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{ "count": 38386, "next": "https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=api&limit=100&offset=33100", "previous": "https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=api&limit=100&offset=32900", "results": [ { "pk": 32344, "title": "Dissociation between Categorization and Similarity Judgments", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A dissociation between categorization and similarity was found by Rips (1989). In one experiment. Rips found that a stimulus half-way between a pizza and a quarter was categorized as a pizza but was rated as more similar to a quarter. Smith & Sloman (1994) discuss these results in terms of the role of necessary and characteristic features. In one experiment, participants had to learn to categorize new stimuli (unknown shapes) built with necessary and characteristic features. We compared two experimental conditions in which we manipulated the association between the characteristic features and the two categories. Contrary to the suggestion made by Smith and Sloman, subjects categorized the stimuli on the basis of a necessary feature. However, their similarity judgments relied on the characteristic features. This resulted, for one of the two experimental conditions, in a perfect dissociation betweensimilarity and categorization. According to Rips, the dissociation indicates that categorization and similarity rating are different processes. On the contrary, we suggest that categorization and similarity are the same processes, but that they sometimes operate on different subsets of features.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7bh9x2mb", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jean-Pierre", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Thibaut", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, King Alfred's College", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Myriam", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Dupont", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Exeter University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32344/galley/23409/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32218, "title": "Distinguishing Name Centrality From Conceptual Centrality", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The features of a concept differ in their centrality. Having a seat is more central to the concept of chair than is having arms. This paper claims that centrality is not a homogeneous phenomenon in that it has at least two aspects, conceptual and naming. We propose that a feature is central to naming in proportion to the feature's category validity, the probability of the feature given the category. In contrast, a feature is conceptually central (immutable) to the extent the feature is depended on by other features. We predict that conceptual and naming centrality diverge as categories become more specific. An experiment is reported that provides corroborating evidence. Increasing the specificity of object categories increased the judged mutability of representative features without affecting their judged appropriateness for determining names.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pv9v0wx", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Woo-kyoung", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ahn", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Steven", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Sloman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32218/galley/23283/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32532, "title": "Distributed, Community Information Filtering", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35m3q81f", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Mimi", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Recker", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition, Indiana University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32532/galley/23596/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32298, "title": "Does Complex Behavior Require Complex Representations?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Models in cognitive science often postulate that individuals maintain complex representations of their environment when simpler explanations, based on simple behaviors interacting with each other and environmental constraints, would suffice. As an example, I consider representational approaches to animal behavior (e.g., Gallistel, 1990; Myerson and Miezin, 1980), which posit that complex group behavior results from complex representations of events within the central nervous systems of individual animals. For example, ducks feeding from two food sources distribute themselves proportionately to the density of food available at each source. This phenomenon, probability matching, is typically explained by attributing representations of the density of food available at each source within the central nervous system (CNS) of each duck. Are such complex representations required to explain this phenomenon? I will compare the results of two simulations of probability matching in groups. In one, individuals maintain and update representations of food available at each source. Although probability matching emerges, the organisms exhibit various unrealistic behaviors. In the second, each individual follows simple behavioral rules but has no representation of the food density at each source. Probability matching emerges and the behavior observed is more realistic than that in the first simulation. This adds to demonstrations in other domains that complexity at one level of analysis need not result from complexity at lower levels (e.g., Resnick, 1994; Sigmund, 1993).", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1548w868", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Magnuson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Psychology Department, Universite de Liege", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32298/galley/23363/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32351, "title": "Dual-task Interference When a Response is Not Required", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "When subjects are required to respond to two stimuli presented in rapid succession, responses to the second stimulus are delayed. Such dual-task interference has been attributed to a fundamental processing bottleneck preventing simultaneous processing on both tasks. Two experiments show dual-task interference even when the first task does not require a response. The observed interference is caused by a bottleneck in central cognitive processing, rather than in response initiation or execution.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8rx0d95v", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Mark", "middle_name": "Van", "last_name": "Selst", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Johnston", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32351/galley/23416/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32535, "title": "Effect of the learning history at a low level of object analysis", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1w87t96c", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Luc", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rodet", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Dept. of Computer & Information Science, Clark Atlanta University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Valerie", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Chauvin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Dept. of Computer & Information Science, Clark Atlanta University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Guy", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Tiberghien", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "IS/DS Department, Old Dominion University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32535/galley/23599/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32338, "title": "Effects of Goal Specificity and Explanations on Instance Learning and Rule Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We distinguish between instance learning and rule learning (e.g. Shanks & St. John, 1994). Instance learning involves memorizing learning mstances while rule learning involves the abstraction of an underlying rule. Instance learning and rule learning can be explained by a dual space model of leammg (Klahr & Dunbar, 1988; Simon & Lea, 1974). In relation to Simon and Lea's model, instance learning can be said to occur in instance space while rule learning makes use of both instance space and hypothesis space. We describe an experiment to test the view that whether instance learning or rule learning occurs depends on the learning goal and on whether or not the subjects explain what they are doing. Subjects were asked to learn a dynamic computer control task guided by either a specific or a non-specific goal. During learning, subjects also carried out a secondary task. They either described what they were doing during learning or explained what they were doing. We predicted that giving descriptions would favour instance learning and prevent rule learning irrespective of the learning goal, since giving descriptions forces subjects to focus on the task itself. Giving explanations should favour rule learning when subjects are given a non-specific goal, since both the non-specific goal and giving explanations focus on the reasons for the computer's behaviour. Giving explanations should not lead to rule learning when subjects have a specific goal since the specific goal forces subjects to focus on a search of instance space and to neglect the hypothesis space. The results confirmed these predictions. They support the view that goal specificity guides learning by directing attention to either instance space or both instance space and rule space, and that giving explanations encourages the revision of hypotheses in the light of the evidence.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3br9w24d", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Rosemary", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Stevenson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Geneva, and IRCS, University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Bruce", "middle_name": "W.", "last_name": "Geddes", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Computational Linguistics Research Group, Freiburg University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32338/galley/23403/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32583, "title": "Effects of Syntactic Information on Ambiguous Japanese Verbs in Sentence Comprehension Using a Cross-modal Priming Task", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00c3v6j0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Takashi", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Tsuzuki", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32583/galley/23647/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32399, "title": "Eight Issues in Knowledge Acquisition: A Microgenetic Study of Learning in Chemistry", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8q60w0g1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Clark", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Chinn", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Computer Science Department, Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32399/galley/23464/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32470, "title": "Eliminativism as Magic", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9p04n2hw", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Anne", "middle_name": "Jaap", "last_name": "Jacobson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32470/galley/23535/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32373, "title": "Embodied Image Schemas in the Polysemy of the Spatial Preposition \"On\"", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4m15c6j6", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Dinara", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Beitel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Dept. of Psychology, Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32373/galley/23438/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32542, "title": "Encoding and Response Strategies in Complex Skill Acquisition", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2p47k6w0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Dario", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Salvucci", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology and Program in Cognitive Science, Indiana University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Anderson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology and Program in Cognitive Science, Indiana University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Scott", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Douglass", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology and Program in Cognitive Science, Indiana University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32542/galley/23606/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32392, "title": "Enhancing ACT-R's Perceptual-Motor Abilities", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9px6z3rf", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Byrne", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Equipe Textima, C.N.R.S., Universite Paul Valery", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Anderson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32392/galley/23457/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32523, "title": "Ernst Mach and Daniel Dennett: Two Evolutionary Models of Cognition", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xg9j46m", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Csaba", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pleh", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Institute of Engineering Cybernetics, Technical University of Wroclaw", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32523/galley/23588/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32381, "title": "Evidence for Metaphoric Representation: Perspective in Space and Time", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3836n294", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Lera", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Boroditsky", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Service di Psychiatrie, Hopital Albert Chenvier, Creteil", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32381/galley/23446/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32380, "title": "Evidence for Modularity in Musical Performance", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/55h574kp", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Sally", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bogacz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Service di Psychiatrie, Hopital Albert Chenvier, Creteil", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32380/galley/23445/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32408, "title": "Evolution and Spatial Symbolic Behavior", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mz5d8wn", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Patrick", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Daly", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Science Studies, Western Michigan University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ezra", "middle_name": "B. W.", "last_name": "Zubrow", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "CNRS", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32408/galley/23473/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32309, "title": "Evolution of a Rapidly Learned Representation for Speech", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Newly bom infants are able to finely discriminate almost all human speech contrasts and their phonemic category boundaries are initially identical, even for phonemes outside their target language, A connectionist model is described which accounts for this ability. The approach taken has been to develop a model of innately guided learning in which an artificial neural network (ANN) is stored in a \"genome\" which encodes its architecture and learning rules. The space of possible ANNs is searched with a genetic algorithm for networks that can learn to discriminate human speech sounds. These networks perform equally well having been trained on speech spectra from any human language so far tested (English, Cantonese, Swahih, Farsi, Czech, Hindi, Hungarian, Korean, Polish, Russian, Slovak. Spanish, Ukranian and Urdu). Training the feature detectors requires exposure to just one minute of speech in any of these languages. Categorisation of speech sounds based on the network representations showed the hallmarks of categorical perception, as found in human infants and adults.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rs417bp", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ramin", "middle_name": "Charles", "last_name": "Nakisa", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "International Computer Science Institute and University of California, Berkeley", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kim", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Plunkett", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "School of Education and Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32309/galley/23374/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32544, "title": "Experimental Evidence for Multiple-Mappings in Word Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1dv2g0zm", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Catherine", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Sandhofer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Psychology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Linda", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Smith", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32544/galley/23608/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32591, "title": "Expertise and Collaborative Design", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0t64h7sw", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Alonso", "middle_name": "H.", "last_name": "Vera", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Rovert", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "West", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kvan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32591/galley/23655/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32527, "title": "Expertise Effects on the Biological Basic Level", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3q2085c9", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Julia", "middle_name": "Beth", "last_name": "Proffitt", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Edutech, Georgia Institute of Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32527/galley/23591/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32269, "title": "Expertise or Expert-ese? The Emergence of Task-Oriented Sub-Languages", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper reports an experiment which demonstrates the emergence of group-specific sublanguages or 'expert-ese' within groups engaged in a series of task-oriented dialogues. Extending the findings of Garrod and Doherty (1994), it is argued that neither simple appeal to task expertise nor the collaborative establishment of mutual beliefs can adequately account for these results. An alternative proposal, that identifes repair as the critical locus of semantic coordination is sketched.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5cq9v496", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Patrick", "middle_name": "G.T.", "last_name": "Healey", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32269/galley/23334/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32603, "title": "Expert's and Non-Expert's Mental Models of Studying", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3hn5k7gf", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Charles", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Woodson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32603/galley/23667/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32453, "title": "Exploratory Problem-Solving In Scientific Reasoning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/29s1783h", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Todd", "middle_name": "W.", "last_name": "Griffith", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nancy", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Nersessian", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ashok", "middle_name": "K.", "last_name": "Goel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Clement", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32453/galley/23518/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32512, "title": "Extreme Attraction: On the Discrete Representation Preference of Attractor Networks", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4k41f3fd", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Noelle", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Augustana College", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Garrison", "middle_name": "W.", "last_name": "Cottrell", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Theatre, Indiana State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Fred", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Wilms", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "School of Education, Stanford", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32512/galley/23577/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32423, "title": "Eye Movements during Geometrical Problem Solving", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4293d51n", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Julie", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Epelboim", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Fachgruppe Methodenlehre, University of Zurich", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Patrick", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Suppes", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computer Science, Northwestern University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32423/galley/23488/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32517, "title": "Facilitation in variants of the nine-dot problem: Perceptual or cognitive mediation?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6j0646gr", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Ormerod", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Fylde College, Lancaster University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Edward", "middle_name": "P.", "last_name": "Chronicle", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Division of Psychology, University of Derby", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "N.", "last_name": "MacGregor", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Division of Psychology, University of Derby", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32517/galley/23582/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32444, "title": "Filtering Out Irrelevant Material During Metaphor Comprehension", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2nn647gv", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Sam", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Glucksberg", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Science Studies, Western Michigan University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Mary", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Newsome", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Program in Neural, Informational, and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yevgeniya", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Goldvarg", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Program in Neural, Informational, and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32444/galley/23509/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32364, "title": "FLOABN", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kw3r2g0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Alterman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University, Applied Cognitive Science Research Group", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32364/galley/23429/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32502, "title": "Focused Learning in a Linguistic Environment", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7q54x5f9", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "P.", "last_name": "Matessa", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Anderson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computer Science, Brunel University, Uxbridge", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32502/galley/23567/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32475, "title": "Frequency Effects on Letter Transpositions Including Computer Cascade Modeling", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0pt63737", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ruth", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Jones", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications de Bretagne", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Alan", "middle_name": "H.", "last_name": "Kawamoto", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "RWCP Neuro SICS Laboratory, Real World Computing Partnership, Swedish Institute of Compuer Science", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32475/galley/23540/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32436, "title": "Frequency, Similarity, and Exemplars in Phonology", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0n40t61g", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Stefan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Frisch", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Northwestern University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32436/galley/23501/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32302, "title": "From Image to Word: A Computational Model of Word Recognition in Reading", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper describes a working, computational model of word recognition that combines a letter classification component with a component that segments the string of classified letters into words and uses a dynamic programming method for matching the words against a lexicon of over 2,800 words. The letter classification component is a neural network trained to classify, in parallel, inputs corresponding to 20x188 pixel array images of letter sequences, 14 or more letters long. Consistent with human capabilities, the system can classify all 14 letters at a level above chance, and on average, classifies the first 7 or 8 letters in the sequence correctly. Dictionary lookup improves classification accuracy by 1 character per image. The model is robust, having been trained and tested on the entire text of the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, printed in multiple fonts and in both mixed and upper-case letters. It provides a computation-level understanding of word recognition capabihties, in which errors are attributable to the theoretically inevitable difficulties associated with learning to classify large input patterns. The model mimics human capabilities for circumventing some of these difficulties by imposing constraints on fixation positions that reduce image variability.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68j1z6pd", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Gale", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Martin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32302/galley/23367/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32604, "title": "From Perceptual Consciousness to Cognitive Architectures", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8vg6h2rf", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Charles", "middle_name": "Q.", "last_name": "Wu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Psychology Department, Columbia University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32604/galley/23668/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32460, "title": "Functional Pursuit: A Model of Successful Induction in Mathematics", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/752525jw", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Lisa", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Haverty", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Lund University Cognitive Science and Department of Computer Science, University College of Skovde", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kenneth", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Koedinger", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Presto,JST / Electrotechnical Laboratory, MITI", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Klahr", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Education, Aoyama Gakuin University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32460/galley/23525/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32539, "title": "Fundamentals of Consciousness", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7j40x77g", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "J.", "middle_name": "Andrew", "last_name": "Ross", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California at Santa Barbara", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32539/galley/23603/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32332, "title": "General and Specific Expertise in Scientific Reasoning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Previous research on scientific reasoning has shown that it involves a diverse set of skills. Yet, little is known about generality of those skills, an important issue to theories of expertise and to attempts to automate scientific reasoning skills. We present a study examining what kinds of skills psychologists actually use in designing and interpreting experiments. The results suggest: 1) that psychologists use many domain-general skills in their experimentation; 2) that bright and motivated undergraduates are missing many of these skills; 3) some domain-general skills are not specific to only scientists; and 4) some domain-specific skills can be acquired with minimal domain-experience.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2b3795m3", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Christian", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Schunn", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Berkeley", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Anderson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32332/galley/23397/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32505, "title": "Generalization and Catastrophic Forgetting in Radial Basis Function Networks", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35t187j1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Neil", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Middleton", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32505/galley/23570/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32600, "title": "Generalization in Category Learning: One and Two Category Problems", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/953467sx", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "A.", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Wills", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "I.", "middle_name": "P. L.", "last_name": "McLaren", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32600/galley/23664/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32231, "title": "Generating Coherent Messages in Real-time Decision Support: Exploiting Discourse Theory for Discourse Practice", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper presents a message planner, TVaumaGEN, that draws on rhetorical structure and discourse theory to address the problem of producing integrated messages from individual critiques, each of which is designed to achieve its own communicative goal. TraumaGEN takes into account the purpose of the messages, the situation in which the messages will be received, and the social role of the system.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1wf5729h", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Sandra", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Carberry", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Terrence", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Harvey", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Warwick", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32231/galley/23296/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32571, "title": "Genetic Programming of Cognitive Models", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mv775pg", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Lee", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Spector", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32571/galley/23635/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32557, "title": "Giving Up for No Good Reason", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/47t800dn", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Daniel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Shapiro", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Russian Institute for Artificial Intelligence", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32557/galley/23621/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32548, "title": "Graphical Representations and their Relation to Instruction", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/34r4g8c1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Eileen", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Scanlon", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Sun Microsystems Laboratories", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32548/galley/23612/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32365, "title": "Hidden-Object Indexing: Claims at Two Temporal Levels", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/98m5c4gv", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Erik", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Altmann", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University, Applied Cognitive Science Research Group", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32365/galley/23430/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32259, "title": "Homographic Self-Inhibition and the Disappearance of Priming: More Evidence for an Interactive-Activation Model of Bilingual Memory", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper presents two expenments providing strong support for an interactive-activation interpretation of bilingual memory. In both experiments French-English interlexical noncognate homographs were used, i.e., words like <i>fin</i> (= \"end\" in French), <i>pain</i> (= \"bread\" in French), that have a distinct meaning in each language. An All-English condition, in which participants saw only English items (word and non-words) and a Mixed condition, with half English and half French items, were used. For a set of English target words that were strongly primed by the homographs in the All-English condition (e.g., <i>shark</i>, primed by the homograph <i>fin</i>), this priming was found to disappear in the Mixed condition. We suggest that this is because the English \"component\" of the homograph is inhibited by the French component which only becomes active in the Mixed condition. Further, recognition times for these homographs as words in English were sigmficantly longer in the Mixed condition and the amount of this increase was related to the relative strength (in terms of printed-word frequency) of the French meaning of the homograph. We see no reasonable independent-access dual-lexicon explanation of these results, whereas they fit easily into an interactive-activation framework.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/19z574cm", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "French", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Center for Speech and Language, Psychology Department, Birkbeck College", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Clark", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ohnesorge", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Princeton University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32259/galley/23324/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32337, "title": "How Currency Traders Think About the Spot Market's Thinking", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper discusses a model of decision making in environments characterized by information that may change more rapidly than the decision maker can respond. The exemplar environment is the spot market for currency. The discussion focuses on the part of the trading model that explains how spot currency traders anticipate the market.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1gt2g0z2", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kip", "middle_name": "C.S.", "last_name": "Smith", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Dept. of Computer Science, and Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32337/galley/23402/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32494, "title": "How do different components of multimedia affect learning?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0tt284ts", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Adrienne", "middle_name": "Y.", "last_name": "Lee", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Linguistics, Seoul National University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Alexia", "middle_name": "N.", "last_name": "Bowers", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Richmond", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32494/galley/23559/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32361, "title": "How Do They Do It? Delving Into The World Of An Aging Medical Expert", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "It is well established that there are declines in basic cognitive functions associated with aging. However, for individuals with extensive knowledge in a particular domain (e.g. experts), there does not appear to be age-related limitations in performance. Although expert performance relies on certain fundamental cognitive processes, such as information processing and memory capacity, the strategy with which an expert maintains a high level of functioning in his/her domain may be altered. One may view this alteration as a sign of compensation for age-related limitation, or one may deem that this alteration of strategies is due to the natural course of extensive practice in the field. The aim of this paper is to explore diagnostic reasoning processes in an aging medical specialist. Specifically, this study explores what aspects of performance approximates that of a younger expert, and what aspects deviate from the current model of expertise in medicine.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6gg8t4t5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Leanna", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Zozula", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Yale University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Vimla", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Patel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford Knowledge Integration Laboratory", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32361/galley/23426/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32553, "title": "How Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) Represents Essay Semantic Content: Technical Issues and Analyses", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4bw0c8h3", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "M.", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Schreiner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology & Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Bob", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rehder", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "K.", "last_name": "Landauer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Radiology, and Program in Neurosciences, Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Darrell", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Laham", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Radiology, and Program in Neurosciences, Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32553/galley/23617/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32353, "title": "How Motivation Affects Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In our cognitive-motivational process model (Vollmeyer & Rheinberg, in press) we assumed that motivational factors have an impact on how people learn about a task and how well they can perform it. Many motivation theories (if not all) have such assumptions in common. Our approach emphasizes four task specific motivational factors: <i>mastery confidence</i>, <i>incompetence fear</i>, <i>interest</i>, and <i>challenge</i>. We investigated how these motivational factors influence the learning outcome through mediators. Our framework proposes that the <i>motivational state</i> and the <i>strategy</i> systematicity could mediate motivational effects on learning. Path analysis supported this assumption in two studies.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6m7792qx", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Regina", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Vollmeyer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computer Science, University of Hamburg", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Wolfram", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rollet", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computer Science, University of Hamburg", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Falko", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rheinberg", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Laboratoire de la Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, College de France/CNRS", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32353/galley/23418/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32582, "title": "How natural is natural language for Intelligent Tutoring Systems?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8rd1n5s2", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "J.", "middle_name": "Gregory", "last_name": "Trafton", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ken", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wauchope", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Paula", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Raymond", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "B.", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Deubner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Psychology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz; Sociology Department, Rikkyo University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "J.", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Stroup", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, University of West Florida", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Elaine", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Marsh", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Nuclear Cardiology, Columbia West Florida Regional Medical Center and medical Center Clinic", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32582/galley/23646/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32421, "title": "How People Produce Understandable Multi-Modal Explanations", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9tr3432z", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Randi", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Engle", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Education Mathematics Science and Technology, University of California at Berkeley", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32421/galley/23486/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32403, "title": "How Routine are Discourse Routines?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dd1x18t", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Sherri", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Condon", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Claude", "middle_name": "G.", "last_name": "Cech", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "William", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Edwards", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Dept. of Incormation and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32403/galley/23468/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32278, "title": "How to Make the Impossible Seem Possible", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The mental model theory postulates that reasoners build models of the situations described in premises. A conclusion is possible if it occurs in at least one model; and it is impossible if it occurs in no models. According to the theory, reasoners can cope with what is true, but not with what is false. A computer implementation predicted that certain inferences should yield cognitive illusions, i.e. they have conclusions that should seem highly plausible but that are in reality gross errors. Experiment 1 showed that, as predicted, participants erroneously inferred that impossible situations were possible, and that possible situations were impossible, but they performed well with control problems. Experiment 2 replicated these results, using the same premises for both the illusory and the control inferences: the participants were susceptible both to illusions of possibility and to illusions of impossibility, but they coped with the control problems.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qw7r8p0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Philip", "middle_name": "N.", "last_name": "Johnson-Laird", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, University of Michigan", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yevgeniya", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Goldvarg", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Southern California", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32278/galley/23343/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32288, "title": "How Well Can Passage Meaning be Derived without Using Word Order? A Comparison of Latent Semantic Analysis and Humans", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "How much of the meaning of a naturally occurring English passage is derivable from its combination of words without considering their order? An exploratory approach to this question was provided by asking humans to judge the quality and quantity of knowledge conveyed by short student essays on scientific topics and comparing the inter-rater reliability and predictive accuracy of their estimates with the performance of a corpus-based statistical model that takes no account of word order within an essay. There was surprisingly little difference between the human judges and the model.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5gz2k513", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "K.", "last_name": "Landauer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology & Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Darrell", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Laham", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Bob", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rehder", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "M.", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Schreiner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32288/galley/23353/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32595, "title": "Humans Rely on Egocentric Representations for Accurate Spatial Navigation", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0545q6fk", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ranxiao", "middle_name": "Frances", "last_name": "Wang", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, University of Michigan", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Elizabeth", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Spelke", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Memphis, Department of Psychology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32595/galley/23659/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32236, "title": "Identifying Dual-Task Executive Process Knowledge using EPIC-Soar", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this paper, we present a lineage of models that is used to identify the additional knowledge required to perform two tasks concurrently at an expert level. The underlying architecture used for this modeling is EPIC-Soar, a combination of the sensory and motor modules of EPIC, and the cognitive processing of Soar Within EPIC-Soar, we build models for the Wickens' task, a combination of tracking and choice-reaction time tasks. A key product of the models is an identification of the knowledge required to combine these two tasks: the executive process knowledge. We also demonstrate that it is possible to learn some of this knowledge through experience. We achieve performance comparable, in terms of error-rates and reaction times, to human data and an EPIC model.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1s4726qx", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ronald", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Chong", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Program in Neural, Informational and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Laird", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Seminaire de Recherche en Sciences Cognitives, Universite Libre de Bruxells", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32236/galley/23301/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32274, "title": "[i e a u] and Sometimes [o]: Perceptual Computational Constraints on Vowel Inventories", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Common vowel inventories of languages tend to be better dispersed in the space of possible vowels than less common or unattested inventories. The present research explored the hypothesis that functional factors underlie this preference. Connectionist models were trained on different inventories of spoken vowels, taken from a naturalistic corpus. The first experiment showed that networks trained on well-dispersed five-vowel sets like [i e a o u] learned the inventory more quickly and generalized better to novel stimuli, compared to those trained on less dispersed vowel sets. Experiments 2-3 examined how effects due to ease of perception are modulated by factors related to production. Languages tend to prefer front vowel contrasts over back vowels because the latter tend to be produced with more variability. This caused networks trained on an [i e a u] inventory to perform better than those trained on [i a o u]. Thus both acoustic separation of vowels and variability in how they are realized in speech affect ease of learning and generalization. The results suggest that acoustic and articulatory factors can explain apparent phonological universals.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9kh5067v", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Marc", "middle_name": "F.", "last_name": "Joanisse", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Mark", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Seidenburg", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Informatics, Centre for Cognitive Science, The Ohio State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32274/galley/23339/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32555, "title": "Implicit and Explicit Knowledge in Artificial Grammar Learning: An fMRI Study", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qs5j713", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Carol", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Seger", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Radiology, and Program in Neurosciences, Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Vivek", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Prabhakaran", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Radiology, and Program in Neurosciences, Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Russell", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Poldrack", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Michigan", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Desmond", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Michigan", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "D. E.", "last_name": "Gabrieli", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Michigan", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32555/galley/23619/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32546, "title": "Implicit/Explicit Knowledge in Instructed Second Language Acquisition", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/07f5h71f", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Mark", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Sawyer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Open University, Institute of Education Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32546/galley/23610/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32283, "title": "Implicit Strategies and Errors in an Improved Model of Early Algebra Problem Solving", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We have been refining a cognitive model, written in ACT-R, of student performance in early algebra problem solving. \"Early algebra\" refers to a class of problems and competencies at the boundary between arithmetic and algebra. Our empirical studies in this domain establish a striking contrast between students' difficulties with symbolic algebra and their relative success with certain kinds of \"intuitive\" algebraic reasoning. To better understand this contrast, we analyzed student solutions to identify the strategies and errors exhibited and then set out to account for this detailed process data with the utility-based choice mechanism of ACT-R. Our first model contained production mles for explicitly selecting strategies and for making certain systematic errors or bugs. It provided a good quantitative fit to student performance data (R2=.90), however, it had two quahtative shortcomings: 1) the productions for strategy selection appeared to serve no computational purpose and 2) the model systematically underpredicted the frequency of non-trivial errors on more complex problems. We created a new model in which explicit strategy selection was eliminated (strategic behavior is emergent) and in which failure to fire a production (an implicit, non-buggy error) is an option at every model choice point. Compared to the first model, this model achieved an equivalent quantitative fit with fewer productions and without the systematic deviations from the error data. We consider the implications of implicit strategies and errors for instruction.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0rd281bk", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kenneth", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Koedinger", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "ESRC Centre for Research in Development, Instruction and Training, Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Benjamin", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "MacLaren", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "ATR Media Integration & Communications Laboratories", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32283/galley/23348/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32293, "title": "Improving Associative Memory Capacity: One-Shot Learning in Multilayer Hopfield Networks", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Our brains have an extraordinarily large capacity to store and recognize complex patterns after only one or a very few exposures to each item. Existing computational learning algorithms fall short of accounting for these properties of human memory; they either require a great many learning iterations, or they can do one-shot learning but suffer from very poor capacity. In this paper, we explore one approach to improving the capacity of simple Hebbian pattern associators: adding hidden units. We propose a deterministic algorithm for choosing good target states for the hidden layer. In assessing performance of the model, we argue that it is critical to examine both increased stability and increased basin size of the attractor around each stored pattern. Our algorithm achieves both, thereby improving the network's capacity to recall noisy patterns. Further, the hidden layer helps to cushion the network from interference effects as the memory is overloaded. Another technique, almost as effective, is to \"soft-clamp\" the input layer during retrieval. Finally, we discuss other approaches to improving memory capacity, as well the relation between our model and extant models of the hippocampal system.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/83703360", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Arnold", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Liwanag", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Suzanna", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Becker", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Exeter", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32293/galley/23358/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32537, "title": "Improving Classification Accuracy By Learning Multiple Category Prototypes", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9cs0j0sg", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Mukesh", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rohatgi", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Psychonomics Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Amsterdam", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32537/galley/23601/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32294, "title": "Incremental processing and infinite local ambiguity", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In incremental parsing, infinite local ambiguity occurs when the input word can be combined with the syntactic structure built so far in a infinite number of ways. A common example is left recursion (e.g. \"'railway station clock\" or \"his sister's boyfriend's shirt\"), where local information cannot tell us the depth of embedding of the left descendent chain of nodes. From the processing point of view, infinite local ambiguity causes a technical problem, which a model must solve in order to implement incrementality fully. This paper provides a general solution to the problem of infinite local ambiguity, by introducing the concept of Minimal Recursive Structure. We give two examples of parsers in which the solution is used.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ks8g0kj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Vincenzo", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lombardo", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Exeter", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Patrick", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Sturt", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32294/galley/23359/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32238, "title": "Incremental Sequence Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "As linguistic competence so clearly illustrates, processing sequences of events is a fundamental aspect of human cognition. For this reason perhaps, sequence learning behavior currently attracts considerable attention in both cognitive psychology and computational theory. In typical sequence learning situations, participants are asked to react to each element of sequentially structured visual sequences of events. An important issue in this context is to determine whether essentially associative processes are sufficient to understand human performance, or whether more powerful learning mechanisms are necessary. To address this issue, we explore how well human participants and connectionist models are capable of learning sequential material that involves complex, disjoint, long-distance contingencies. We show that the popular Simple Recurrent Network model (Elman, 1990), which has otherwise been shown to account for a variety of empirical findings (Cleeremans, 1993), fails to account for human performance in several experimental situations meant to test the model's specific predictions. In previous research (Cleeremans, 1993) briefly described in this paper, the structure of center-embedded sequential structures was manipulated to be strictly identical or probabilistically different as a function of the elements surrounding the embedding. While the SRN could only learn in the second case, human subjects were found to be insensitive to the manipulation. In the new experiment described in this paper, we tested the idea that performance benefits from \"starting small effects\" (Elman, 1993) by contrasting two conditions in which the training regimen was either incremental or not. Again, while the SRN is only capable of learning in the first case, human subjects were able to learn in both. We suggest an alternative model based on Maskara & Noetzel's (1991) Auto-Associative Recurrent Network as a way to overcome the SRN model's failure to account for the empirical findings.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/401874c9", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Axel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cleeremans", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Advanced Computation Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Arnaud", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Destrebecqz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Birkbeck College", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32238/galley/23303/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32533, "title": "Infants' Conceptual Understanding and Organization of Agents and Patients", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5g2950f7", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Melissa", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Redford", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition, Indiana University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Leslie", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Cohen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Institut of Cognitive Science, University of Lyon", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32533/galley/23597/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32285, "title": "Informational Potentials of Dynamic Speech Rate in Dialogue", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We examine five spontaneous dialogues conducted in Japanese and analyze the potential of speech rate change to signal the structure of information being exchanged in dialogue. We found (1) a bi-directional correlation between speech decelerations and the openings of new information, and (2) another bi-directional correlation between speech accelerations and the absence of information openings. Our data show that the correlations hold not only in the case of a single speaker's speech, but also in the case of multiple speakers' sequential utterances, with or without turn shifts. We also study possible disturbances to these default correlations and identify the limitation on speakers' cognitive resources as one major constraint that interferes with the accurate signaling of information opening by decelerated speech.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2z0144zx", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Hanae", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Koiso", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computer Science, Monash University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Atsushi", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Shimojima", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computer Science, Monash University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yasuhiro", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Katagiri", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computer Science, Monash University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32285/galley/23350/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32368, "title": "Information Reuse and Design Expertise", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9s60r0z8", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Linden", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Ball", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, New York University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Louise", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Maskill", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Dept. of Human Development, Cornell University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Ormerod", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Dept. of Human Development, Cornell University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32368/galley/23433/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32518, "title": "Information Reuse and Design Expertise", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96q7n5wq", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Ormerod", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri-Columbia", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Louise", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Maskill", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Department of English", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Linden", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Ball", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "School of Computer Science, Florida International University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32518/galley/23583/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32602, "title": "Inhibitory and Facilitatory Effects in the Perception of Repeated Items", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9g9782mt", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kin", "middle_name": "Fai Ellick", "last_name": "Wong", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Tasking Incorporated", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Hsuan-Chih", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Chen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32602/galley/23666/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32398, "title": "Inhibitory and Fascilitatory Effects in the Perception of Repeated Items", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/94q236nn", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Hsuan-Chih", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Chen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of English, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kin", "middle_name": "Fai Ellick", "last_name": "Wong", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Exeter", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32398/galley/23463/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32242, "title": "Instructional Effects on Spatial and Temporal Memory for Videotaped Events in a Large-scale Environment", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The separability of spatial and sequential mental representations was examined through the use of sketch-maps and ordered event-lists generated by subjects following the viewing of a videotape depicting movement through a natural space. Prior to viewing, subjects were instructed that they would either a) draw a map of the region depicted and place events on the map (map group), b) make a list of the events they saw in the order they saw them (list group), or c) answer some unspecified set of questions following the video (control group). In fact, subjects did all of the above. Although most measures of spatial and sequential accuracy were unaffected by the instructional manipulation, subjects who expected to draw maps were more likely to correctly indicate that the camera had negotiated the space in a figure-eight path, while subjects in the other groups predominantly indicated circular path shapes. None of our analyses provide any strong evidence that an independent spatial representation exists prior to map-drawing. In fact, the similarity between groups suggests that all subjects utilized similar encoding strategies, but that map subjects specifically attended to features of the film which constrain the overall layout of the space. This research raises specific questions about the mechanisms which allow path segments to be integrated into coherent spatial reference frames.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0fk0m03c", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Alex", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cuthbert", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Institute for Cognitive Studies, University of California, Berkeley", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Christopher", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Stecker", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Institute for Cognitive Studies, University of California, Berkeley", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Inna", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Alekandrovsky", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Institute for Cognitive Studies, University of California, Berkeley", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Sheryl", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ehrlich", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Cognitive Studies in Medicine, McGill University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nikunj", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Oza", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Cognitive Studies in Medicine, McGill University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Paula", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rogers", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Center for Clinical Computing, Harvard Medical School", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32242/galley/23307/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32267, "title": "In Support of the Equal Rights Movement for Literal and Figurative Language - A Parallel Search and Preferential Choice Model", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We challenge the commonly held view that the interpretation of metonymies should proceed from a literal-meaning-first approach and argue for an equally balanced treatment of literal and figurative language use. Resulting ambiguities are handled by a combination of two techniques. First, we incorporate discourse constraints into metonymy resolution, reflecting the systematic interaction patterns between the resolution of nominal anaphora and metonymies. We, second, impose constraints on metonymies that are based on pragmatic criteria.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2bt9m50j", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Udo", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hahn", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Cornell University, Department of Modern Languages", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Katja", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Markert", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "ATR Media Integration & Communications Laboratories", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32267/galley/23332/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32521, "title": "Intelligent Agents with Subjective Experience", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04h0q6vw", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ana", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pasztor", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32521/galley/23586/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32597, "title": "Interconcept Organization of Abstract Nouns, Concrete Nouns, and Verbs: Hierarchical versus Matrix Representation", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/81r252cq", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Katja", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wiemer-Hastings", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Memphis, Department of Psychology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Arthur", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Graesser", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Memphis, Department of Psychology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32597/galley/23661/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32608, "title": "Interpersonal-Telepresence and Personal Identity", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0vz6r9d0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Philip", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Zhai", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32608/galley/23672/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32484, "title": "Intrinsic Interest and Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4zb6h13z", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Stephen", "middle_name": "N.", "last_name": "Kitzis", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Cognitive Science, New Bulgarian University & Institute of Mathematics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32484/galley/23549/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32563, "title": "Invention as an Opportunistic Enterprise", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xd775rd", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Marin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Simina", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "TCC, SEAS, University of Virginia", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Janet", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kolodner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ashwin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ram", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, McGill University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gorman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, McGill University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32563/galley/23627/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32611, "title": "Investigation of the Access to the Semantic Memory by Words and by Pictures", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6zz8m8cm", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Martine", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cornuejols", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Parallel Distributed Processing Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jean-Pierre", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rossi", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Philosophy Department, The University of Southwestern Louisiana", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32611/galley/23675/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32486, "title": "Is a Hint Always Useful in Problem Solving? The Influence of Pragmatic Distance on Context Effects", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/95067640", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Boicho", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kokinov", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Psychology Dept., Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kalina", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hadjiilieva", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Psychology Dept., Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Marina", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Yoveva", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32486/galley/23551/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32355, "title": "Is Mental Rotation a Motor Act", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We find evidence for a tight coupling between motor action and transfomation of visual mental images: in a dual-task experiment involving both <i>mental</i> and <i>manual</i> rotation, it is found that mental rotation of abstract visual images is faster and less error-prone when accompanied by manual rotation in the same direction, slower and more error-prone when motor rotation is in the opposite direction. Variations in motor speed, on both large and small scales, are accompanied by corresponding variations, in the same direction, in mental rotation speed. We briefly speculate on the mechanisms that could give rise to this interaction.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bq6k0pj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Mark", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wexler", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Joseph", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "McIntyre", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32355/galley/23420/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32325, "title": "Is there a Place for Semantic Similarity in the Analogical Mapping Process?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Ramscar & Pain (1996) argued that the analogical process cannot be easily distinguished from the categorisation process at a cognitive level. In light of the absence of any distinction between analogy and categorisation, we have argued that analogy is supervenient upon an important part of the classification process, and that as such 'analogical' models are capable of illuminating some categorisation tasks, for instance, the way in which structural systematicity can detennine not only analogical judgements, but also category decisions. Our scepticism regarding the cognitive distinction between these two processes has implications for both analogy and categorisation research: in this paper we consider two leading analogical theories. Centner's Structure Mapping Theory and Holyoak's Multi-Constraint Theory, and argue that results from our use of analogical modeling techniques in categorisation tasks offer some important insights into exactly which elements should be included in a theory of analogical mapping.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9jk7359z", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ramscar", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Center for Cognitive Science, Institute of Computer Science and Social Research, University of Freiburg", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Helen", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pain", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Center for Cognitive Science, Institute of Computer Science and Social Research, University of Freiburg", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cooper", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32325/galley/23390/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32536, "title": "Knowledge Navigation for Visual Problem Solving", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/37v956rg", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Erika", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rogers", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Psychonomics Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Amsterdam", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Barbara", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Ericson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Psychonomics Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Amsterdam", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32536/galley/23600/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32605, "title": "Large Number Discrimination in 6-month-old Infants", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/74c4w2w8", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Fei", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Xu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Psychology Department, Columbia University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Elizabeth", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Spelke", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Psychology Department, Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32605/galley/23669/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32491, "title": "Latent Semantic Analysis Approaches to Categorization", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hb5j83q", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Darrell", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Laham", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Texas, Austin", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32491/galley/23556/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32290, "title": "Learning and Awareness in the Serial Reaction Time Task", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This study examined evidence for implicit rule-based learning in the serial reaction time task and investigated the effect of explicit knowledge on performance. Participants responded to visual stimuli appearing in one of six locations. In each run, six stimuli were presented, with a stimulus appearing in each and every position exactly once in a random order. Participants implicitly learned the pattern as indicated by better performance on the sixth trials than on the first trials. Yet none of the three measures of explicit knowledge -- verbalization, free generation, and recognition -- were able to detect participants' awareness of the pattern. Explicit knowledge of the pattern improved performance, whereas active search for the pattern hurt performance if the pattern was not found. A possible learning mechanism is proposed to account for serial learning.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/23t4b875", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Yuh-shiow", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lee", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32290/galley/23355/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32252, "title": "Learning as formation of low-dimensional represntation spaces", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Psychophysical findings accumulated over the past several decades indicate that perceptual tasks such as similarity judgment tend to be performed on a low-dimensional representation of the sensory data. Low dimensionality is especially important for learning, as the number of examples required for attaining a given level of performance grows exponentially with the dimensionality of the underlying representation space. Because of this curse of dimensionality, in shape categorization the high initial dimensionality of the sensory data must be reduced by a nontrivial computational process, which, ideally, should capture the intrinsic low-dimensional nature of families of visual shapes. We show how to make a connectionist system use class labels to leam a representation that fulfills this requirement, thereby facilitating shape categorization. Our results indicate that low-dimensional representations are best extracted in a learning task that combines discrimination and generalization constraints.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/23f4078n", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Shimon", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Edelman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computer Science and Center for Cognitive Science, State University of New York at Buffalo", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nathan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Intrator", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32252/galley/23317/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32514, "title": "Learning How and When to Ask Why: Social and Linguistic Processes in Informal Reasoning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8z81k8t7", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "E.", "middle_name": "Michael", "last_name": "Nussbaum", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Linguistics, University of New Mexico", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32514/galley/23579/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32540, "title": "Learning in Real Time: How Understandings Emerge from Physics Students' Laboratory Activities", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xz7g4d5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Wolff-Michael", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Roth", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California at Santa Barbara", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Reinders", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Duit", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California at Santa Barbara", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32540/galley/23604/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32363, "title": "Learning Pathways to Temporal Inference", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Temporal inference is defined as the cognitive capacity that motivates and implements the acquisition and use of a system's derivatives to infer future conditions and influence behavior. This poster discusses learning pathways to develop temporal inference using \"information-flow/processor\" graphs.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xr968g5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jack", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Alpert", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "School of Psychology, University of New South Wales", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32363/galley/23428/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32437, "title": "Learning Procedures by Imitation of a Teacher", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1kw8195r", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Edmund", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Furse", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Columbia University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32437/galley/23502/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32289, "title": "Learning to Act: Acquisition and Optimization of Procedral Skill", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "People become highly reactive when performing dynamic, real-time tasks like driving a car, playing a video game, or controlling air traffic. However, people also go through more deliberate stages in which they spend time reasoning about constraints and actions. In this paper, we argue that these are the end points on a learning continuum, and we discuss one potential mechanism for bridging these endpoints within the ACT-R (Anderson, 1993) framework.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rm4h82p", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Frank", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Lee", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Anderson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32289/galley/23354/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32429, "title": "Learning to Comprehend Complex Sentences", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9h19f22q", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jon", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Fincham", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "McClelland", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32429/galley/23494/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32239, "title": "Learning to Make Decisions Under Uncertainty: The Contribution of Qualitative Reasoning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The majority of work in the field of human judgement and decision making under uncertainty is based on the use and development of algebraic approaches, in which judgement is modelled in terms of mathematical choice functions. Such approaches provide no account of the mental processes underiying decision making. In this paper we explore a cognitive model (implemented within COGENT) of decision making developed in order to account for subject performance on a simulated medical diagnosis task. Our primary concern is with learning, and empirical results on human learning in the modelled task are also reported. Learning in the computational model shares many qualitative features with the human data. The results provide further support for cognitive (i.e., non-algebraic) approaches to decision making under uncertainty.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2wf9h6sh", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cooper", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of London", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Fox", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Dept. of Computer Science, University of Dublin, Trinity College", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32239/galley/23304/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32479, "title": "Learning to Use a Complex Information Technology", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03w559fg", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kaufman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Andre", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kushniruk", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Business Administration, Yonsei University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Vimla", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Patel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Business Administration, Yonsei University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32479/galley/23544/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32534, "title": "Letter Spirit: Modeling Creativity in a Visual Domain", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0tw065t5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rehling", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Institut of Cognitive Science, University of Lyon", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Douglas", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hofstadter", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Institut of Cognitive Science, University of Lyon", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32534/galley/23598/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32291, "title": "Logical and Diagrammatic Reasoning: the Complexity of Conceptual Space", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Researchers currently seek to explain the observed tractability of diagrammatic reasoning (DR) via the notions of \"limited abstraction\" and inexpressivity (Stenning and Oberlander, 1995; Stenning and Inder, 1995). We point out that these explanations are inadequate, in that they assume that each structure to be represented (i.e. each model) has a corresponding diagram. We show that <i>in</i>efficacy (in the sense of incorrectness) arises in DR because some (logically possible) models fail to have corresponding diagrams, due to non-trivial spatial constraints. Further, there are good explanations of why certain restricted languages are tractable, and we look to complexity theory to establish such results. The idea is that graphical representation systems may be fruitfully analysed as certain restricted quantifier fragments of first-order logic, similar to modal logics and <i>vivid</i> knowledge bases (Levesque, 1986; Levesque, 1988). This focus raises some problems for the expressive power of graphical systems, related to their topological and geometrical properties. A simple case study is carried out, which pinpoints the inexpressiveness of Euler's Circles and its variants. We conclude that there is little mileage in spatial (i.e. diagrammatic) approaches to abstract reasoning, except perhaps in relation to studies of human performance. Moreover, these results have ramifications for certain claims about mental representations, and the recent trend in cognitive semantics, where \"meanings\" and \"concepts\" are to be explicated spatially. We show that there should be combinations of \"concepts\" or \"meanings\" which are prohibited by the structure of the spaces they supposedly inhabit. The formal results thus suggest an empirical programme.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Long Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96k4c7j0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Oliver", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lemon", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ian", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pratt", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, McMaster University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32291/galley/23356/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32513, "title": "Long-term Memory for Verbal Material as a Result of Accompanying Non-literal Action Events", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xj0h56t", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Helga", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Noice", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Middlebury College", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Tony", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Noice", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Department of Psychology, Middlebury College", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32513/galley/23578/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32490, "title": "Looking at Changes in Student Understanding Using a Situation Model Analysis of Discourse", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6257c0rr", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Cathy", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lachapelle", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Graduate School of Education, Fordham University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32490/galley/23555/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 32581, "title": "Making Sense of Typicality: What Makes a Good Example", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Short Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12f062hh", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Joshua", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Tenenbaum", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1997-01-01T18:00:00Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32581/galley/23645/download/" } ] } ] }