little is knownabout how humans deal with weakly constrained sequences.Consistent with research on local optimality of human behav-ior and the “law of less work”, we propose that the order ofweakly constrained sequences is not chosen arbitrarily but dueto preferences, with the overall goal to minimize cognitive andphysical effort. We implement and validate a stepwise-optimalmodel for table setting, revealing ordering preferences basedon distance, functional relations between items, and reachabil-ity. The model’s success has implications concerning actionorganization in weakly constrained sequences as well as con-trol of action sequences and provides further evidence on thequestion of global vs. local optimality of human cognition.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "everyday activity; spatial cognition; preferences;optimality; action sequences" } ], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/06z3m0pg", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Petra", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wenzl", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Bremen", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Holger", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Schultheis", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Bremen", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29750/galley/19606/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29890, "title": "Optimal nudging", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "People’s judgments and decisions often deviate from classicalnotions of rationality, incurring costs to both themselves and tosociety. Previous research has proposed that the cost of thesebiases can be reduced by redesigning decision problems basedon theories of human decision making. These modifications—or nudges—can have dramatic results and have been success-fully applied to variety of domains. However, the formal un-derpinning of nudge theory is limited, and it is not always clearwhat the effect of a nudge will be before it is implemented. Asa result, designing nudges can be time consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we propose an automatic method for de-riving optimal nudges. The method is based on a resource-rational model, which assumes that people make decisions ina way that achieves a near-optimal tradeoff between the costand benefits of deliberation. We then frame nudges as modi-fications to the costs of different cognitive operations, encour-aging the cognitively frugal decision maker to consider someproblem features over others. As a proof of concept, we applythe method to the Mouselab process-tracing paradigm, findingthat optimal nudges lead participants to make better decisionswith less cognitive effort.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "nudging" }, { "word": "decision support" }, { "word": "decision making" }, { "word": "re-source rational analysis" } ], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/27x77946", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Frederick", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Callaway", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Mathew", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Hardy", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Griffiths", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29890/galley/19744/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30101, "title": "Order Effects in One-shot Causal Generalization", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We introduce a novel task exploring how people make causal generalizations over the abstract features of the objectsinvolved in a causal interaction. Specifically, we investigate how people generalize from a single observation of two sim-ple objects in which one (the agent, or cause) interacts with another (the recipient, or effect) resulting in some featurechange(s). In line with recent demonstrations of human strength in few-shot concept learning, we find strong and sys-tematic patterns of generalizations that are well explained by a Bayesian inference model favoring simpler causal rules.However, we also identify a clear order effect depending on what order generalizations are made. To capture the observedpatterns, we develop a causal hypothesis generation model that takes peoples natural generalization tendency and the ordereffect into consideration, and outperforms plain Bayesian inference both in computational efficiency and in match to thebehavioral data.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7974408p", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Bonan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Zhao", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Edinburgh", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Neil", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bramley", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Edinburgh", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30101/galley/19955/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30194, "title": "Order matters: Developmentally plausible acquisition of lexical categories", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "One proposal for how children acquire syntactic and semantic lexical categories is by inducing them from their distribu-tional signatures in speech. Because the language children are exposed to gradually increases in complexity as they getolder, it is possible that inducing lexical categories from initially simplified speech supports acquisition. We set out to testthis hypothesis using a simple recurrent neural network trained to predict 5 million words of child-directed speech from theAmerican-English portion of the CHILDES database. Evaluation of learned representations showed that models trainedin order in which children actually experience language performed better on a semantic, but not syntactic, categorizationtask. To understand why, we examined how the models encoded words during the earliest stages of training. Our resultsare relevant to important questions in language acquisition, such as the role of early experiences in organizing children’slinguistic representations.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Member Abstracts, appearing in proceedings only", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/32k656fc", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Philip", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Huebner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jon", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Willits", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30194/galley/20048/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29483, "title": "Overconfident in Hindsight: Memory, Hindsight Bias and Overconfidence", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Overconfidence and Hindsight Bias are two well-knowncognitive biases. Herein, it is argued these biases may berelated to one another and human memory limitations;specifically, that memory limitations result in hindsight bias,causing people to recall being right more often than theyactually were, which leads to overconfidence as people applythis misremembered confidence to future events. Analysescomparing three types of overconfidence (overestimation,overplacement and overprecision) and hindsight bias confirmstrong, positive correlations between the different types ofoverconfidence – from 0.488 up to .807 and moderatecorrelations (.331 to .398) between all of these and hindsightbias. Comparisons between bias scores and five broadcognitive abilities (from the CHC model) suggests hindsightbias is more pronounced in people with worse memories andgenerally, lower cognitive ability. Overall, results are arguedto support the proposed links between memory, hindsight biasand overconfidence and future directions are suggested.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "overconfidence; hindsight bias; memory;cognitive bias." } ], "section": "Biases", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ch6h5wp", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Matthew", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Welsh", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Adelaide", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29483/galley/19343/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29380, "title": "Paradoxical Gender Gaps in Mathematics Achievement: Pressure as a key", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Two studies explore gender gaps that favor girls in low-stakeslearning contexts yet are not evident in high-stakesachievement measures. Study 1 (n = 386) combined controldata across multiple experiments testing student’s learningfrom a challenging proportional reasoning lesson to exploreconsistent gender gaps in favor of girls. This learning gap couldnot be explained by the baseline mathematics, affective,motivational, or Executive Function individual differences wemeasured. In Study 2 (n =178), we experimentally manipulatedpressure, raising the stakes by telling some students that theirperformance would determine whether or not their entire classreceived an incentive. Gender gaps in favor of girls remainedin the absence of pressure, but when external pressure wasimposed before or after learning, the female advantagedisappeared. These data suggest managing feelings of pressurein learning or testing contexts may be an important step inultimately increasing female representation in math-intensivefields.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "Mathematics; Gender Gaps; Learning; Reasoning;Pressure; STEM" } ], "section": "Gender and Individuals", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xc833tq", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Emily", "middle_name": "McLaughlin", "last_name": "Lyons", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stem Research Network, TERC", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Almaz", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Mesghina", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Chicago", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Lindsey", "middle_name": "Engle", "last_name": "Richland", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Irvine", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29380/galley/19241/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29517, "title": "Parents scaffold the formation of conversational pacts with their children", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Adults readily form pacts, or temporary agreements about ref-erent names, over the course of conversation. Young childrenfail to do so with peers, but recent evidence suggests that ex-plicit feedback from adults may improve their performance(Matthews, Lieven, & Tomasello, 2007). Do parents natu-rally provide such structure in their conversations with chil-dren? Using a director-matcher paradigm, we first show thatparents and children (ages 4, 6, 8) converge on increasinglyaccurate and efficient conversational pacts. Further, parents ofyounger children provide more interactive feedback. Finally,we analyze asymmetries in parents’ and children’s contribu-tions, finding that pacts tend to originate with the parent, butare simplified by younger children. Together, these resultssupport the idea that parents sensitively adapt their languageto their children’s developmental level to scaffold successfulcommunication.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "communication; language development; parent-child interaction" } ], "section": "Pragmatics", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/54n052z9", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ashley", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Leung", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Chicago", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Hawkins", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Daniel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Yurovsky", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University University of Chicago", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29517/galley/19377/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29548, "title": "Partner-specific adaptation in disfluency processing", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Disfluency leads listeners to expect an upcoming reference tounfamiliar objects. In two experiments, we examined if thisexpectation is adapted based on the way disfluency has beenused in the discourse. Participants listened to instructions tolook at an object on a screen containing familiar and novelimages. We manipulated the co-occurrence of disfluency andreference to novel vs. familiar objects. In the predictivecondition, disfluent expressions referred to novel objects, andfluent expressions referred to familiar objects. In the non-predictive condition, fluent and disfluent trials referred toeither familiar or novel objects. Participants’ gaze revealed thatlisteners more readily predicted familiar images for fluent trialsand novel images for disfluent trials in the predictive conditionthan in the non-predictive condition. Listeners adapted theirexpectations about upcoming words based on recentexperience with disfluency. Disfluency is not invariablyprocessed, but is a cue adapted within the local context.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "Speech disfluency; Eye-tracking; Adaptation;Partner-specific processing" } ], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4jc2t3qs", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Si", "middle_name": "On", "last_name": "Yoon", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Iowa", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Sarah", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Brown-Schmidt", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Vanderbilt University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29548/galley/19408/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29760, "title": "Part of Your World: Trends in the Visual Complexity of Digital Media", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Studying the mechanisms and trajectories of child development continues to be of critical importance, especially in thecontext of fast-changing digital environments, ubiquitous screens, and ever-increasing permeations of technology intoour lives. In this work, we study historical changes in the visual complexity of information presented in different mediacategories, including an eighty-year history of Disney movies and a forty-six-year history of NBC news programs andtelevision commercials. Our analyses include metrics of static visual variance in single frames as well as several metricsof visual change over time. By performing similar analyses on a dataset of egocentric videos, we compare trends in digitalmedia with data that more closely resemble real-life visual experiences. Understanding the visual characteristics of themedia we consume is an important step towards further investigating the effects that these characteristics might have onour perception, attention, and learning, especially in young children.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1f3411m8", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Deepayan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Sanyal", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Vanderbilt University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Joel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Michelson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Vanderbilt University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Adriane", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Seiffert", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Vanderbilt University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Maithilee", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kunda", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Vanderbilt University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29760/galley/19615/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29643, "title": "Passing the Moral Turing Test", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The translation problem in moral AI asks how insights into human norms and values can be translated into a form suitablefor implementation in artificial systems. I argue that if my answer to a question about the human mind is right, thenthe translation problem is more tractable than previously thought. Specifically, I argue that we can use principles fromreinforcement learning to study human moral cognition, and that we can use principles from the resulting evaluative moralpsychology to design artificial systems capable of passing the Moral Turing Test (Allen, 2000). I illustrate the core featuresof my proposal by describing one such environment, or gridworld, in which an agent learns to trade-off between monetaryprofit and fair dealing, as characterized in behavioral economic paradigms. I conclude by highlighting the core technicaland philosophical advantages of such an approach for modeling moral cognition more broadly construed.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4zb9d0xz", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Julia", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Haas", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Rhodes College", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29643/galley/19501/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29589, "title": "People use inverse planning to rationally seek social information from objects", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "People use objects to make social judgments about traits of owners. Do people seek social information in a rational waysuggestive of Bayesian inverse planning? In two experiments, participants aimed to learn about a stranger. Each trialshowed two sets of objects; the stranger had chosen one from each set, but their choice was hidden. Participants judgedwhich would help them learn more about the stranger: Revealing their choice from set A or B? Participants selected setsrationally, identifying sets with a greater range of options as more informative: Larger sets over smaller; sets varying instyle over sets varying only in color (Exp.1). Participants also took into account constraints: They chose sets as moreinformative when all options were functional vs. when some were not (Exp.2). People consider the generative processbehind objects selection, using inverse planning to reason about the informational value of others objects.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8r89h36p", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ethan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hurwitz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, San Diego", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Adena", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Schachner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, San Diego", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29589/galley/19448/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29672, "title": "People view humans as existing for purposes and condemn those who fail to fulfillthem", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "People often endorse explanations in terms of purposes or goals (e.g., pencils exist so that people can write with them), evenwhen these teleological explanations are scientifically unwarranted (e.g., water exists so that life can survive on Earth). Inthe present research, we explore teleological endorsement in a novel domainhuman purposeand its relationship to moraljudgments. Across two studies, we find evidence that people endorse the claim that humans exist for a purpose (e.g.,to procreate, to help others) and that these beliefs relate to moral judgments against purpose violations (e.g., condemningthose who do not procreate, or do not help others). We also find evidence of a bi-directional causal relationship: teleologicalclaims about a species result in moral condemnation of purpose violations, and stipulating that an action is immoralincreases endorsement that the species exists for that purpose.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12t8p5tk", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Casey", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lewry", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Tania", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lombrozo", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Deborah", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kelemen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Boston University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29672/galley/19529/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29646, "title": "Perceived Agency of a Social Norm Violating Robot", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this experiment, we investigated how a robot’s violation ofseveral social norms influences human engagement with andperception of that robot. Each participant in our study (n = 80)played 30 rounds of rock-paper-scissors with a robot. In thethree experimental conditions, the robot violated a social normby cheating, cursing, or insulting the participant during game-play. In the control condition, the robot conducted a non-normviolating behavior by stretching its hand. During the game,we found that participants had strong emotional reactions toall three social norm violations. However, participants spokemore words to the robot only after it cheated. After the game,participants were more likely to describe the robot as an agentonly if they were in the cheating condition. These results implythat while social norm violations do elicit strong immediate re-actions, only cheating elicits a significantly stronger prolongedperception of agency.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "human-robot interaction; social norms; cheatingdetector; cheating; perceived agency" } ], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0tk0p86s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Shannon", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Yasuda", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Devon", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Doheny", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nicole", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Salomons", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Sarah", "middle_name": "Strohkorb", "last_name": "Sebo", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Brian", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Scassellati", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29646/galley/19504/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30067, "title": "Perceiving unseen objects", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We regularly make inferences about the presence and properties of objects or entities in our environment that we cannotsee directly, be it while driving, playing sports, or making scientific discoveries. But how do we know what these unseenobjects are, and what properties they have? Our studies explore these questions by showing participants scenes of a balltraveling beneath, then later exiting, a covered region, and asking them to recreate a configuration of unobserved obstaclesthe ball could have bounced off to produce the observed trajectory. We find that in many cases people were able to recoverthe approximate world structure; however, there were also instances in which people consistently used a configurationwith fewer blocks that would cause modest deviations from the observations of the time or direction of the balls trajectory.Inferring unseen objects thus appears to involve a trade-off between parsimony and explanatory power.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/14v517c0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Katherine", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Collins", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Josh", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Tenenbaum", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kevin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Smith", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30067/galley/19921/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29635, "title": "Perseverance in risky goal-pursuit", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "From founding a new start-up to applying for a big grant, many activities involve pursuing risky goals with stark all-or-nothing outcomes and high uncertainty about the chances of succeeding in ones goal. These endeavors require patientperseverance, where time invested towards achieving a rewarding risky goal also implies the opportunity cost of forgoingsafer alternatives, such as working for a reliable wage with immediate rewards. How do people behave when choosingbetween such risky endeavors and safe alternatives, where the dynamic nature of the task has implications beyond expectedutility maximization? We present a new experimental paradigm, where by manipulating the relative rewards, task uncer-tainty, and the success threshold for achieving the risky goal, we are able to identify the environmental factors influencingperseverance. We then compare human behavior to the optimal strategy, along with a variety of boundedly rational policiesand heuristics that trade-off efficiently between complexity and performance.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1fz7g4j1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Wojciech", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Zajkowski", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Cardiff University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Charley", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Harvard University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Pantelis", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Analytis", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Southern Denmark", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29635/galley/19493/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29556, "title": "Personal Identity and Online Communities", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "How has the diffusion of online communities changed howtheir users construct, view, and define their identity? In thispaper, we choose to approach this issue by considering twoparticular philosophical problems related to personal identity:1) The Characterization Question, namely “which actions, ex-periences, beliefs, values, desires, character traits, and so oncan we attribute to a given person?” 2) “How do self-other re-lations affect the ethical implication of identity construction?”To address them, we adopt a comprehensive framework com-posed of cognitive niches and cognitive niche construction the-ories, and we discuss different philosophical and technologicalnotions. In particular: the Filter Bubble problem, the conceptof affordances, and the Sartrean idea of Bad Faith.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "Identity; Online Communities; Filter Bubble; BadFaith; Affordance; Virtual Identity." } ], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6919h9b7", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Selene", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Arfini", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pavia", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Lorenzo", "middle_name": "Botta", "last_name": "Parandera", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pavia", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Camilla", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gazzaniga", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pavia", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nicolo", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Maggioni", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pavia", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Alessandro", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Tacchino", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pavia", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29556/galley/19416/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29601, "title": "Personality Traits Moderate the Relationship between Statistical Learning Abilityand Second-Language Learners’ Sentence Comprehension", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "An accumulating body of evidence has demonstrated a tightcoupling between individual differences (ID) in statisticallearning ability (SL) and variation in language performancein child and adult native speaker populations, with some ini-tial evidence that this coupling extends to second language(L2) speakers. However, surprisingly little work has been con-ducted to assess potential interactions between SL and otherexperience-related and affective ID factors. Using a within-subjects design embedded in an ID framework, the presentstudy attempts to fill this gap by investigating whether the im-pact of SL ability on language is moderated by individual dif-ferences in personality traits and the amount of experience anindividual has had with the L2. The results of the study re-vealed a complex interplay between ID factors and variationin L2 comprehension of different types of complex sentencesindicating that the effect of SL ability on language comprehen-sion is moderated by personality traits.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "language comprehension; second language learn-ing and processing; statistical learning; personality" } ], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vw282qj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Elma", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kerz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "RWTH Aachen University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Daniel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wiechmann", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Amsterdam", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Tandis", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Silkens", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "RWTH Aachen University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29601/galley/19460/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29847, "title": "Phonemic learning based on articulatory-acoustic speech representations", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Infants learn to imitate and recognize words at an early age,but phonemic awareness develops at a later age, guided byacquisition of literacy for example. We investigate ahypothesis that speech representations in the brain are formedpartly due to articulatory-acoustic learning, and theserepresentations may be used as a basis when learning anadditional mapping to phonemes. We train a convolutionalrecurrent neural network, having an articulatory branch and aphonemic branch for multitask learning. When trained withreal conversational speech and aligned synthesizedarticulation, it is shown that the use of the articulatoryrepresentation boosts phoneme recognition accuracy, whenthe first convolutional layers are shared between the twobranches. It is hypothesized that representations involved inspeech perception formed in the brain during childhood maybe partly based on articulatory learning, and an additionalmapping from these low-level speech representations tophonemes has to be learned.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "Speech learning" }, { "word": "speech inversion" }, { "word": "articulatorymodeling" }, { "word": "phonetic learning." } ], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/56j630pc", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Heikki", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rasilo", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Vrije Universiteit Brussel", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29847/galley/19701/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29908, "title": "Pictorial Depth Cues in Young Children’s Drawings of Layouts and Objects", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Humans have been faced with the challenges of pictorialproduction since at least the Paleolithic. Curiously, while thecapacity to navigate layouts and recognize objects in everydaylife comes almost effortlessly, inherited from our evolutionarypast, the capacity to draw layouts and objects is more effortful,often needing time to improve over the course of anindividual’s development and with the technologicalinnovations acquired through culture. The present studyexamines whether young children might nevertheless rely onphylogenetically ancient spatial capacities for navigation andobject recognition when creating uniquely human pictorial art.We apply a novel digital coding technique to a publiclyavailable dataset of young children’s drawings of layouts andobjects to explore children’s use of classic pictorial depth cuesincluding size, position, and overlap. To convey pictorialdepth, children appear to adopt several cues, without apreference among them, younger than had been suggested byprevious studies that used other, less rich, analytic techniques.Moreover, children use more cues to pictorial depth indrawings of layouts versus objects. Children’s creation ofuniquely human pictorial symbols may thus reflect theirheightened use of depth for navigating layouts compared torecognizing objects, both cognitive capacities that humansshare with other animals.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "drawings; child development; layouts" }, { "word": "objects;navigation; depth" } ], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4kb0w78s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Théo", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Morfoisse", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "New York University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Todd", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gureckis", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "New York University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Moira", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Dillon", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "New York University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29908/galley/19762/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29561, "title": "Pictures facilitate recognition and retrieval speeds of associations between wordsin a second language and referents", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The purpose of this study was to identify associative processes for words in a second language and their referents. ThirtyJapanese participants learned associative conditions for novel words in Chinese and pictorial referents (CP), as well asnovel words in Chinese and words in Japanese (CJ), against a condition of only novel words in Chinese (C). After thelearning phase, participants conducted 2 retrieval tasks for word recognition and 3 recognition tasks for source-monitoringof the referents. Correct answers for each recognition task were provided to participants after each trial. Although correctanswers in all the conditions gradually increased in both the recognition and retrieval tasks, there were no significantdifferences among these conditions. In contrast, recognition and retrieval speeds were faster for CP than CJ. These findingssuggest that pictures contribute to recognition and retrieval speeds of associations between words in a second languageand referents.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gj3473q", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Toshimune", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kambara", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Hiroshima University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Xinyi", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Liu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Hiroshima University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Hiroki", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Horinouchi", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Hiroshima University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yutao", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Yang", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Hiroshima University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "YAN", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "YAN", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Hiroshima University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Misa", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ando", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Hiroshima University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29561/galley/19421/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29719, "title": "Popular Peers Promote Prosocial Behavior", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Dispositions for prosociality undergo major changes during adolescence, a period of increased sensitivity to peer influenceand incipient internalization of societal norms. However, the proximate mechanisms favoring the development of prosocialpreferences are poorly understood. Here, we show that high-status peers affect adolescents prosocial decision making.Participants repeatedly chose to either donate money to a charity or keep it for themselves and could revise their decisionupon observing the (opposite) decisions of either a high-status or low-status peer from their classroom. Participantstended to conform to peer behavior, reversing their initial preference. Importantly, this pattern was especially strong whenobserving high-status peers, suggesting that norm signalling from high-status peers can be instrumental for the diffusionof prosocial behavior. Using a novel incentivized paradigm in a naturalistic setting, we provide experimental evidencefor the role of high-status peers in the development of prosocial preferences and outline a potential path for interventionsaimed at spreading prosocial norms.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/86q9b27s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Andrea", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gradassi", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Amsterdam", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Scarlett", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Slagter", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Amsterdam", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Wouter", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "van den Bos", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Amsterdam", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Lucas", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Molleman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Amsterdam", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29719/galley/19576/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29485, "title": "Population-level amplification of perceptual bias", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A longstanding conjecture that has been difficult to test holds that social interactions amplify the effects of people’s biases.We tested this conjecture in a perceptual decision-making paradigm. First, we formalized the algorithmic structure of de-cision making in networked crowds when individuals’ perceptions are biased by their utilities. Our analysis predicts thateven weak cognitive biases can be amplified by social interaction. We tested this prediction in a large networked behav-ioral experiment. Using a monetary incentive structure to induce a bias known as motivated perception, we manipulatedthe presence of a weak cognitive bias in social and asocial populations. Social decision making increased participants’perceptual accuracy relative to an asocial baseline. However, social decision making also led to significantly amplifiedrates of motivated perception, confirming the prediction that shared cognitive biases can be amplified in social networks.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Biases", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gw7m09n", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Mathew", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hardy", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Bill", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Thompson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Peter", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Krafft", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Oxford", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Tom", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Griffiths", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29485/galley/19345/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29788, "title": "Positive Effects of a Developmental Period Without Control", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Executive control processes allow task-appropriate behaviour across cognitive domains, yet, children have a long devel-opmental period with little or no control. Traditionally, this is viewed as a negative but necessary consequence of the timetaken for prefrontal development and learning control processes. Here we examine a recent model of controlled semanticcognition (https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/860528v1) as a test case to present evidence for an alternative (yet perhaps,complementary) view; that a developmental period without control has a positive functional role in learning. Varying thelength of a developmental period without control, we identify an optimal period (around one third of the learning time)which allows conceptual learning to happen much faster, without loss of conceptual abstraction ability. This speeding ismediated by the way control interacts with representation regions (deeper multimodal ¿ shallower input areas). This hasimplications for our understanding of controlled semantic cognition and the development of control more generally.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xc6675d", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Rebecca", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Jackson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Cambridge", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Matthew", "middle_name": "Lambon", "last_name": "Ralph", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Cambridge", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Timothy", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rogers", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin-Madison", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29788/galley/19642/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29765, "title": "Potential for cumulative culture in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) in asimulated transmission chain study.", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We investigated whether capuchin monkeys could use information about rewarded and unrewarded stimuli such that chain-ing of their response patterns would in principle generate increasingly successful performances, indicative of potential forcumulative culture. Two populations of tufted capuchin monkeys were tested using a touchscreen stimulus-selection taskrequiring subjects to learn the strategy of repeating rewarded, and avoiding unrewarded selections following demonstra-tions of varying success. Although capuchins outperformed demonstrations of chance-level performance (simulating per-formance of a nave individual), they did not consistently outperform demonstrations of above-chance-level success. Thissuggests that, in a social transmission scenario, the accumulation of beneficial information over successive transmissionevents would be relatively limited. Despite mastering the task contingencies, the capuchins did not use the informationoptimally, limiting the potential for cumulative culture. Our data may provide insights into factors constraining cumulativeculture in the natural behaviour of non-humans.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/24f1z1nc", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Donna", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kean", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Stirling", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Elizabeth", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Renner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Stirling", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Mark", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Atkinson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Stirling", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Chlo", "middle_name": "India", "last_name": "Wright", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Stirling", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Amy", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Derrick", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Stirling", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Hika", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kuroshima", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Kyoto University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Christine", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Caldwell", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Stirling", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29765/galley/19619/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29346, "title": "Practical Advice on How to Run Human Behavioral Studies", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "Psychology experimental method; HCI usabilitystudies." } ], "section": "Workshop", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/82h7191s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Frank", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ritter", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Penn State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jong", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kim", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Penn State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jonathan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Morgan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Potsdam University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29346/galley/19207/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29522, "title": "Predicting Age of Acquisition in Early Word Learning Using Recurrent NeuralNetworks", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Vocabulary growth and syntactic development are known tobe highly correlated in early child language. What determineswhen words are acquired and how can this help us understandwhat drives early language development? We train an LSTMlanguage model, known to detect syntactic regularities that arerelevant for predicting the difficulty of words, on child-directedspeech. We use the average surprisal of words for the model,which encodes sequential predictability, as a predictor for theage of acquisition of words in early child language. We com-pare this predictor to word frequency and others and find thataverage surprisal is a good predictor for the age of acquisitionof function words and predicates beyond frequency, but notfor nouns. Our approach provides insight into what makes agood model of early word learning, especially for words whosemeanings rely heavily on linguistic context.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "Language model; recurrent neural network;LSTM; language acquisition; age of acquisition; child directedspeech; word learning." } ], "section": "Word Learning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0j73138g", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Eva", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Portelance", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Judith", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Degen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Frank", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29522/galley/19382/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29950, "title": "Predicting Difficulty with Learning in the Mathematics Classroom: TheUsefulness of Heart Rate Variability", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Mathematical thinking and learning are negatively affected by adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which have beenshown to impact school attendance, behavioral issues, and achievement of grade-level standards of a variety of academicsubjects (Blodgett & Lanigan, 2018). ACEs are often linked to permanent physiological changes to the nervous system ina dose-response relationship (Dube, Felitti, Dong, Giles, & Anda, 2003). Laboratory studies have identified physiologicalindicators–such as heart rate variability–which can point to students who may have unique learning needs, but this has notyet been tested in a classroom setting, where students learning needs may be amplified (Smith, Thayer, Khalsa, & Lane,2017). In this study we use sport watches to explore the value of measuring heart rate variability of students while theyare in the classroom to predict those who may need support to optimize learning in math class.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8v64k5dp", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kathryn", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "deVries", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Temple University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Julie", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Booth", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Temple University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29950/galley/19804/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29782, "title": "Predicting Social Exclusion: A Computational Linguistic Approach to theDetection of Ostracism", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Ostracism is a social phenomenon, shared by most social animals, including humans. Its detection plays a crucial role forthe individual, with possible evolutionary consequences for the species.Considering (1) its relation with communication and therefore language and (2) its social nature, we hypothesised that thecombination of linguistic and community-level social features would have a positive impact on the automatic recognitionof ostracism in human online communities.We modelled a linguistic community through Reddit data and we analysed the performance of simple classification al-gorithms (Nave Bayes and SVM), particularly focusing on the feature selection. Comparing the accuracy scores of thealgorithms fed with a) linguistic features, b) extralinguistic features, and c) linguistic + extralinguistic features, we testedour hypothesis, showing how models based on c) generally outperform.To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to automatise the identification of such a complex phenomenon through NLPtechniques.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gm1m821", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Greta", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gandolfi", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Trento", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Carlo", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Strapparava", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "FBK-Irst", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29782/galley/19636/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29379, "title": "Prefrontal-striatal circuitry supportsadaptive memory prioritization across development", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Previous work has revealed that the ability to strategically en-code high-value information may improve gradually over de-velopment as cognitive control mechanisms mature. However,studies of value-directed memory have relied on explicit cuesof information value, which are rarely present in real-worldcontexts. Here, using a novel fMRI paradigm, we examinedwhether individuals across a wide age range (N = 90; ages 8– 25 years) could learn the value of information from expe-rience and use learned value signals to strategically modulatememory. We found that memory prioritization for high-valueinformation improved across development, and was supportedby increased engagement of the caudate and prefrontal cortexduring both encoding and retrieval of high-value information.Our results suggest that across development, the dynamic ad-justment of memory based on the statistics of the environmentis supported by a wide network of brain regions involved inboth the recognition and use of information value.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "motivated memory; cognitive development;fMRI" } ], "section": "Memory", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4t5836f5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kate", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Nussenbaum", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "New York University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Catherine", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Hartley", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "New York University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29379/galley/19240/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29647, "title": "Preschoolers Are Sensitive to Their Performance Over Time", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Tracking one’s performance over time is essential to efficientself-guided learning but it is not clear whether young childrencan accurately monitor their past performance. Here, welooked at whether 4-6-year-olds can use the trajectory of theirpast performance to allocate future resources. Across fourexperiments (N = 274), we found that children were sensitiveto their rate of change in past performance: Children assignedto a condition in which they got better over time were morelikely to take on challenges and teach others than children inconditions where they got worse or stayed the same.Furthermore, children privileged their rate and direction ofchange more than their total or final score. These resultssuggest that young children monitor their rate of improvementand can use this information to guide their future efforts.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "Challenge seeking" }, { "word": "Confidence" }, { "word": "Ability" }, { "word": "Effort" }, { "word": "Reasoning" } ], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9fm7526c", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Julia", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Leonard", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Julia", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Sandler", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Amanda", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Nerenberg", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Aidan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rubio", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Laura", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Schulz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Allyson", "middle_name": "P.", "last_name": "Mackey", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29647/galley/19505/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29587, "title": "Preschoolers recognize that losses loom larger than gains.", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "People often over value their current property. For example,even young children will choose to keep their current propertyover trading it for property of similar utility (Hartley & Fisher,2018). In two experiments (N = 180), we examined howchildren aged 3 and 4 weigh the potential loss of existingproperty against the gain of property in their reasoning aboutothers’ actions. We found that by 4-years-old, children expectothers to prioritize the retention of existing property over theacquisition of new property. We suggest that this expectationreflects an understanding that people often value what theyalready own more than what they can potentially gain. Wediscuss the implications of our findings for competing theoriesof ownership reasoning, and for children’s reasoning about lossaversion.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "ownership" }, { "word": "human action" }, { "word": "conceptualdevelopment" } ], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hp665qh", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Shaylene", "middle_name": "E", "last_name": "Nancekivell", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of North Carolina", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Stephanie", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Denison", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Waterloo", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ori", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Friedman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Waterloo", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29587/galley/19446/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29769, "title": "Preschoolers’ responses to unknown words: Questions and evaluation of definitionquality", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Asking questions about unknown things involves recognizing knowledge gaps, identifying information sources, and for-mulating appropriate questions. This active involvement propels development by individualizing the learning environment.To characterize active engagement in word learning, we investigated whether preschoolers ask questions about novel vo-cabulary and evaluate definition quality. In Study 1, preschoolers were asked to perform actions following instructionswith novel (transpose) or familiar (switch) verbs. They asked more questions about novel (M = 3.31 out of 9, SD = 3.34)than familiar verbs (M = .17, SD = .44), t(35) = -5.68, p ¡ .001. In Study 2, informative or uninformative definitions wereprovided. Preliminary data suggest that preschoolers only asked questions when faced with uninformative definitions (M= .65 out of 3). When faced with novel words, preschoolers not only elicit questions, but also determine whether theirinformation needs have been met.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7461w5r8", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Laura", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Janakiefski", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Vanderbilt University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nicholas", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Tippenhauer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Vanderbilt University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Megan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Saylor", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Vanderbilt University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29769/galley/19623/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29383, "title": "Preschoolers use minimal statistical information about social groups to infer thepreferences and group membership of individuals", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We don’t learn about each person we meet from scratch: Ourknowledge of social groups (e.g., cognitive scientists) shapesour expectations about new individuals (e.g., the reader). Herewe explore how 4- and 5-year-old children and adults use min-imal statistical evidence about social groups to support induc-tive inferences about individuals. Overall, we find that bothchildren and adults readily infer the preferences and groupmembership of new individuals when they have appropriateevidence to support these inferences. However, our resultsalso suggest that children and adults interpret this informa-tion in different ways. Adults’ responses align closely witha Bayesian model that assumes that each group’s preferencesare independent of one another. By contrast, we find prelimi-nary evidence that children’s inferences about the preferencesof new group members are sensitive to the composition (Exper-iment 1) and size (Experiment 2) of the opposing group. Ourwork provides insights into how people form structured, gen-eralizable representations of social groups from sparse data.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "cognitive development; statistical reasoning; so-cial groups" } ], "section": "Gender and Individuals", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5691s8sn", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Natalia", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Velez", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Hyowon", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gweon", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29383/galley/19244/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29544, "title": "Pretend Play and Childrens Self-Regulation and Language Skills: AnInterventional Study", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The impact of play on childrens cognitive skills has gained interest lately. This study examines the efficacy of a pre-tend play intervention on the self-regulation and language skills of four- to five-year-olds with English as an additionallanguage. During pretend play an individual uses ones imagination to project a mental representation onto reality. Thesample included 151 children who were randomized into three groups: (a) Pretend play; (b) Art activities; (c) Typicalcurriculum. The intervention included sixteen 30-minute sessions in groups of six children. The design of the pretendplay intervention is based on storybook reading with an adult, and subsequent role-playing with props related to the story.During storybook reading explicit phonological awareness and vocabulary instruction were provided for the target words.In terms of the results, the children in the pretend play group had significantly higher post-test phonological awarenessscores than children who were exposed to typical curriculum.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4zf232v9", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Tanya", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Paes", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Cambridge", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michelle", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ellefson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Cambridge", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29544/galley/19404/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29477, "title": "Prevalence-Induced Concept Change in Older Adults", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Prevalence-induced concept change describes a cognitivemechanism by which someone’s definition of a concept shiftsas the prevalence of exemplars of that concept changes. Forinstance, in a task where people have to judge whether thecolour of an ambiguously-coloured dot is blue or purple, if thefrequency of objectively blue dots in the environmentdecreases, people expand their concept of blueness and judgemore dots to be blue than they did initially. In a series ofexperiments, Levari et al. (2018) demonstrated that thisphenomenon extends to higher-order decision-making, suchas ethical judgments as well. What these findings suggest isthat conceptual spaces (whether it’s about colours or ethicalstatements) in humans are not fixed, but are sensitive tochange. While Levari et al. (2018) established thisphenomenon in young adults, it is unclear how it affects olderadults: do they outsource control and become moresusceptible to concept change or are they rigid enough in theirbeliefs to be resistant to it? In the current study, we explorehow prevalence-induced concept change affects older adults’lower-level, perceptual, and higher- order, ethical,decision-making. We find that older adults are less sensitiveto prevalence-induced concept change than younger adultsacross both domains. A computational model reveals thatthese differences might in part be explained by older adults’tendency to perseverate (repeat responses). Our resultssuggest that older adults’ concept space may be less flexiblethan younger adults’ when faced with a changing world.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "concept change; concept creep" }, { "word": "ageing;judgement; sequential decision-making; modeling" } ], "section": "Concepts and Systems", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8bk32142", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Sean", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Devine", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Concordia University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Cassandra", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Neumann", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Concordia University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Levari", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Harvard Business School", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wilson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Arizona", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ben", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Eppinger", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Concordia University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29477/galley/19337/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29680, "title": "Principled connections guide semantic feature production", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "When people think about the features of scissors, they often spontaneously recall a central feature of scissors: they cutthings. They tend not to recall other features of scissors, e.g., that they have handles. The present paper posits a novelexplanation for the behavior: the features people recall first and most often reflect semantic generalizations of kinds. Arecent taxonomy of such generalizations suggests that people represent privileged links between kinds and their featuresknown as principled connections (Prasada et al., 2013). Principled connections can reflect norms, and one way to diagnosethe presence of a principled connection is to test the acceptability of sentences of the form all normal Xs have featureY, as in all normal cars have four wheels. We tested whether participants accept generalizations about the normality offeatures produced in a semantic feature production task. Two experiments provided participants with generalizations aboutfeatures listed first and most often as well as features that people list less frequently. Both experiments found that peoplereadily accepted generalizations about the normality of frequently produced features. The results corroborate the view thatprincipled connections help people recall the features of conceptual categories.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/93d876dk", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Hillary", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Harner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "US Naval Research Laboratory", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Sangeet", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Khemlani", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "US Naval Research Laboratory", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29680/galley/19537/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29697, "title": "Prior beliefs about the evidentiary weight of crime scene data impacts jurorverdicts", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Jurors operate as legal fact-finders, incorporating multiple pieces of evidence into their decisions. Prior work suggestsjurors may not be able to distinguish flaws in scientific evidence (Schweitzer & Saks, 2012) or properly assess the relia-bility of evidence (Thompson, 1989; Kaasa et al., 2007). However, it remains unclear how much probative value is givento individual evidence types. What prior weights do jurors place on different types of evidence and how do these predicttheir decisions? We built a Bayesian model of how people weigh individual pieces of evidence and used this to predictguilt ratings. Consistent with previous work, we found people have trouble distinguishing differences in quality amongevidence, and assign similar probative value to even flimsy types of evidence. The model also revealed individual weight-ing of evidence can exert large, and sometimes problematic effects on decisions to convict. We discuss the implications ofour findings for legal decision-making.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8h3187n6", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Emily", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Line", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Arizona State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Sara", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Jaramillo", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Arizona State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Tess", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Neal", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Arizona State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Zachary", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Horne", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Arizona State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29697/galley/19554/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29388, "title": "Probabilistic weighting of perspectives in dyadic communication", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In successful communication, speakers tailor their language tothe context and listeners make inferences about the speaker’sknowledge. Several current accounts propose that both speak-ers and listeners accomplish this by rational analysis of thestatistics in the environment, including their partner. Here weexamine perspective-taking behaviour in a dyadic conversationtask, where the same individuals act in the role of both speakerand listener. We model perspective-taking in both productionand comprehension, taking into account the dyadic situation.Our findings suggest that conversational partners weight theirown perspective more than the partner’s when speaking, andthe partner’s perspective more than their own when listening.We also find that in both production and comprehension, con-versational partners change the weighting of perspectives overtime, moving towards relying more on the partner’s perspec-tive at the expense of their own perspective. Surprisingly, wefind little evidence that listeners or speakers adapt to the id-iosyncratic statistics of their partner’s linguistic behaviour.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "perspective-taking; pragmatic inference; dyadiccommunication; common ground; reference." } ], "section": "Language and Groups", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35m9s3fp", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Rachel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ryskin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Suzanne", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Stevenson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Toronto", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Daphna", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Heller", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Toronto", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29388/galley/19249/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29570, "title": "Probability and processing speed of scalar inferences is context-dependent", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Studies addressing the question of whether scalar inferencesgenerally incur a processing cost have yielded conflicting re-sults. Constraint-based accounts, which seek to unify theseconflicting results, make a prediction which we test here: theprobability of an interpretation and the speed with which it isprocessed depends on the contextual support it receives. Wemanipulated contextual support for the scalar inference in twotruth-value judgment experiments by manipulating a lexicalfeature (presence of partitive “of the”) and a pragmatic fea-ture (the implicit Question Under Discussion). Participants’responder type – whether their majority response was prag-matic (reflecting the inference) or literal (reflecting its absence)– was the main predictor of response times: pragmatic re-sponses were faster than literal responses when generated bypragmatic responders; the reverse was true for literal respon-ders. We interpret this as further evidence against costly infer-ence accounts and in support of constraint-based accounts ofpragmatic processing.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "psycholinguistics; experimental pragmatics;scalar inference; Question Under Discussion" } ], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rt8763c", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Leyla", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kursat", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Judith", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Degen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29570/galley/19430/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30161, "title": "Probability Without Counting and Dividing:A Fresh Computational Perspective", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Recent experiments show that preverbal infants can reasonprobabilistically. This raises a deep puzzle because infants lackthe counting and dividing abilities presumably required tocompute probabilities. In the standard way of computingprobabilities, they would have to count or accurately estimatelarge frequencies and divide those values by their total. Here, wepresent a novel neural-network model that learns and usesprobability distributions without explicit counting or dividing.Probability distributions emerge naturally from neural-networklearning of event sequences, providing a computationallysufficient explanation of how infants could succeed atprobabilistic reasoning. Several alternative explanations arediscussed and ruled out. Our work bears on several other activeliteratures, and it suggests an effective way to integrate Bayesianand neural-network approaches to cognition.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "infants; probabilistic learning and inference; neuralnetworks; sampling; control for frequency" } ], "section": "Papers accepted as Posters, appearing in proceedings only", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pk5k47x", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Shultz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ardavan", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Nobandegani", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30161/galley/20015/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29408, "title": "Probing Neural Language Models for Human Tacit Assumptions", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Humans carry stereotypic tacit assumptions (STAs) (Prince,1978), or propositional beliefs about generic concepts. Suchassociations are crucial for understanding natural language.We construct a diagnostic set of word prediction prompts toevaluate whether recent neural contextualized language mod-els trained on large text corpora capture STAs. Our promptsare based on human responses in a psychological study of con-ceptual associations. We find models to be profoundly effec-tive at retrieving concepts given associated properties. Our re-sults demonstrate empirical evidence that stereotypic concep-tual representations are captured in neural models derived fromsemi-supervised linguistic exposure.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "language models; deep neural networks; conceptrepresentations; norms; semantics" } ], "section": "Neural Networks", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/95d5n9s0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Nathaniel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Weir", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Adam", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Poliak", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Benjamin", "middle_name": "Van", "last_name": "Durme", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29408/galley/19268/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29377, "title": "Proceduralization and Working Memory in Association Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Humans are highly variable in their ability to learn and executecomplex tasks; however, there are conflicting theories on skillacquisition. This study compared two different explanationsfor how association learning interacts with other cognitiveprocesses: a) reinforcement learning and working memory areseparate, competing processes operating simultaneously onassociation learning; and, b) associations are proceduralizedinto production rules and reinforcement learning acts on thoserules. Participants completed a simple association learning taskfollowed by a delayed test under two conditions designed tocontrast these theories. The results are consistent with aproceduralization account in which reinforcement learning andworking memory are not competitive interfering systems, butthere remain important questions about how these two accountsmay be best integrated.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "reinforcement learning; working memory;procedural learning; skill acquisition" } ], "section": "Memory", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5t6868v0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Philip", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Newlin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Mississippi State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jarrod", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Moss", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Mississippi State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29377/galley/19238/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30207, "title": "Procedures and principles of number: Evidence from the Tsimane", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "By about age four, children in industrialized cultures can use verbal counting to correctly name the number of objectsin sets larger than four. On some accounts, this full counting ability signals abstract knowledge about the fundamentalprinciples governing number (e.g. the successor function and later-greater principle). However, many children who qualifyas full counters fail to grasp these principles. Why? This failure could reflect number-specific conceptual deficiencies ordomain-general cognitive immaturity. Here we tested these alternatives in the Tsimane, an indigenous group in whichage and numerical knowledge are largely unconfounded. Although many Tsimane performed at ceiling, a subset of full-counters demonstrated poor understanding of fundamental counting principles. Performance was not reliably predicted byage or schooling, but rather by highest verbal count. These findings suggest that at any age, the development of numericalabilities is characterized not by sudden induction of abstract principles, but by piecemeal procedural learning.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Member Abstracts, appearing in proceedings only", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rf8b98k", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Benjamin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pitt", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Berkeley", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Rose", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Schneider", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, San Diego", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Stephen", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ferrigno", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Harvard University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Edward", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gibson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Barner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, San Diego", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Steven", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Piantadosi", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Berkeley", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30207/galley/20061/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29738, "title": "Process and Content in Decisions from Memory", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We present a general framework for building formal models of naturalistic memory-based decision making. Our frame-work implements established theories of memory search and decision making within a single integrated cognitive system,and uses computational language models to quantify the thoughts over which memory and decision processes operate. Itcan thus describe both the content of the information that is sampled from memory, as well as the processes involved inretrieving and evaluating this information in order to make a decision. The models within our framework can be fit torecall and choice data, and can quantitatively predict choice probability, length of deliberation, retrieved thoughts, andthe effects of decision context. We showcase the power and generality of our framework by applying it to study riskperception, consumer behavior, financial decision making, ethical decision making, legal decision making, food choice,and judgments about well-being, society, and culture.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ms6w1sh", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Wenjia", "middle_name": "Joyce", "last_name": "Zhao", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Russell", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Richie", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Sudeep", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bhatia", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29738/galley/19594/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29957, "title": "Processing particularized pragmatic inferences under load", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A long-standing question in language understanding iswhether pragmatic inferences are effortful or whether theyhappen seamlessly without measurable cognitive effort. Wehere measure the strength of particularized pragmatic infer-ences in a setting with high vs. low cognitive load. Cognitiveload is induced by a secondary dot tracking task. If this type ofpragmatic inference comes at no cognitive processing cost, in-ferences should be similarly strong in both the high and the lowload condition. If they are effortful, we expect a smaller effectsize in the dual tasking condition. Our results show that partic-ipants who have difficulty in dual tasking (as evidenced by in-correct answers to comprehension questions) exhibit a smallerpragmatic effect when they were distracted with a secondarytask in comparison to the single task condition. This findingsupports the idea that pragmatic inferences are effortful.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "experimental pragmatics; redundancy; cognitivecosts; dual-tasking" } ], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/31g0093d", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Margarita", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ryzhova", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Saarland University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Vera", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Demberg", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Saarland University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29957/galley/19811/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29389, "title": "Production Expectations Modulate Contrastive Inference", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Contrastive inferences, whereby a listener pragmatically infersa speaker’s referential intention of a partial referring expres-sion like the yellow by reasoning about other objects in thecontext, are notoriously unstable. We report a production-centric model of interpretation couched within the RationalSpeech Act framework. Adjective production probabilities alistener expects for objects in a context drive the size of con-trastive inferences: the greater the asymmetry in expectationfor a speaker to use a pre-nominal adjective for the target ratherthan for competitors, the greater the listener’s resulting targetpreference. Modifier production probabilities were collected(Exp. 1) and used to make predictions about comprehensionin an incremental decision task (Exp. 2). The model’s inter-pretation predictions are supported by the data. This accounthas the potential to explain the fluctuating appearance of con-trastive inferences and shifts the explanatory focus away fromcontrastive inference towards online interpretation of referringexpressions more broadly.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "contrastive inference; RSA; typicality; incremen-tal processing" } ], "section": "Language and Groups", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/27j9471n", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Elisa", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kreiss", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Judith", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Degen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29389/galley/19250/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29667, "title": "Promoting Pro-Climate Actions: A Cognitive-Constraints Approach", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Most Americans do not view climate change as an imminent threat. The present paper harnessed the power of two cog-nitive constraints essential to belief formation and revision coherence and causal invariance to guide the developmentof educational materials to foster pro-climate actions. Building on insights from philosophy, cognitive psychology, andanthropology, our materials presented questions on a range of everyday and otherwise personally relatable events to par-ticipants in 10 U.S. states with the highest level of climate skepticism. Participants answered the questions, explainedtheir answers, and received feedback featuring scientific explanations. The latter typically deviate from participants own(invoking the causal-invariance constraint), and are more coherent (invoking the coherence constraint). In support of ourapproach, although our intervention materials did not mention climate change or mitigating actions, they raised willingnessto take pro-climate actions, but did so only when the components hypothesized to enable a coherent pro-climate-actionnarrative were included.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zg062v4", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Junho", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lee", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Emily", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wong", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Patricia", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cheng", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29667/galley/19524/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29939, "title": "Promoting relational responding by varying presentation conditions", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The relational match-to-sample (RMS) task assesses whether people are sensitive to matching relational content and con-sider such matches more compelling than an object-based alternative. On each trial, participants see a triad of shapesequences: target item (XYX), object match (VZY), and relational match (TST). In prior research, participants show arelational preference supporting the structural alignment account of similarity-based processing. We address two goals:1) assessing generality across variation in stimulus materials and task wording; and 2) investigating the hypothesis thatrelational responding can be promoted via presentation conditions for the RMS task. Specifically, along with the standardsimultaneous presentation of target plus options, we tested two sequential variations: presenting each possible match inisolation before showing the full triad and presenting only the target item for evaluation before showing the full triad.Results are discussed in the context of structural alignment theory and the role of relational encoding.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0qw0t97m", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Mercury", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Mason", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Binghamton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kenneth", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kurtz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Binghamton University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29939/galley/19793/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29863, "title": "Pronoun interpretation in the context of dynamic actions: a test of thereinstatement hypothesis", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Pronouns (she, they) are semantically underspecified and depend on context for interpretation. One proposal is thatinterpretation occurs by reactivating a pronouns antecedent, consistent with memory reinstatement models. We evaluatethis account using a novel task where the semantics of the antecedent are no longer appropriate after an instruction iscompleted (e.g., Move the house on the left to area 3, where the result is that ANOTHER house is now the leftmost one).If antecedent semantics are activated when subsequently hearing a pronoun (”Now put it”), listeners should experienceconfusion regarding the intended referent. However, measures of (i) the object selected, (ii) mouse-click reaction times,and (iii) eye-movements all demonstrate the pronoun is effortlessly linked to the previously-mentioned object, regardlessof whether antecedent semantics are still relevant. This demonstrates that pronouns have indexical meaning, denoting afocused referent directly, and are not mediated by activating linguistic antecedents in discourse memory.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cg8v1nt", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Tiana", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Simovic", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Toronto", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Craig", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Chambers", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Toronto", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29863/galley/19717/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29729, "title": "Propositional versus Associative Views of Sentence Memory", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Propositional accounts assume sentences are encoded in terms of a set of arguments bound to role-fillers in a predicate,but they never specify how the role representations form in the first place. Dennis (2005) shows an alternative way tocapture role-information based on simple associations derived directly from experience in the Syntagmatic-Paradigmatic(SP) model. We argue that the evidence for the propositional view is not well-founded and explore the possibility for apure associative encoding of proposition-like information. We differentially manipulate overlap in target and distractorsentences, embedded in narratives, and directly place the propositional account against the SP view. Our first experimentprovides some evidence for an SP account, however the second experiment supports the propositional view. Our finalexperiment provides results that are difficult to explain with either account. Overall, our results support the propositionalview and show mixed evidence for the SP account.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84n4b5h4", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kevin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Shabahang", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Melbourne", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Hyungwook", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Yim", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Melbourne", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Simon", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Dennis", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Melbourne", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29729/galley/19586/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30028, "title": "Prosodic Features Carry Information About a Questions Intent", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Research has shown that pragmatic, social, and prosodic cues are used to infer the communicative intent of a speaker,including pedagogical intentions (Bohn & Frank, 2020; Cristia, 2013; Csibra & Gergely, 2009). However, little is knownabout whether prosodic features can signal pedagogical intent in syntactically equivalent utterances. We asked whetherprosodic features can carry information about the intent of a question (i.e., whether it is a pedagogical or an informationseeking question), both within child- and adult-directed speech. Eighty naive participants were asked to classify questionsgenerated by five different speakers. We found that participants could reliably discriminate between questions intendedto be pedagogical from those that were intended to be information seeking, both within child- and adult-directed speech,although pedagogical questions were detected more successfully when spoken with child-directed speech. These findingsindicate that prosody may convey pedagogical intent, which in turn may facilitate learning.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/834168wz", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Igor", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bascandziev", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Rutgers University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Patrick", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Shafto", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Rutgers University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Elizabeth", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bonawitz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Rutgers University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30028/galley/19882/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29353, "title": "Prospect Theory and Optimal Risky Choices with Goals", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Decision making under risk is often studied as a preferential\nchoice governed by stable individual personality\ncharacteristics, but risky choice can also be viewed as a\ndynamic problem of resource accumulation to survive. When\ndecision makers aim to reach a particular goal in limited time,\nsuch as “earn at least $100 in five choices,” risky choice\nbecomes a non-trivial planning problem. This problem has an\noptimal solution that can differ from immediate expected-value\nmaximization. We studied the optimality of risky choices under\nsuch minimum goal requirements experimentally and find that\nthe observed choices under goals approximate the optimal\nsolution. However, because the optimal model is very complex,\nwe examine if simpler models can predict people’s choices\nbetter. We test an extended version of prospect theory,\nassuming a dynamic reference point that depends on the\ndistance to the goal. This “dynamic prospect theory” was better\nthan the alternative model in describing people’s decisions\n(i.e., for 63% of the participants, it was the best model). Our\nfindings show that humans can excel in a highly complex,\ndynamic, risky choice problem and that a dynamic version of\nprospect theory provides one possible explanation for how\npeople decide under risk when long-term goals matter.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "risky choice; energy budget rule; risk sensitivity;\ngoals; choice modeling" } ], "section": "Choices and Decisions", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6845g1g5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jana", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Jarecki", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Basel", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jörg", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rieskamp", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Basel", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29353/galley/19214/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29469, "title": "Prototype theory and emotion semantic change", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "An elaborate repertoire of emotions is one feature that dis-tinguishes humans from animals. Language offers a criticalform of emotion expression. However, it is unclear whetherthe meaning of an emotion word remains stable, and what fac-tors may underlie changes in emotion meaning. We hypothe-size that emotion word meanings have changed over time andthat the prototypicality of an emotion term drives this changebeyond general factors such as word frequency. We developa vector-space representation of emotion and show that thismodel replicates empirical findings on prototypicality judg-ments and basic categories of emotion. We provide evidencethat more prototypical emotion words have undergone lesschange in meaning than peripheral emotion words over the pastcentury, and that this trend holds within each family of emo-tion. Our work extends synchronic theories of emotion to itsdiachronic development and offers a computational character-ization of emotion semantics in natural language use.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "emotion; semantic field; semantic change; proto-type theory; word vector" } ], "section": "Linguistics", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dd8z4g5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Aotao", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Xu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Toronto", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jennifer", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Stellar", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Toronto", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yang", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Xu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Toronto", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29469/galley/19329/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30041, "title": "Punishment: Incentive or Communication?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Humans are adept at using punishments to influence and modify the behavior of others. Current approaches model pun-ishment as a direct, immediate imposition of cost. In contrast, our research suggests that people interpret punishment as acommunicative act. We show that people expect costless, yet communicative, punishments to be as effective as cost impos-ing punishment (Experiment 1). Under some situations, people display a systematic preference for costless punishmentsover more canonical, cost imposing punishments (Experiment 2). People readily seek out and infer the communicativemessage inherent in a punishment (Experiment 3). And, people expect that learning from punishment depends on theease with which its communicative intent can be inferred (Experiment 4). Taken together, these findings demonstrate thatpeople expect punishment to be generated and interpreted as a communicative act.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/19b7f23f", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Arunima", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Sarin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Harvard University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Mark", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ho", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Justin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Martin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Boston College", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Fiery", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cushman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Harvard University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30041/galley/19895/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29848, "title": "Quality Engineering in the Development of an Intelligent Agent", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Our laboratory is involved in the development of an intelligent agent that operates a remotely piloted aircraft with twohuman teammates that communicate using text chat. The task is well-defined, but there are potentially numerous andunpredictable inputs during varied 40 minute missions. To assure reliability of agent behavior, we must run a largenumber of missions and analyze the behavior of the agent at milliseconds resolution. To support this requirement, we havedeveloped 1) a scripting language and control system that drives a mission with simulated teammates and environmentalevents, 2) scripted missions using actual chat input from a previous study, 3) output files for each mission that trace agentactions, situation state, and program events, and 4) scripts that analyze the output files based on performance heuristicsand differences from known-good output. This framework allows us to verify complex agent behavior as developmentprogresses.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/45b0d9hm", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Tim", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Halverson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Aptima, Inc", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michelle", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Caisse", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "L3Harris, WPAFB", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Mary", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Freiman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Aptima, Inc", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Christopher", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Myers", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Air Force Research Laboratory", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29848/galley/19702/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29397, "title": "Quantifying Curiosity: A Formal Approach to Dissociating Causes of Curiosity", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Curiosity motivates exploration and is beneficial for learning,but curiosity is not always experienced when facing theunknown. In the present research, we address this selectivity:what causes curiosity to be experienced under somecircumstances but not others? Using a Bayesian reinforcementlearning model, we disentangle four possible influences oncuriosity that have typically been confounded in previousresearch: surprise, local uncertainty/expected informationgain, global uncertainty, and global expected informationgain. In two experiments, we find that backward-lookinginfluences (concerning beliefs based on prior experience) andforward-looking influences (concerning expectations aboutfuture learning) independently predict reported curiosity, andthat forward-looking influences explain the most variance.These findings begin to disentangle the complexenvironmental features that drive curiosity.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "curiosity; learning; surprise; uncertainty;expected information gain" } ], "section": "Facets of Cognition", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2vx4g96n", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Emily", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Liquin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Frederick", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Callaway", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Tania", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lombrozo", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29397/galley/19257/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29422, "title": "Quantifying Emergent, Dynamic Tonal Coordination in Collaborative MusicalImprovisation", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Groups of interacting individuals often coordinate in service ofabstract goals, such as the alignment of mental representationsin conversation, or the generation of new ideas in group brain-storming sessions. What are the mechanisms and dynamicsof abstract coordination? This study examines coordination ina sophisticated paragon domain: collaboratively improvisingjazz musicians. Remarkably, freely improvising jazz ensem-bles collectively produce coherent tonal structure (i.e. melodyand harmony) in real time performance without previously es-tablished harmonic forms. We investigate how tonal structureemerges out of interacting musicians, and how this structureis constrained by underlying patterns of coordination. Dyadsof professional jazz pianists were recorded improvising in twoconditions of interaction: a ‘coupled’ condition in which theycould mutually adapt to one another, and an ‘overdubbed’ con-dition which precluded mutual adaptation. Using a computa-tional model of musical tonality, we show that this manipu-lation effected the directed flow of tonal information amongstpianists, who could mutually adapt to one another’s notes incoupled trials, but not in overdubbed trials. Consequently,musicians were better able to harmonize with one another incoupled trials, and this ability increased throughout the courseof improvised performance. We present these results and dis-cuss their implications for music technology and joint actionresearch more generally.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "joint action; time series modeling; musical impro-visation; tonal consonance" } ], "section": "Complex Dynamics", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mb046fk", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Matt", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Setzler", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Indiana University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Rob", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Goldstone", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Indiana University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29422/galley/19282/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29767, "title": "Quantifying sound-graphic systematicity and application on multiple phonographs", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Do letter-shapes predict in any way the canonical sounds they represent? Does the letter a in any sense visually predictits canonical pronunciation //? We extended existing quantitative approaches to measuring systematicity between phonol-ogy and semantics. We quantified all pairwise visual distances between letters, using Hausdorff distance. We took thecorresponding canonical pronunciations of the letters and quantified all pairwise distances between their feature-level rep-resentations, using edit distance and Euclidean distance. We defined letter-sound systematicity as a correlation betweenthese two lists of distances. We confirmed Korean as the gold standard for letter-sound systematicity; it was designed in the15C to have exactly this characteristic. We found small but significant correlations in Arabic, Cyrillic, English, Finnish,Greek and Hebrew orthographies, with Courier New giving the most consistent correlations. Pitmans English shorthandand the Shavian shorthand alphabet also showed robust systematicity, and baseline fictitious orthographies showed nosystematicity, validating our approach.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6zq119gr", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Hana", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Jee", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Edinburgh", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Monica", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Tamariz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Hariot-Watt University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Shillcock", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Edinburgh", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29767/galley/19621/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30091, "title": "Quantitative Analyses of Gaze Duration from the viewpoints of Grounding Acts,\nConversation Topic, and Linguistic Proficiency", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Although many studies have analyzed the communicative\nfunctions of gaze, it is still unclear how linguistic proficiency\nand communication contexts affect gazing activities.\nQuantitative analyses of speaker’s and listener’s gaze were\nconducted taking the factors of grounding in communication,\nconversation topic, and linguistic proficiency into\nconsideration. The results showed that the duration of a\nlistener’s gaze is much longer during utterances that convey\nnew information while the duration of a speaker’s gaze did not\nshow much difference, suggesting that the characteristics of the\ngrounding act factor affect a listener’s gazing activities but not\nthose of the speaker. We also observed that linguistic\nproficiency and conversation topic have a much greater effect\non the listener’s gaze. The results will contribute to multi-party\ninteraction studies that examine the effect of linguistic\nproficiency, and provide valuable information that could assist\nin the design of interaction support systems for users with\ndifferent linguistic proficiency.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "gaze; communication; grounding acts;\nconversation topic; linguistic proficiency" } ], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08z3z9wt", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ichiro", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Umata", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "KDDI Research, Inc.", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Koki", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ijuin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Tsuneo", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kato", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Doshisha University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Seiichi", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Yamamoto", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Doshisha University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30091/galley/19945/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29935, "title": "QuLBIT: Quantum-Like Bayesian Inference Technologies forCognition and Decision", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper provides the foundations of a uni-fied cognitive decision-making framework (QulBIT)which is derived from quantum theory. The mainadvantage of this framework is that it can caterfor paradoxical and irrational human decision mak-ing. Although quantum approaches for cognitionhave demonstrated advantages over classical prob-abilistic approaches and bounded rationality mod-els, they still lack explanatory power. To addressthis, we introduce a novel explanatory analysis ofthe decision-maker’s belief space. This is achievedby exploiting quantum interference effects as a wayof both quantifying and explaining the decision-maker’s uncertainty. We detail the main modulesof the unified framework, the explanatory analy-sis method, and illustrate their application in situ-ations violating the Sure Thing Principle.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "QuLBIT; quantum cognition; quantum-like Bayesian networks; quantum-like influence di-agrams; bounded rationality; explanatory analysis" } ], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2368k7k3", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Catarina", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Moreira", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Queensland University of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Matheus", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hammes", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Queensland University of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Rasim", "middle_name": "Serdar", "last_name": "Kurdoglu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Bilkent University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Peter", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bruza", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Queensland University of Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29935/galley/19789/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29864, "title": "Radical Embodiment and the Relation Between Individual and Joint Action: ALevel-Neutral Approach", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A common assumption in the philosophical literature on joint action is that individual-level action is both ontologicallyand explanatorily prior to collective action: in this view, joint action emerges fromand is therefore best explained in termsofindividual-level mental (intentional, propositional) states. This leads to the awkward position of attributing individual-like minds to groups. But assigning priority to the collective level is equally unsatisfactory. Here I draw from radicalembodied cognitive science to offer a level-neutral alternative. Whether individual or joint, successful action is properlyunderstood as the soft-assembly of a synergistic system, i.e., a higher-order control system exhibiting dimensional com-pression and reciprocal compensation. This level-neutral lens of synergistic dynamics helps elucidate the circular relationbetween individual and collective action: joint action recruits individual-level motor/cognitive mechanisms, yet individual-level mechanisms only emerge through development in social settingsresulting in a nested, self-reinforcing coordinativestructure for action, both individual and collective.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/53j1x4n2", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Guilherme Sanches", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "de Oliveira", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Cincinnati", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29864/galley/19718/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29473, "title": "Rational After All: Changes in Probability Matching Behaviour Across Time inHumans and Monkeys", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Probability matching—where subjects given probabilistic in-put respond in a way that is proportional to those inputprobabilities—has long been thought to be characteristic ofprimate performance in probability learning tasks in a vari-ety of contexts, from decision making to the learning of lin-guistic variation in humans. However, such behaviour is puz-zling because it is not optimal in a decision theoretic sense;the optimal strategy is to always select the alternative with thehighest positive-outcome probability, known as maximising(in decision making) or regularising (in linguistic tasks). Whilethe tendency to probability match seems to depend somewhaton the participants and the task (i.e., infants are less likelyto probability match than adults, monkeys probability matchless than humans, and probability matching is less likely inlinguistic tasks), existing studies suffer from a range of defi-ciencies which make it difficult to robustly assess these dif-ferences. In this paper we present three experiments whichsystematically test the development of probability matchingbehaviour over time in simple decision making tasks, acrossspecies (humans and Guinea baboons), task complexity, andtask domain (linguistic vs non-linguistic). In Experiments 1and 2 we show that adult humans and Guinea baboons exhibitsimilar behaviour in a non-linguistic decision-making task and,contrary to the prevailing view, a tendency to maximise (ba-boons) or significantly over-match (humans) rather than prob-ability match, which strengthens over time and more so withgreater task complexity; our non-human sample size (N = 20baboons) is unprecedented in the probability-matching litera-ture. Experiment 3 provides evidence against domain-specificprobability learning mechanisms, showing that human subjectsover-match high positive-outcome probabilities to a similar de-gree across linguistic and non-linguistic tasks. Our results sug-gest that previous studies may simply have insufficient trials toshow maximising, or be too short to show maximising strate-gies which unfold over time. We thus provide evidence ofshared probability learning mechanisms not only across lin-guistic and non-linguistic tasks but also across primate species.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "probability matching; comparative psychology;domain-general; decision making; language variation" } ], "section": "Comparative and Cultural Cognition", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6252q3sc", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Carmen", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Saldana", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Edinburgh , University of Zurich", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nicolas", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Claidere", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Aix Marseille Universite", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kenny", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Smith", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Edinburgh", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29473/galley/19333/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29673, "title": "Reasoning About Equations with Tape Diagrams: Do Differing Visual FeaturesMatter?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Diagrams are a potentially valuable tool for helping students understand mathematical concepts and procedures. Onetype of diagram that is sometimes used to depict mathematical relationships is tape diagrams, which depict quantitiesin continuous strips. This study investigated whether tape diagrams with different visual features differentially supportreasoning about equations, and explored whether people have preferences for tape diagrams with different visual features.Undergraduates (N = 50) were asked (1) to generate equations to correspond with tape diagrams with varying visualfeatures, and (2) to select the diagram they preferred from pairs that differed in visual features. Variations in visualfeatures (color, presence of outer lines, and position of the constant) did not affect participants success at generatingequations to correspond to the tape diagrams. However, participants displayed systematic preferences for most visualfeatures considered. Future research should examine the effects of these visual features on performance while solvingequations.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/05f693x2", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Anna", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bartel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin- Madison", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Elena", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Silla", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin- Madison", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nicholas", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Vest", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin- Madison", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Tomohiro", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Nagashima", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Vincent", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Aleven", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Martha", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Alibali", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin- Madison", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29673/galley/19530/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29618, "title": "Reasoning About Hidden Features: Individual Differences and Age-RelatedChange", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Throughout development, humans infer unobserved properties of the objects they encounter. However, it is often ambigu-ous whether these inferences result from category-based reasoning or overall similarity to previously observed objects. Inthis study, we examined inferences about hidden properties in four-year-old children (N=36) and adults (N=44). We taughtparticipants three categories of artificial creatures. Each category had one critical feature, where one of its variations wasmore common to members of the category, while the other was more common overall. We found that, on average, bothgroups used within-category frequency to predict the value of an unseen critical feature. However, individual differencesrevealed distinctions between the groups. While adults who used within-category frequency for critical items used overallfrequency for other items, this correlation was qualitatively reversed in children. This suggests that some children weresensitive to category knowledge when predicting unseen features, but others likely used a novelty heuristic.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9b4365qr", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ralston", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The Ohio State Universtiy", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Vladimir", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Sloutsky", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The Ohio State Universtiy", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29618/galley/19477/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29651, "title": "Recognition memory influenced by grammar", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The validity of verbal working memory depends on language experience-independent capacities. We tested how grammat-ical knowledge impacts memory in the absence of overt language production and while controlling for semantic meaningof word pair stimuli. Native English speakers (n=129) completed: (1) ratings of unattested noun-noun compounds (e.g.ice-wallet) on meaningfulness; the (2) Author Recognition Test, measuring language experience; and (3) an old/newrecognition task, where previously presented noun-noun compounds appeared in either old (ice-wallet) or new (wallet-ice)orders. Order of nouns in compounds either resembled order consistently found in English (i.e. typical noun modifier +typical head noun) or was reversed. If grammatical knowledge affects verbal working memory, consistency with natu-ral language should predict old ratings, controlling for meaningfulness ratings and old status. As predicted, participantswere more likely to rate consistent compounds as old compared to reversed. All analyses pre-registered on OSF prior toexperimenter access to data.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5dm9d743", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Steven", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Schwering", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin-Madison", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Maryellen", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "MacDonald", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin-Madison", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29651/galley/19509/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29439, "title": "Reconstructing Maps from Text", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Previous research has demonstrated that Distributional\nSemantic Models (DSMs) are capable of reconstructing maps\nfrom news corpora (Louwerse & Zwaan, 2009) and novels\n(Louwerse & Benesh, 2012). The capacity for reproducing\nmaps is surprising since DSMs notoriously lack perceptual\ngrounding (De Vega et al., 2012). In this paper we investigate\nthe statistical sources required in language to infer maps, and\nresulting constraints placed on mechanisms of semantic\nrepresentation. Study 1 brings word co-occurrence under\nexperimental control to demonstrate that direct co-occurrence\nin language is necessary for traditional DSMs to successfully\nreproduce maps. Study 2 presents an instance-based DSM that\nis capable of reconstructing maps independent of the frequency\nof co-occurrence of city names.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "semantic memory; spatial cognition; embodiment" } ], "section": "Language and Meaning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xd9145s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Johnathan", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Avery", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Indiana University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29439/galley/19299/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29599, "title": "Recurrent top-down synaptic connections at different spatial frequencies helpdisambiguate between dynamic emotions", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The coarse-to-fine hypothesis posits that, in the Human visualsystem, a coarse representation of visual information is propa-gated quickly through the retina to the cortex, whereas a finer,more detailed representation is propagated more slowly. In aprevious study we showed that recurrent synaptic connectionshelp predict low intensity EFEs. Furthermore, a feedback loopcoming from coarser information processing is postulated toinfluence later processing of finer features. In this paper, weintend to examine the value of coarser information and recur-rence in the processing of dynamic Emotional Facial Expres-sions (EFE). In a step forward in studying the importance ofrecurrent connectivity in the coarse-to-fine model, we testedits advantage for discriminating emotions for different spatialfrequencies and facial expression intensities. Using ArtificialNeural Networks, we modeled recurrent synaptic connectionswith a recurrent feedback loop. Using a Gabor filter bank, wecomputed different levels of spatial frequency features. Our re-sults replicate the advantage of recurrence at first facial expres-sion intensities. Our main finding is that the recurrent model isalso better when predicting high spatial frequencies features.Additionally, mid-to-low spatial frequencies are more usefulto the prediction of EFEs. We conclude that feature process-ing feedback has a significant effect in disambiguating facialexpressions when information is particularly complex, i.e., athigh spatial frequencies and low EFE intensities.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "Proactive Brain" }, { "word": "Neural Network modeling" }, { "word": "Emotional Facial Expressions" }, { "word": "Spatial Frequencies." } ], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8414h2fk", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Erwan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "David", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Goethe-Universität Frankfurt", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yannick", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bourrier", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Université Grenoble Alpes", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Roman", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Vuillaume", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Université de Bourgogne", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Martial", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Mermillod", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29599/galley/19458/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29516, "title": "Recursive Adversarial Reasoning in the Rock, Paper, Scissors Game", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this study, we investigate people’s ability to predict andadapt to the behavior of others in order to make plans of theirown, a cornerstone of cooperative and competitive behavior.Participants played 300 rounds of rock, paper, scissors againstanother human player. We investigate the degree to which par-ticipants are able to identify patterns in their opponent’s be-havior in order to exploit them in subsequent rounds. We findstrong evidence that participants exploit their opponents overthe course of 300 rounds, suggesting that people identify de-pendencies in their opponent’s move choices during the game.Nonetheless, analysis of dependencies across participant movechoices reveals that people exhibit a number of regularities intheir own moves. Based on these dependencies, we argue thatparticipants are far from optimal in their exploiting, suggestingthat there are substantial constraints on people’s ability to iden-tify and adapt to patterned opponent behavior across repeatedinteractions.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "adaptive reasoning; adversarial reasoning; non-cooperative games; rock paper scissors" } ], "section": "Pragmatics", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4sp2722s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Erik", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Brockbank", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "UC San Diego", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Edward", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Vul", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "UC San Diego", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29516/galley/19376/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29685, "title": "Redder reds, redder purples, but not redder blues: color gradability knowledgeamong blind and sighted adults", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A key characteristic of color perception is that it both categorical and continuous. This is reflected in graded color ad-jective use. This red fruit is redder than the other red fruit sounds more natural than this red fruit is redder than the bluefruit (Kennedy & McNally, 2010). We examined the contribution of first-person sensory experience to color gradabilityunderstanding by working with congenitally blind adults. Blind (n=20) and sighted (n=15) adults rated the naturalness ofstatements describing two objects of the same color (two red mugs), dissimilar colors (red mug, blue mug) or similar col-ors (red mug, purple mug). Both groups judged redder as most natural for two red objects, least for objects with differentcolors (red/blue) and intermediate for objects with similar colors (red/purple). Color similarity had a larger effect for thesighted group. Understanding color gradability does not require first-person perception.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1062s9nz", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Marina", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bedny", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Judy", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kim", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29685/galley/19542/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29731, "title": "Reducing retrieval time modulates the production effect", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Memory is reliably enhanced for information read aloud compared with information read silentlythe production effect.Three preregistered experiments examined whether the production effect arises from a time-consuming recollective processoperating at test that benefits items that were produced at study. To accomplish this, participants were required to respondwithin a short deadline under the assumption that a time-consuming recollective process would be less able to operatewhen less time is available. If so, the production effect under speeded responding instructions should be reduced relativeto a standard nonspeeded condition. Results generally supported this prediction. However, even under speeded respondinginstructions, there was a robust production effect, potentially suggesting that other, more rapid, processes also contributeto the production effect.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9d68p9fz", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Megan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kelly", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Waterloo", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Xinyi", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Waterloo", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Colin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "MacLeod", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Waterloo", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Evan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Risko", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Waterloo", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29731/galley/19588/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29621, "title": "Reducing the illusion of explanatory depth: A new approach to boostingintervention", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This study demonstrates a new approach for boosting peoples decision-making abilities. Previous studies have demon-strated that those who have less knowledge are more likely to make a scientifically biased decision. Therefore, we canexpect that providing them with more knowledge can reduce their biases. However, since people have difficulty changingtheir minds in response to knowledge that contradicts their opinions, it is unclear whether people accept and appropriatelyunderstand the provided knowledge. To more efficiently help these people, this study focused on the illusion of explanatorydepth, which means that the knowledge people think they have is greater than the knowledge they actually possess. Weconducted two experiments and demonstrated that (i) those who had a stronger illusion of explanatory depth were morelikely to make a logically biased decision, and (ii) by informing them of their illusion and providing them with objectiveknowledge, we could reduce their bias.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3tv236zk", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Shuma", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Iwatani", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Tokyo", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Hidehito", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Honda", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yasuda Women’s University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yurina", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Otaki", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Hitotsubashi University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kazuhiro", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ueda", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Tokyo", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29621/galley/19479/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29568, "title": "Reducing the Perceived Reliability of an External Store Reduces Susceptibility toExternal Store Manipulation.", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Offloading cognition to external stores is practiced ubiquitously in daily life (e.g., counting on fingers, writing lists), yetis a relatively new area of investigation within cognitive science. Previous experiments have assessed the benefits anddownfalls, including participants lowered memory for offloaded information that is no longer available (Gardony et al.,2013; Sparrow et al., 2011). In addition, when offloading, individuals appear susceptible to manipulations of their externalstore (Risko et al., 2019). Here we report an experiment investigating how the perceived reliability of an external storeaffects individuals susceptibility to manipulation of that store. Consistent with previous research, results suggest thatthe majority of participants do not notice an item inserted into their external store. However, once cued to this event,individuals do become more likely to subsequently notice a manipulation of their external store. Implications of thisresearch for our understanding of distributed memory systems will be discussed.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/58d1k2sx", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "April", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pereira", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Waterloo", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Megan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kelly", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Waterloo", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Evan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Risko", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Waterloo", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29568/galley/19428/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30033, "title": "Referent Management in Discourse: The Accessibility of Weak Definites", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this paper, we experimentally investigate the discourse prop-erties of weak definites (go to the doctor), and compare themto indefinites (go to a doctor) in German. While indefinite andweak definite noun phrases are highly similar when it comesto their sentence-level meaning, our visual world eye trackingstudy shows that weak definites are significantly less accessi-ble than indefinites when an ambiguous pronoun needs to beresolved in the subsequent discourse. However, contra someaccounts of weak definites, our results also show that it is verymuch possible for an anaphoric expression to access a weakdefinite. In sum, our experiment suggests that weak definitesintroduce new referents into a discourse, but that those refer-ents are embedded into an event structure associated with thestereotypical meaning of a weak definite construction. As a re-sult, referents introduced by weak definites are less prominentthan referents introduced by indefinites.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "weak definites; discourse processing; referentmanagement; pronoun resolution; accessibility" } ], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8cr5t4jv", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Andreas", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Brocher", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Frederike", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Weeber", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Cologne", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jet", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hoek", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Cologne", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Klaus", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "von Heusinger", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Cologne", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30033/galley/19887/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29728, "title": "Reinforcement of Semantic Representations in Pragmatic Agents Leads to theEmergence of a Mutual Exclusivity Bias", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We present a novel framework for building pragmatic artificialagents with explicit and trainable semantic representations, us-ing the Rational Speech Act model. We train our agents onsupervised and unsupervised communication games and com-pare their behavior to literal agents lacking pragmatic abilities.For both types of games pragmatic but not literal agents evolvea mutual exclusivity bias. This provides a computational prag-matic account of mutual exclusivity and points out a possi-ble direction for solving the mutual exclusivity bias challengeposed by Gandhi and Lake (2019). We find that pragmaticreasoning can cause the bias either by promoting lexical con-straints during learning, or by affecting online inference. In ad-dition we show that pragmatic abilities lead to faster learningand that this advantage is even stronger when meanings to becommunicated follow a more natural distribution as describedby Zipf’s law.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "mutual exclusivity; reinforcement learning; Ratio-nal Speech Act model; gradient-based learning" } ], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rh0d52r", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Xenia", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ohmer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Osnabrueck", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Peter", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Konig", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Osnabrueck", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Franke", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Osnabrueck", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29728/galley/19585/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29834, "title": "Relational reasoning and generalization using non-symbolic neural networks", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Humans have a remarkable capacity to reason about abstract relational structures, an ability that may support some ofthe most impressive, human-unique cognitive feats. Equality (or identity) reasoning has been a key case study of abstractrelational reasoning. This paper revisits the question of whether equality can be learned in non-symbolic neural networks.We find that simple neural networks are able to learn basic equality with relatively little training data. In a second casestudy, we show that sequential equality problems (learning ABA sequences) can be solved with only positive traininginstances. Finally, we consider a more complex, hierarchical equality problem, and find that this task can be solved witheither avast amount of training data or pre-training on basic equality. Overall, these findings indicate that neural modelsare able to solve equality-based reasoning tasks, suggesting that essential aspects of symbolic reasoning can emerge fromdata-driven,non-symbolic learning processes.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/07g9963b", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Atticus", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Geiger", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Alexandra", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Carstensen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Frank", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Christopher", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Potts", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29834/galley/19688/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29503, "title": "Relation learning in a neurocomputational architecture supports cross-domaintransfer", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Humans readily generalize, applying prior knowledge to novelsituations and stimuli. Advances in machine learning have be-gun to approximate and even surpass human performance, butthese systems struggle to generalize what they have learnedto untrained situations. We present a model based on well-established neurocomputational principles that demonstrateshuman-level generalisation. This model is trained to play onevideo game (Breakout) and performs one-shot generalisationto a new game (Pong) with different characteristics. The modelgeneralizes because it learns structured representations that arefunctionally symbolic (viz., a role-filler binding calculus) fromunstructured training data. It does so without feedback, andwithout requiring that structured representations are specifieda priori. Specifically, the model uses neural co-activation todiscover which characteristics of the input are invariant and tolearn relational predicates, and oscillatory regularities in net-work firing to bind predicates to arguments. To our knowledge,this is the first demonstration of human-like generalisation ina machine system that does not assume structured representa-tions to begin with.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "predicate learning; generalisation; neural net-works; symbolic-connectionism; neural oscillations" } ], "section": "Forms of Learning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35v29557", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Leonidas", "middle_name": "A. A.", "last_name": "Doumas", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Edinburgh", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Guillermo", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Puebla", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Edinburgh", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Andrea", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Martin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Hummel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29503/galley/19363/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29779, "title": "Relations between the Home and Cognitive Development in Nicaraguan Children", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Early childhood home environments are well understood to be foundational for cognitive development, yet their relation-ship to specific cognitive skills is challenging to understand empirically in low resourced nations, leading to lack of clarityabout the roles of socialization versus maturation. We examine the contributions of environmental context on culturallyadapted versions of executive functioning (EF; inhibitory control), expressive language, and reasoning tasks (spatial andrelational reasoning) in a representative sample of 1,834 children (24-59 month-olds) in Nicaragua. Multivariate regres-sions revealed children with highly structured homes and enrollment in early education in this context exhibited higherEF, expressive language and reasoning skills, explaining cognitive skills better than socioeconomic status. These resultssuggest these cognitive skills are malleable and impacted by the home context. Language and reasoning skills were alsorelated to more social partners, suggesting language and reasoning are more tied to social interaction than EF.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7ds8t6hn", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Elayne", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Vollman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Chicago", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Lindsey", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Richland", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Irvine", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29779/galley/19633/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29980, "title": "Relationship between Social Support and Posttraumatic Growth for KoreanFirefighters", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Firefighters are exposed to elevated levels of potentially traumatizing events through the course of their work. Suchexposure can have lasting negative consequences (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)) and/or positive outcomes(e.g., posttraumatic growth (PTG)). Research had implicated trauma, occupational and personal variables that account forvariance in posttrauma outcomes yet at this stage no research has investigated these factors and their relative influenceon both PTSD and PTG in a single study. Based in Calhoun and Tedeschi’s model of PTG and previous research, in thisstudy regression models of PTG and PTSD symptoms among 610 firefighters were tested. Results indicated organisationalfactors predicted symptoms of PTSD, while there was partial support for the hypothesis that coping and social supportwould be predictors of PTG. Increases in PTG were predicted by experiencing trauma from multiple sources and the useof selfcare coping.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3165k1rg", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Hyejin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kim", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Gachon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jasmin", "middle_name": "Jeeyeh", "last_name": "Shin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Gachon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jeong", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ryu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Seokyeong University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29980/galley/19834/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29501, "title": "Relative deprivation and social identity in laboratory based riots: A model", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Though extreme events, riots are key signals of well-being in societies. Without understanding the psychological mecha-nisms behind them, however, it is difficult to discern the social changes that need to be made in order to reduce both theriots themselves and their underlying causes. In this work we use computational models to test both relative deprivationand social identity as explanations for data from a novel experimental framework, Parklife, which provides data on howand when individuals riot in the laboratory. Our models show that whilst norm formation and distinctiveness are importantfactors in explaining the behaviour of participants in Parklife, relative deprivation is a key and necessary mechanism inthe increase in anti-social behaviour observed in disadvantaged groups. This work offers the first direct test of relativedeprivation within a specialised system, and shows the power of computational simulations in connecting theories withdata, helping us to test hypotheses.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Social Learning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3z1263sq", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Allen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "UCL", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Guillaume", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Dezecache", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Universite Clermont Auvergne", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Daniel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Richardson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University College London", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29501/galley/19361/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29686, "title": "Reliable Idiographic Parameters From Noisy Behavioral Data: The Case ofIndividual Differences in a Reinforcement Learning Task", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Behavioral data, though has been an influential index oncognitive processes, is under scrutiny for having poorreliability as a result of noise or lacking replications ofreliable effects. Here, we argue that cognitive modeling canbe used to enhance the test-retest reliability of the behavioralmeasures by recovering individual-level parameters frombehavioral data. We tested this empirically with theProbabilistic Stimulus Selection (PSS) task, which is used tomeasure a participant’s sensitivity to positive or negativereinforcement. An analysis of 400,000 simulations from anAdaptive Control of Thought - Rational (ACT-R) model ofthis task showed that the poor reliability of the task is due tothe instability of the end-estimates: because of the way thetask works, the same participants might sometimes end uphaving apparently opposite scores. To recover the underlyinginterpretable parameters and enhance reliability, we used aBayesian Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) procedure. We wereable to obtain reliable parameters across sessions (IntraclassCorrelation Coefficient ~ 0.5), and showed that this approachcan further be used to provide superior measures in terms ofreliability, and bring greater insights into individualdifferences.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "Probabilistic Stimulus Selection task; ReliabilityTest; Basal Ganglia; Direct and Indirect pathways;Computational Modeling; ACT-R" } ], "section": "Poster Session 1", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4jf1h41h", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Yinan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Xu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Washington", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Andrea", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Stocco", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Washington", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29686/galley/19543/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29474, "title": "Repetition Suppression in Low- and High-Order Regions of the Primate Visual\nCortex", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Stimulus recency has a strong effect on both behavior and\nneural responses. Its effects on neural responses have been\nmost closely studied in the visual system in inferotemporal\ncortex (IT) in which recency gives rise to suppressed\nresponses by a phenomenon known as repetition suppression.\nThis observation has led to many possible explanations of\nhow repetition suppression arises in the visual system. Here,\nwe explore three of them: (1) top-down, (2) bottom-up and (3)\nindependently in each brain region. Each of these accounts\nmakes different predictions about the pattern of effects at\ndifferent stages in visual processing for cases in which the\nstimulus either is or is not a match for the location or the\nidentity of the preceding stimulus. We tested these predictions\nby recording from neurons in IT and V2, two separate stages\nof processing, while monkeys viewed displays of repeated\nand non-repeated image sequences.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "monkey; repetition suppression; IT; V2; visual;\nneuron; object; representation; top-down; bottom-up" } ], "section": "Comparative and Cultural Cognition", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6335725v", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Nathaniel", "middle_name": "P.", "last_name": "Williams", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Carl", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Olson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29474/galley/19334/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30160, "title": "Representational complexity and pragmatics cause the monotonicity effect", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Psycholinguistic studies have repeatedly demonstrated thatdownward entailing (DE) quantifiers are more difficult to pro-cess than upward entailing (UE) ones. We contribute to thecurrent debate on cognitive processes causing the monotonic-ity effect by testing predictions about the underlying processesderived from two competing theoretical proposals: two-stepand pragmatic processing models. We model reaction timesand accuracy from two verification experiments (a sentence-picture and a purely linguistic verification task), using the dif-fusion decision model (DDM). In both experiments, verifica-tion of UE quantifier more than half was compared to verifica-tion of DE quantifier fewer than half. Our analyses revealedthe same pattern of results across tasks: Both non-decisiontimes and drift rates, two of the free model parameters of theDDM, were affected by the monotonicity manipulation. Thus,our modeling results support both two-step (prediction: non-decision time is affected) and pragmatic processing models(prediction: drift rate is affected).", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "monotonicity; quantifiers; semantic representa-tions; pragmatics; diffusion decision mode" } ], "section": "Papers accepted as Posters, appearing in proceedings only", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6417z0m0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Fabian", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Schlotterbeck", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of T ̈ubingen", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Sonia", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ramotowska", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Amsterdam", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Leendert", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "van Maanen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Utrecht University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jakub", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Szymanik", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of T ̈ubingen", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30160/galley/20014/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30069, "title": "Representing Typological Prevalence in Graph-Based Semantic Maps", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A graph-based semantic map is a visual representation of presumptively universal conceptual structure underlying seman-tic variation across languages. In such maps, vertices (nodes) represent semantic functions (e.g., the spatial relation ofsupport) and edges connect conceptually similar functions. Using an algorithm that selects edges based on the frequencywith which pairs of semantic functions co-occur across words (or other linguistic forms), Regier and colleagues inferredparsimoniousbut not maximally informativesemantic maps from cross-language data on indefinite pronouns and spatial re-lations. Here, using the same data, we present several alternative map inference methods that prioritize informativeness byaccounting for typological prevalencethe frequency with which pairs of semantic functions co-occur across languagesviathe selection and/or weighting of edges. We suggest that these methods may provide a more complete picture of theuniversal conceptual bases of cross-language semantic variation.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21k0653j", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Qichao", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Colorado College", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Beth", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Malmskog", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Colorado College", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kevin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Holmes", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Colorado College", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30069/galley/19923/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 29803, "title": "Requisite Variety, Cognition, and Scientific Change", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Multiple theories of scientific change have been prominently\npromulgated since Kuhn. A quasi-discipline “Scientonomy” has\neven been proposed to formalize these theories. The cybernetics\nprinciple known as “The Law of Requisite Variety (LRV)” when\ncombined with cognitive science insights regarding categorization\nand its ilk can be used to chart one such formalism. LRV holds that\ncontrol/prediction can only be assured when the internal\ncomplexity of a system matches the external complexity it\nconfronts The key indicator of an activity directed at scientific\nchange comes from examinations of the models which scientists\ndeploy in attempting to link pre-existing explanations with new\nproblems to be explained. Normal science is a reductive activity –\nlimiting the variety encountered. Innovative science is the process\nof expanding such variety, and scientific change is what happens\nwhen the innovative crosses the threshold for normal.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "scientific change; requisite variety; cybernetics" }, { "word": "scientonomy" } ], "section": "Poster Session 2", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s78j8bz", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lissack", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University, Shanghai, China", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/29803/galley/19657/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30066, "title": "Research-Based Teaching Practices for Improving Students’ Understanding ofMathematical Equivalence Have Not Made it into Elementary Classrooms", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Elementary math instruction traditionally has emphasizedprocedures rather than concepts. Thus, students tend to lack astrong understanding of foundational concepts likemathematical equivalence. Cognitive scientists andmathematics educators have found small yet effective ways tomodify traditional arithmetic instruction to promote students’conceptual understanding of math equivalence. Educationalstandards also now reflect this academic research. However, itis unclear whether classroom practices have caught up withresearch and policy. In the current study, we observed teachers’practices during arithmetic instruction. The goal was todetermine if teachers are using research-based practices thatpromote understanding of math equivalence and if variation inuse of research-based practices is associated with students’growth in understanding of math equivalence across the schoolyear. Eight second and third grade classrooms (M students perclassroom = 23) were observed twice during math instruction.Students completed a math test both before and after theobservation period. Research-based practices were rarelyobserved in any classrooms, so there was not much variation inclassroom use of research-based practices to predict studentgrowth. Students improved their performance on all problemtypes tested, but performance on math equivalence problemswas significantly lower than on other problem types. Resultssuggest that policies and practices designed to improvestudents’ understanding of math equivalence may not havefiltered down to affect instructional practices in classrooms.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "mathematical equivalence; mathematics instruction;conceptual understanding; pre-algebra; mathematical cognition" } ], "section": "Poster Session 3", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/56b4n1nh", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Elena", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Silla", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin-Madison", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Caroline", "middle_name": "Byrd", "last_name": "Hornburg", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Virginia Tech", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Matthew", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kloser", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Notre Dame", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nicole", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "McNeil", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Notre Dame", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "2020-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30066/galley/19920/download/" } ] } ] }