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{ "count": 38386, "next": "https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=api&limit=100&offset=35800", "previous": "https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=api&limit=100&offset=35600", "results": [ { "pk": 30933, "title": "A Distributed Feature Map Model Of The Lexicon", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "DISLEX models the human lexical system at the level of physical structures, i.e. maps and pathways. It consists of a semantic memory and a number of modality-specific symbol memories, implemented as feature maps. Distributed representations for the word symbols and their meanings are stored on the maps, and linked with associative connections. The memory organization and the associations are formed in an unsupervised process, based on co-occurrence of the physical symbol and its meaning. DISLEX models processing of ambiguous words, i.e. homonyms and synonyms, and dyslexic errors in input and in production. Lesioning the system produces lexical deficits similar to human aphasia. DISLEX-1 is an AI implementation of the model, which can be used as the lexicon module in distributed natural language processing systems.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4tb8n972", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Risto", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Miikkulaninen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30933/galley/20782/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30980, "title": "A Functional Role for Repression in an Autonomous, Resource-constrained Agent", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We discuss the capabilities required by intelligent \"agents\" that must carry out their activities amidst the complexities and uncertainties of the real world. W e consider important challenges faced by resource-constrained agents who must optimize their goal directed actions within environmental and intemal constraints. Any real agent confronts limits on the quality and amount of input information, knowledge of the future, access to relevant material in memory, availability of alternative strategies for achieving its current goals, etc. W e specify a \"minimalist\" architecture for a resource-constrained agent, based on Global Workspace Theory (Baars, 1988) and on the research of Fehling (Fehling & Breese, 1988). W e show how problem-solving and decision-making within such as system adapts to critical resources limitations that confront an agent. These observations provide the basis for our analysis of the functional role of repression in an intelligent agent. W e show that active repression of information and actions might be expected to emerge and play a constructive role in our model of an intelligent, resource-constrained agent.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 5: Cognition in Context", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/75h3n9x5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Fehling", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Bernard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Baars", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The Wright Institute", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Charles", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Fisher", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The San Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30980/galley/20829/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30981, "title": "A Goal-Based Model Of Interpersonal Relationships", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Interpersonal relationships are a pervasive dimension of human behavior and decision making. Actors make choices based both on personal goals, and on goals derived from interpersonal relationships. We present a goal-based model of decision making that combines the motives of the actor with agendas adopted through relationships. A unifying feature of the model is the use of importance as a means of ranking both goals and relationships. We describe a computer simulation of the model in the domain of Congressional roll-call voting.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 5: Cognition in Context", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4sz8403w", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Stephen", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Slade", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30981/galley/20830/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30886, "title": "Analogical Interpretation in Context", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper examines the principles underlying analogical similarity and describes three important limitations with traditional views. It describes contextual structure-mapping, a more knowledge intensive approach that addresses these limitations. The principle insight is that each element of an analogue description has an identifiable role, corresponding to the dependencies it satisfies or its relevant properties in the given context. Analyzing role information provides a powerful framework for characterizing analogical similarity, relaxing the one-to-one mapping restriction prevalent in computational treatments of analogy, and understanding how such similarities may be used to assist problem solving. Second, it provides a unifying view of some of the central intuitions behind a number of converging efforts in analogy research.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ph91551", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Brain", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Falkenhainer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Xerox Palo Alto Research Center", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30886/galley/20735/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30882, "title": "Analogical mapping During Similarity Judgements", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We propose that carrying out a similarity comparison of two objects or scenes requires that their components be aligned in a manner akin to analogical mapping. W e present an experiment which supports this claim and then examine a computer simulation of these results which is consistent with the idea that a process of mapping and alignment occurs during similarity judgments.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5jd7b71p", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Arthur", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Markman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Dedre", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gentner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30882/galley/20731/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30879, "title": "Analogical Process Performance", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Analogy is one of the primary mechanisms of cognition, particularly in problem-solving and learning. However, people do not use analogies very effectively. I postulate seven separate processes for analogy that could be responsible for weak analogical reasoning and test those processes independently. The results suggest that performance on analysis of the problem and performance on confirmation of the appropriateness of the analogy both might be suspect in analogical deficits.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9jv9s7gf", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Clark", "middle_name": "N", "last_name": "Quimm", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pittsburgh", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30879/galley/20728/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30941, "title": "Analyzing Research papers using citation sentences", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "By focusing only on the citation sentences in a research document, one can get a good feel for how the paper relates to other research and its overall contribution to the field. The main purpose of a citation is to explicitly link one research paper to another. We present a taxonomy of citation types based upon empirical data and claim that we can recognize these citation types using domain-independent predictive parsing techniques. Finally, an experiment based on a corpus of research papers in the field of machine learning demonstrates that this is a promising new approach for processing expository text.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8sx8x0z1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Wendy", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lehnert", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Claire", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cardie", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ellen", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Riloff", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30941/galley/20790/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 31015, "title": "A New Look at Decision Making", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Submitted Symposia", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00s0v097", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Susan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Chipman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Office of Naval Research", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Gary", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Klein", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Klein Associates", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Swets", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Bolt Beranek & Newman Laboratories", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Paul", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Thagard", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Marvin", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Cohen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Decision Science Consortium, Inc.", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Judith", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Orasanu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31015/galley/20860/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30891, "title": "An Internal Contradiction of Case-Based Reasoning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In a case-based reasoning system, one simple approach to assessment of similarity of cases to a given problem situation is to create a linear ordering of the cases by similarity according to each relevant domain factor. Using Arrow's Impossibility Theorem, a result from social welfare economics, a paradox is uncovered in the attempt to find a consistent overall ordering of cases by similarity that satisfactorily reflects these individual rankings. The implications of the paradox for case-based reasoning are considered.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2hz0m2s8", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Skalak", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30891/galley/20740/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30927, "title": "A Parallel Constraint Satisfaction and Spreading Activation Model for Resolving Syntactic Ambiguity", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper describes a computational architecture whose emergent properties yield an explanatory theory of human structural disambiguation in syntactic processing. Linguistic and computational factors conspire to dictate a particular integration of symbolic and connectionist approaches, producing a principled cognitive model of the processing of structural ambiguities. The model is a hybrid massively parallel architecture, using symbolic features and constraints to encode structural alternatives, and numeric spreading activation to capture structural preferences. The model provides a unifying explanation of a range of serial and parallel behaviors observed in the processing of structural alternatives. Furthermore, the inherent properties of active symbolic and numeric information correspond to general cognitive mechanisms which subsume a number of proposed structural preference strategies.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0575z8rc", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Suzanne", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Stevenson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Maryland", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30927/galley/20776/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30919, "title": "Are There Developmental Milestones in Scientific Reasoning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper presents a conceptual framework that integrates studies on scientific reasoning that have been conducted with different age subjects and across different experimental tasks. Traditionally, different aspects of scientific reasoning have been emphasized in studies with different aged subjects, and the different literatures are somewhat unconnected. However, this separation leads to a disjointed view of the development of scientific reasoning, and it leaves unexplained certain adult behaviors in very difficult scientific reasoning contexts. In this paper we attempt to integrate these three approaches into a single framework that describes the process of scientific reasoning as a search in an hypothesis space and an experiment space. We will present the results from a variety of studies conducted with preschool, elementary school, and adult subjects, and will show how differences in performance can be viewed as differences in the knowledge and strategies used to search the two spaces. Finally, we will present evidence showing that, in sufficiently challenging situations, adults exhibit deficits of the same sort that young children exhibit, even though one might have expected that these developmental milestones were long since passed.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/17d4m2mm", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Anne", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Fay", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Klahr", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kevin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Dunbar", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30919/galley/20768/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30906, "title": "A Rule Based Model of Judging Harm-doing", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A rule based computational model of the judgment of harm-doing is presented that qualitatively simulates the major principles of an emerging psychological theory of common sense moral reasoning. Simulation results indicate that the model, called M R for Moral Reasoner, generates verdicts in substantial agreement with those reached in somewhat difficult court cases. A higher rate of agreement with outcomes produced in simpler cases from traditional cultures suggests that the model possesses a good deal of cultural universality. Systematic damaging of the rules in the model indicated that most of the rules are essential in producing a high rate of agreement with court decisions and identified some rules regarding the mental state of the accused that, individually, are less essential because they compensate for each other.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7fh9h9nr", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Shultz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30906/galley/20755/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30929, "title": "A Semantic Analysis of Action Verbs Based on Physical Primitives", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We develop a representation scheme for action verbs and their modifiers based on decompositional analysis emphasizing the implemeiitability of the underlying semantic primitives. Our primitives pertain to mechanical characteristics of the tasks denoted by the verbs; they refer to geometric constraints, kinematic and dynamic characteristics, and certain aspectual characteristics such as repetitiveness of one or more sub-actions, and definedness of termination points.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8xb047nq", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jugal", "middle_name": "K.", "last_name": "Kalita", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Norman", "middle_name": "I.", "last_name": "Badler", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30929/galley/20778/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30969, "title": "Associative Memory-Based Reasoning: Some Experimental Results", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Deduction, induction and analogy are considered as slightly different manifestations of one and the same reasoning process. A model of this reasoning process called associative memory-based reasoning is proposed. A computer simulation demonstrates that deduction, induction and analogy in problem solving could be performed by a single mechanism which combines the neural network approach with symbol level processing. Psychological experiments on priming effects in problem solving tasks have been carried out in order to test the hypothesis about the uniformity of human reasoning. In particular it has been shown that there are priming effects in all three cases (deduction, induction and analogy) and these priming effects decrease in the course of time which corresponds to the model's predictions based on the retrieval mechanism. The computer simulation demonstrates the same type of priming effects as observed in the psychological experiments.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 4: Learning and Memory", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vb4t1fw", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Boicho", "middle_name": "Nikolov", "last_name": "Kokinov", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Bulgarian Academy of Sciences", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30969/galley/20818/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 31013, "title": "Attracting Attention", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Submitted Symposia", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7sg349fc", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Patrick", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cavanaugh", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Harvard University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ken", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Nakayama", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Harvard University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jeremy", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Wolfe", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachussets Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Steven", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Yantis", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ann", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Treisman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Berkeley", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31013/galley/20858/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30953, "title": "Binding and Type-Token Problems in Human Vision", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Two computational problems which are trivial for symbol-manipulating systems but which pose serious challenges to connectionist networks are the binding problem and the type-token problem. These difficulties arise because representations in connectionist networks do not automatically i) specify which features go with which object tokens, or ii^ distinguish between different tokens of the same type. Nevertheless, these processing shortcomings may constitute advantages when connectiomst networks are taken as models of human visual information processing. Perception research shows evidence not only of binding errors, for example in Treisman's illusory conjunctions (Treisman and Schmidt, 1982), but also of type-token errors, as seen in repetition blindness (Kanwisher, 1987) and other phenomena.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 3: Vision", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10q8s6pt", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Nancy", "middle_name": "G.", "last_name": "Kanwisher", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Berkeley", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30953/galley/20802/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 36665, "title": "Book Bytes", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Book and Media Review", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6p92f49w", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Natalie", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Kuhlman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "San Diego State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Denise", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Murray", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "San Jose State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Robby", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ching", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "California State University, Sacramento", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36665/galley/27515/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30911, "title": "Brainstormer: A Model of Advice-Taking", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Research on advice-taking in artificial intelligence is motivated by the promise of knowledge-based systems that can accept high-level, human-like instruction [11]. Examining the activity of human advice-taking is a way of determining the key computational problems that a fully automated advice taker must solve. In this paper, we identify three features of human advice-taking that pose computational problems, and address them in the context of brainstormer, a planning system that takes advice in the domain of terrorist crisis management.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/93r79880", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Eric", "middle_name": "K.", "last_name": "Jones", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Northwestern University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30911/galley/20760/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30901, "title": "Can Causal Induction Be Reduced to Associative Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A number of researchers have recently claimed that higher-order human learning, such as categorization and causal induction, can be explained by the same principles as govern lower order learning, such as classical conditioning in animals. An alternative view is that people often impose abstract causal models on observations, rather than simply associating inputs with outputs. W e report three experiments using a multiple-cue learning paradigm in which models based on associative learning versus abstract causal models make opposing predictions. We show that different causal models can yield radically different learning from identical observations. In particular, we compared people's abilities to learn when the positive cases were defined by a linear cue-combination rule versus a rule involving a within-category correlation between cues. The linear structure was more readily learned when the cues were interpreted as possible causes of an effect to be predicted, whereas the correlated structure was more readily learned when the cues were interpreted as the effects of a cause to be diagnosed. The results disconfirm all associative models of causal induction in which inputs are associated with outputs without regard for causal directionality.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0380f0k4", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Waldmann", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Frankfurt", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Keith", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Holyoak", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30901/galley/20750/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30955, "title": "Caracature Recognition in a Neural Network", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In a caricature drawing, the artist exaggerates the facial features of a person in proportion to their deviations from the average face. Empirically, it has been shown that caricature drawings are more quickly recognized than veridical drawings (Rhodes, Brennan, & Carey, 1987). Two competing hypotheses have been postulated to account for the caricature advantage. The caricature hypothesis claims that the caricature drawing finds a more similar match in memory than the veridical drawing because the underlying face representation is stored as an exaggeration. The distinctive features hypothesis claims that the caricature drawing produces speeded recognition by graphically emphasizing the distinctive properties that serve to individuate that face from other faces stored in memory. A computational test of the two hypotheses was performed by training a neural network model to recognize individual face vectors and then testing the model's ability to recognize both caricaturized and veridical versions of the face vectors. It was found that the model produced a higher level of activation to caricature face vectors than to the non-distorted face vectors. The obtained caricature advantage stems from the model's ability to abstract the distinctive features from a learned set of inputs. Simulation results were therefore interpreted as support for the distinctive features hypothesis.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 3: Vision", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9jf4p8s7", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "W.", "last_name": "Tanaka", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30955/galley/20804/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 36650, "title": "CATESOL Journal Editorial Staff", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Article", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9tz30016", "frozenauthors": [], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36650/galley/27500/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30900, "title": "Classification of Dot Patterns with Competitive Chunking", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Chunking, a familiar idea in cognitive science, has recently been formalized by Servan- Schreiber and Anderson (in press) into a theory of perception and learning, and it successfully simulated the human acquisition of an artificial grammar through the simple memorization of exemplar sentences. In this article I briefly present the theory, called Competitive Chunking, or CC, as it has been extended to deal with the task of encoding random dot patterns. I explain how C C can be applied to the classic task of classifying such patterns into multiple categories, and report a successful simulation of data collected by Knapp and Anderson (1984). The tentative conclusion is that people seem to process dot patterns and artificial grammars in the same way, and that chunking is an important part of that process.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/63f8z1vg", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Emile", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Servan-Schrelber", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30900/galley/20749/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 31001, "title": "Cognitive Aspects of Linguistic Theory", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Invited Symposia", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7ss2s2n6", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Howard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Laasnik", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Connecticut", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pesetsky", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Higginbotham", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "McCarthy", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31001/galley/20847/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 36663, "title": "Coherence in Writing: Research and Pedagogical Perspectives edited by Ulla Connor and Ann M. Johns.", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Book and Media Review", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qs3t9wh", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Johnnie", "middle_name": "Johnson", "last_name": "Hafernik", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of San Francisco", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36663/galley/27513/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30940, "title": "Coherence Relation Reasoning in Persuasive Discourse", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "One major element of discourse understcinding is to perceive coherence relations between portions of the discourse. Previous computational approaches to coherence relations reasoning have focused only on expository discourse, such as task-oriented dialog or database querying. For these approaches, the main processing concern is the clarity of the information that is to be conveyed. However, in a persuasive discourse, such as debates or advertising, the emphasis is on the adequacy of presenting the information, not just on clarity. This paper proposes a formaUsm and a system in which coherence relations corresponding to speech actions such as clarify, make adequate and remind are represented. Furthermore, in relating to human reasoning in general where studies have revealed that implicational and associative reasoning schema are prevalent across various domains, this formalism demonstrates that coherence relation reasoning is similar to this human reasoning, in the sense that coherence relations can be defined by domain independent implicational and associative schema. A prototype system based on this formalism is also demonstrated in this paper in which real world advertisements are processed.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4tr8v136", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Horng", "middle_name": "Jyh P.", "last_name": "Wu", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Michigan", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Steven", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Lytinen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Michigan", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30940/galley/20789/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 31002, "title": "Computational Models of Category Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Invited Symposia", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5h47h7x1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Dorrit", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Billman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Georgia Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Douglas", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Fisher", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Vanderbilt University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Mark", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gluck", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Pat", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Langley", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Nasa Ames Reasearch Center", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pazzani", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Irvine", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31002/galley/20848/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 31014, "title": "Conceptual Coherence in Text and Disclosure", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Submitted Symposia", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/77p090hr", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Arthur", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Graesser", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Memphis State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Alterman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Brandeis University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kathleen", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Dahlgren", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Intelligent Text Processing, Inc", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Bruce", "middle_name": "K.", "last_name": "Britton", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Georgia", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Paul", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "van den Broek", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Minnesota", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Charles", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Fletcher", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Minnesota", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Roger", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Kreuz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Memphis State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Roberts", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Memphis State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Tom", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Trabasso", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nancy", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Stein", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31014/galley/20859/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30923, "title": "Constraints on Assimilation in Vowel Harmony Languages", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Over the last 10 years, the assimilation process referred to as vowel harmony has served as a test case for a number of proposals in phonological theory. Current autosegmental approaches successfully capture the intuition that vowel harmony is a dynamic process involving the interaction of a sequence of vowels; still, no theoretical analysis has offered a non-stipulative account of the inconsistent behavior of the so-called \"transparent\", or disharmonic, segments. The current paper proposes a connectionist processing account of the vowel harmony phenomenon, using data from Hungarian. The strength of this account is that it demonstrates that the same general principle of assimilation which underiies the behavior of the \"harmonic\" forms accounts as well for the apparently exceptional \"transparent\" cases, without stipulation.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wz0630w", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Mary", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hare", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, San Diego", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30923/galley/20772/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30996, "title": "Cross-Domain Transfer of Planning Strategirs: Alternative Approaches", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We discuss the problem of transferring learned knowledge across domains, and characterize two possible approaches. Transfer through reoperationalization involves learning concepts in a domain-specific form and transferring them to other domains by recharacterizing them in each domain as necessary. Abstraction-based transfer involves learning concepts at a high level of abstraction to facilitate transferring them to other domains without recharacterization. W e discuss these approaches and present an example of the abstraction-based transfer of a method of projection, or selective lookahead, from the game of chess to the game of checkers, as implemented in our test-bed system for failure-driven learning in i)lanning domains. We then discuss a continuum of abstraction to characterize learned concepts, and propose a corresponding continuum characterizing the time at which the computation necessary for cross-domain transfer is accomplished.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6zg751ks", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Bruce", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Krulwich", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Northwestern University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Gregg", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Collins", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Northwestern University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Lawrence", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Birnbaum", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Northwestern University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30996/galley/20842/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30902, "title": "Decision Models: A Theory of Volitional Explanation", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper presents a theory of motivational analysis,\nthe construction of volitional explanations to\ndescribe the planning behavior of agents. We discuss\nboth the content of such explanations, as well\nas the process by which an understander builds the\nexplanations. Explanations are constructed from\ndecision models, which describe the planning process\nthat an agent goes through when considering\nwhether to perform an action. Decision models\nare represented as explanation patterns, which are\nstandard patterns of causality based on previous\nexperiences of the understander. We discuss the\nnature of explanation patterns, their use in representing\ndecision models, and the process by which\nthey are retrieved, used and evaluated.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/506725jr", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ashwin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ram", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Georgia Institute of Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30902/galley/20751/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 31003, "title": "Designing an Integrated Architecture", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Artificial intelligence has progressed to the point where multiple cognitive capabilities are integrated into computational architectures, such as SOAR, PRODIGY, THEO, and ICARUS. This paper reports on the PRODIGY architecture, describing its planning and problem solving capabilities and touching upon its multiple learning methods. Learning in PRODIGY occurs at all decision points and integration in PRODIGY is at the knowledge level; the learning and reasoning modules produce mutually interpretable knowledge structures. Issues in architectural design are discussed, providing a context to examine the underlying tenets of the PRODIGY architecture.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Invited Symposia", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6vx839m2", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jaime", "middle_name": "G.", "last_name": "Carbonell", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yolanda", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gil", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Joseph", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Craig", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Knoblick", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Steve", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Minton", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Nasa Ames Reasearch Center", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Manuela", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Veloso", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31003/galley/20849/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30922, "title": "Discovering Faithful 'Wickelfeature' Representations in a Connectionist Network", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "challenging problem for connectionist models is the representation of varying-length sequences, e.g., the sequence of phonemes that compose a word. One representation that has been proposed involves encoding each sequence element with respect to its local context; this is known as a Wickelfeature representation. Handcrafted Wickelfeature representations suffer from a number of limitations, as pointed out by Pinker and Prince (1988). However, these limitations can be avoided if the representation is constructed with a priori knowledge of the set of possible sequences. This paper proposes a specialized connectionist network architecture and learning algorithm for the discovery of faithful Wickelfeature representations — ones that do not lose critical information about the sequence to be encoded. The architecture is applied to a simplified version of Rumclhart and McCleiland's (1986) verb past-tense model.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8vd3n76q", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Mozer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Colorado", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30922/galley/20771/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30992, "title": "Discovering Grouping Structure in Music", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "GTSIM, a computer simulation of Lerdahl and Jackendoff's (1983) A Generative Theory of Tonal Music, is a model of human cognition of musical rhythm. GTSIM performs left-to-right, single-pass processing on a symbolic representation of information taken from musical scores. A rule-based component analyzes the grouping structure, which is the division of a piece of music into units like phrases and the combination of these phrases into motives, themes, and the like. The resulting analysis often diverges from the analysis we would produce using our musical intuition; we explore some of the reasons for this. In particular, GTSIM needs to have an algorithm for determining parallel structures in music. We consider alphabet encoding (Deutsch and Feroe, 1981) and discrimination nets (Feigenbaum and Simon, 1984) as algorithms for parallelism.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nn5m93s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jacqueline", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Jones", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Brooklyn College of the City University of New York", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Benjamin", "middle_name": "O.", "last_name": "Miller", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Brooklyn College of the City University of New York", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Don", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Scarborough", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Brooklyn College of the City University of New York", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30992/galley/20841/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30954, "title": "Dynamic Binding: A Basis for the Representation of Shape by Neural Networks", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A neural network model for object recognition based on Biederman's (1987) theory of Recognition by Components (RBC) is described. R B C assumes that objects are recognized as configurations of simple volumetric primitives called geons. The model takes a representation of the edges in an object as input and, as output, activates an invariant, entry-level representation of the object that specifies the object's component geons and their interrelations. Local configurations of image edges first activate cells representing local viewpoint-invariant properties (VIPs). such as vertices and 2-D axes of parallelism and symmetry. Once activated, VIPs are bound into sets through temporal synchrony in the firing patterns of cells representing the VIPs and image edges belonging to a common geon. The synchrony is established by a mechanism which operates only between pairs of a) collinear, b) parallel, and c) coterminating edge and VIP cells. This design for perceptual organization through temporal synchrony is a major contribution of the model. A geon's bound VIPs activate independent representations of the geon's major axis and cross section, location in the visual field, aspect ratio, size, and orientation in 3-space. The relations among the geons in an image are then computed from the representations of the geons' locations, scales and orientations. The independent specification of geon properties and interrelations uses representational resources efficiently and yields a representation that is completely invariant with translation and scale and largely invariant with viewpoint. In the final layers of the model, this representation is used to activate cells that, through selforganization, learn to respond to individual objects", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 3: Vision", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/192608jc", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Hummel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Minnesota", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Irving", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Biederman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Minnesota", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30954/galley/20803/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30877, "title": "Effect of Structure of Analogy and Depth of Encoding on Learning Computer Programming", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This research addresses ihc need for effective ways of teaching computer programming. It focuses on two aspects of instruction. First, the research investigates the use of analogy in teaching programming. It extends existing research by investigating what constitutes a good analogy. Second, the research investigates the effect of depth of encoding on programming performance. The factors analogy and encoding were manipulated in a 3 X 2 factorial design. Analogy was operalionalized by varying iJie clarity and systcmaticity/absu-actncss of the analogies used. Encoding was operationalized by varying the frequency with which deep encoding and elaboration of learned material were invoked by the presentation of questions on the learned material. The dependent variables were score obtained on program comprehension and program composition tasks and the time taken to perform the tasks. Research subjects were 15- to 17-year-olds without prior exposure to computer programming. Differences in mathematics ability and age were controlled. The results provide empirical support for a predictive theory of the relative goodness of competing analogies. They provide only marginal support for depth of encoding (as opcrationalizcd) in learning computer programming effectively. Post hoc data analysis suggests that good analogies assist the learning of semantics but not syntax. Furthermore, the effect of encoding was only apparent in learning syntax but not semantics.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5hm1d5t0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Yam", "middle_name": "San", "last_name": "Chee", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "National University of Singapore", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30877/galley/20726/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30896, "title": "Effects of Background Knowledge on Family Resemblance Sorting", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Previous studies on category construction have shown that people have a strong bias of creating categories based only on a single dimension. Ahn and Medin (1989) have developed a two-stage model of category construction to explain why we have categories structured on the basis of overall similarity of members in spite of this bias. The current study investigates effects of background knowledge on category construction. The results showed that people created family resemblance categories more frequently when they had a priori knowledge on prototypes of potential family resemblance categories. It was also found that people created family resemblance categories much more frequently when they had knowledge on underlying dimensions which integrated surface features of examples. H o w the two-stage model should be extended is discussed.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fr62872", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Woo-Kyoung", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ahn", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Michigan", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30896/galley/20745/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30934, "title": "Efficient Learning of Language Categories: The Closed-Category Relevance Property and Auxiliary Verbs", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper describes the mechanism used by the A L A C K language acquisition program for identification of auxiliary verbs. Pinker's approach to this problem (Pinker, 1984) is a general learning algorithm that can learn any Boolean function but takes time exponential in the number of feature dimensions. In this paper, we describe an approach that improves upon Pinker's method by introducting the Closed-Category Relevance Property, and showing how it provides the basis of an algorithm that learns the cleiss of Boolean functions that is believed suffcient for natural language, and does not require more than linear time as feature dimensions are added.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4nc8v7z6", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Sheldon", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Nicholl", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Wilkins", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30934/galley/20783/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30972, "title": "Episodic Memory in Connectionist Networks", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A major criticism of backprop-based connectionist models (CMs) has been that they exhibit \"catastrophic interference\", when trained in a sequential fashion without repetition of groups of items; in terms of memory, such C M s seem incapable of remembering individual episodes. This paper shows that catastrophic interference is not inherent in the architecture of these C M s , and may be avoided once an adequate training rule is employed. Such a rule is introduced herein, and is used in a memory modeling network. The architecture used is a standard, nonlinear, multilayer network, thus showing that the known advantages of such powerful architectures need not be sacrificed. Simulation data are presented, showing not only that the model shows much less interference than its backprop counterpart, but also that it naturally models episodic memory tasks such as frequency discrimination.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 4: Learning and Memory", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2wc8m9q7", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Chris", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Kortge", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30972/galley/20821/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30956, "title": "Equilateral Triangles: A Challenge for Connectionist Vision", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this paper we explore the problem of dynamically computing visual relations in a connectionist system. The task of detecting equilateral triangles from clusters of points is used to test our architecture. W e argue that this is a difficult task for traditional feed-forward architectures although it is a simple task for people. Our solution implements a biologically inspired network which uses an efficient focus of attention mechanism and cluster detectors to sequentially extract the locations of the vertices.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 3: Vision", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2s11t8fd", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Subutai", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ahmad", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "International Computer Science Institute", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Stephen", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Omohundro", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "International Computer Science Institute", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30956/galley/20805/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 36655, "title": "ESL Instruction in the Workplace", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The teaching of English to foreign-born vocational and professional workers at their place of work is an unexplored possibility for many ESL instructors in California. Yet the increasing number of these workers and their need for advanced language skills on the job combine to create a viable market for instructor services. This paper explores what it is like to teach in the workplace based on interviews with 10 San Francisco Bay Area ESL professionals. Class structure, learner needs, instructional considerations, and the need for relevant, flexible materials are discussed. Practical recommendations are made to interested instructors: network, establish a reputation in the field, know compensation norms, focus on professional workers, use a business approach with companies, project a professional image, be aware of company attitude toward instruction, involve management, adapt teaching theory to meet specific needs, encourage learner independence, and stay current.", "language": "eng", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Theme Section - Articles", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/53c760n0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Diane", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Andrews", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "San Jose State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36655/galley/27505/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 36662, "title": "ESL in the California State University: Who Are We? And Where Will We Go?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "CATESOL Exchange", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0ft6n2s7", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Denise", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Murray", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "San Jose State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36662/galley/27512/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30878, "title": "Evaluating and Debugging Analogically Acquired Models", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We describe elements of a cognitive theory of analogical reasoning. The theory was developed using protocol data and has been implemented as a computer model. In order to constrain the theory, it has been developed within a problem-solving context, reflecting the purpose of analogical reasoning. This has allowed us to develop: A purpose-constrained mapping process which makes learning and debugging more tractable; An evaluation process that actively searches for bugs; And a debugging process that maintains functional aspects of base models, while adding target-appropriate causal explanations. The active, knowledge-based elements of our theory are characteristic of mechanisms needed to model complex problem-solving.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2577v3g8", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Beth", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Adelson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Tufts University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30878/galley/20727/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 31004, "title": "Execution-time Response: Applying plans in a dynamic world", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This panel is aimed at the issue of how to use and modify plans during the course of execution. The relationship between a plan and the actions that an agent taJces has generated a great deal of interest in the past few years. This is, in part, a result of the realization that planning in the abstract is an intractable problem and that much of the complexity of behavior is best understood in terms of the complexity of the environment in which that behavior occurs. This panel presents five distinct personalities and approaches to this problem: • Agre looks at replacing \"planning\" with situated activity. In particular, he has been considering the problems involved with the reference assumptions of classical planning. • Firby's hierarchical planner has primitive actions that are instantiated at execution-time. The execution of these primitives generates information that can be used to guide selection of later operators. • In Alterman's model of run-time adaptation, the executive responds to failures by using external cues to move between alternative steps or approaches stored in an existing network of semantic/episodic information. • Simmons has been exploring techniques to create robust, reactive systems that can handle multiple tasks in spite of the robot's limited sensors and processors. His approach takes full advantage of the resources that the robot does have. This includes using hierarchical coarse-to-fine control strategies, using concurrency whenever feasible, and explicitly focusing attention on the robot's tasks and monitored conditions. • H a m m o n d suggests a theory of agency which casts planning as embedded within a memorybased understanding system connected to the environment. Within this approach, the environment, plan selections, decisions, conflicts and actions are viewed through the single eye of situation recognition and response.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Invited Symposia", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/51r9n5nj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kristian", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Hammond", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Chicago", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Phil", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Agre", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The University of Chicago", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Alterman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Brandeis Unviersity", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Reid", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Simmons", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "R.", "middle_name": "James", "last_name": "Firby", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "NASA: Jet Propulsion Labs", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31004/galley/20850/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30967, "title": "Explanation-based Learning of Correctness: Towards a Model of the Self-Explanation Effect", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Two major techniques in machine learning, explanation-based learning and explanation completion, are both superficially plausible models for ChJ's self-explanation effect, wherein the amount of explanation given to examples while studying them correlates with the amount the subject learns from them. W e attempted to simulate Chi's protocol data with the simpler of the two learning processes, explanation completion, in order to find out how much of the self-explanation effect it could account for. Although explanation completion did not turn out to be a good model of the data, we discovered a new learning technique, called explanation-based learning of correctness, that combines explanation-based learning and explanation completion and does a much better job of explaining the protocol data. The new learning process is based on the assumption that subjects use a certain kind of plausible reasoning.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 4: Learning and Memory", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96q3g4wz", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kurt", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "VanLehn", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "William", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ball", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Bernadette", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kowalski", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30967/galley/20816/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30915, "title": "Explanations in Cooperative Problem Solving Systems", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "It is our goal to build cooperative problem solving systems, knowledge-based systems that leverage the asymmetry between the user's and the system's strengths and thus allow the dyad of user and computer system to achieve what neither alone could achieve. Our experience has shown that in these cooperative systems, the need for explanations is even more evident than in traditional expert systems. This is due to the fact that these new systems are more open-ended and flexible and therefore allow for more possibilities in which a user can reach an impasse, a point at which it is not clear how to proceed. Observation of human-human problem solving shows that people are sensitive to the domain under discussion and the other's knowledge of that domain. People tend to construct explanations that are minimal in the number of concepts or chunks. These explanations are not comprehensive, and the communication partner is able to follow up on aspects which are still unclear.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0zh934fs", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Mastaglio", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Colorado", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Brent", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Reeves", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Colorado", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30915/galley/20764/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30993, "title": "Explanations of Nutritional Concepts: Role of Cultural and Biomedical Theories", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this paper, we explore the role of cultural and biomedical theories in the explanations of complex nutritional concepts by lay-people. Subjects were East Indian mothers who are exposed to both the traditional Ayurdevic and modem biomedical theories of health and disease in their environment. Subjects' explanations of nutritional concepts after being shown pictures of children suffering from childhood nutritional deficiency diseases contained a modified form of concepts from both models of health practice. The number of biomedical concepts used increased with education level. However, detailed examination of knowledge structures showed that the biomedical concepts were interpreted within the traditional theory of Ayurveda rather than modem medical theory, resulting in a weak restructuring of knowledge with education. Thus only the biomedical concepts which are readily interpretable within the pre-existing traditional theory, are used in everyday functioning. Both the \"expert\" older mothers who practiced traditional nutrition, and the \"expert\" nutritional consultants, with university degrees in nutrition used similar strategy of forward reasoning in diagnosing the problem. The difference was in the use of knowledge base; the former used a socialized form of Ayuveda and the latter used biomedical knowledge.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0309d1jb", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Malathi", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Sivaramakrishnan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Vimla", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Patel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [] }, { "pk": 36658, "title": "Extensive Reading through Sustained Silent Reading: Developing Comprehension in Adult Learners", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This article discusses an adjunct Sustained Silent Reading Program (SSR)\nin which getting satisfaction from reading and developing a better attitude\ntoward reading are the goals. When doing SSR, student self-select books\nfrom a collection and read them. They also write journal entries, prepare\noral and written book reports, and talk about books that they are reading.\nThey receive recognition for the books they finish. While it is the student’s\ntask to read and read a lot, it is the ESL program’s task to provide a variety\nof interesting books that students can understand.", "language": "eng", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Theme Section - Articles", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84x3t74z", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ellen", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lipp", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "California State University, Fresno", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36658/galley/27508/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30905, "title": "Feature Selection and Hypothesis Selection Models of Induction", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Recent research has shown that the prior knowledge of the learner influences both how quickly a concept is learned and the types of generalizations that a learner produces. W e investigate two learning frameworks that have been proposed to account for these findings. Here, w e contrast/eamre selection models of learnmg wu\\a hypothesis selection models. W e report on an experiment that suggests that human learners use prior knowledge both to indicate what features may be relevant and to influence how the features are combined to form hypotheses. W e present an extension to the PostHoc system, a hypothesis selection model of concept learning, that is able to account for differences in learning rates observed in the experiment.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7253w5x5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Pazzani", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Irvine", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Glenn", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Silverstein", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Irvine", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30905/galley/20754/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30943, "title": "Fictional Narrative Comprehension", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "An analysis of the structure of sentences found in fictional text, and the interpretation that one gives to them has led to the proposal that all fictional text is written from a perspective within the fictional world of the story. In a like manner, readers read the story from a similar perspective. The author \"pretends\" that he is in the story by locating an image of herself somewhere within the space-time of the story (even at times within characters of the story) and creates the sentences from that vantagepoint. The story and its sentences must contain cues so that readers can use the text to discover the perspectival sources of the sentences. They can then pretend that they are \"in\" the story and can read it from those perspectives. The perspective from which the sentences are read is called the \"Deictic Center.\" This proposal is associated with ongoing research to implement a cognitive model which reads fictional text according to these principles.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7pm8f7q1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Erwin", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Segal", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "State University of New York at Buffalo", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30943/galley/20792/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30960, "title": "Formal Models for Imaginal Deduction", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Systems with inherently spatial primitives have advantages over traditional sentential ones for representing spatial structure. The question is how such representations might be used in reasoning. This paper explores a simple kind of deductive reasoning where picture-like entities, instead of symbol-strings, are given first-class status. It is based on a model of deduction as the composition of mappings between sets, and allows generalized notions of unification and binding, which in turn permit the definition of various formal, \"imaginal\" deduction systems. The axioms zind rules of inference are all pictures or fimdamentally picture-based, and are used to derive pictorial \"theorems\". After sketching the generalized theory needed, several possible strategies are mentioned, and a prototype, the BITPICT computation system, is described in some detail.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 3: Vision", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/87r5q8w6", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "George", "middle_name": "W.", "last_name": "Furnas", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Bell Communications Research", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30960/galley/20809/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30928, "title": "Functional Constraints on Backwards Pronominal Reference", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "How does the syntax of a sentence constrain speakers' selection of pronominal referents? Drawing on work by functionalist grammarians, we describe the communicative effect of using a pronoun vs. a definite noun phrase, a matrix vs. a subordinate clause, and the simple past tense vs. anterior/imperfective aspect. Our analysis allowed us to predict differences in coreference judgements for the following three sentence types: He worked on a top-secret project when John was ordered to quit. He was working on a top-secret project when John was ordered to quit. When he worked on a top-secret project, John was ordered to quit. Coreference judgements from 70 speakers supported our predictions and our research program: A n adequate characterization of how syntax constrains sentence comprehension requires reference to the communicative functions performed by syntactic forms.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jn6r2gz", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Catherine", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Harris", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, San Diego", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Elizabeth", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Bates", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, San Diego", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30928/galley/20777/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30984, "title": "Fuzzy Implication Formation in Distributed Associative Memory", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "An analysis is presented of the emergence of implicational relations within associative memory systems. Implication is first formulated within the framework of Zadeh's theory of approximate reasoning. In this framework, implication is seen to be a fuzzy relation holding between linguistic variables, that is, variables taking linguistic terms (e.g., \"young\", \"very old\") as values. The conditional expressions that obtain from this formulation may be naturally cast in terms of vectors and matrices representing the membership functions of the fuzzy sets that, in turn, represent the various linguistic terms and fuzzy relations. The resulting linear algebraic equations are shown to directly correspond to those that specify the operation of certain distributed associative connectionist memory systems. In terms of this correspondence, implication as a fuzzy relation can be seen to arise within the associative memory by means of the operation of standard unsupervised learning procedures. That is, implication emerges as a simple and direct result of experience with instances of events over which the implicational relationship applies. This is illustrated with an example of emergent implication in a natural coarsely coded sensory system. The percepts implied by sensory inputs in this example are seen to exhibit properties that have, in fact, been observed in the system in nature. Thus, the approach appears to have promise for accounting for the induction of implicational structures in cognitive systems.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8rz7k6k5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Rick", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Jenison", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Gregg", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Oden", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30984/galley/20833/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30883, "title": "Goal Similarity in Analogical Problem Solving", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The role of goal similarity in analogical problem solving was investigated using highly simplified chess positions. Goal similarity was manipulated by instructing subjects to make an attacking or defensive move. Subjects received training positions, followed by a set of testings positions, each solvable by mapping to a training position. A normal chess position was also given. Testing positions maximally similar to training positions (including similarity of goals) were responded to most quickly, though this effect was not found for all positions. It was also found that when subjects had to avoid a fatal threat in a normal chess position, they were more likely to successfully defend against that move if they were told that they were losing than if told they were winning. The results indicate that goal similarity influences analogical problem solving.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": false, "remote_url": null, "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Bruce", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Burns", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30883/galley/20732/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 36652, "title": "Guest Editor’s Note", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Editors’ Note", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08k0n32r", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Dorothy", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Messerschmitt", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of San Francisco", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Denise", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Murray", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "San Jose State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36652/galley/27502/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30987, "title": "Harmonic Grammar - A Formal Multi-Level Connectionist Theory of Linguistic Well-Formedness: An Application", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We describe harmonic grammar, a connectionist-based approach to formal theories of linguistic well-formedness. The general approach can be applied to various kinds of linguistic well-formedness, e.g., phonological and syntactic. Here, we address a syntactic problem: unaccusativity. Harmonic grammar is a two-lcvcl theory, involving a distributed, lower level connectionist network whose relevant aggregate computational behavior is described by a local, higher level network. The central hypothesis is that the connectionist well-formedness measure called \"harmony\"^ can be used to model linguistic well-formedness; what is crucial about the relation between the lower and higher level networks is that there is a harmony-preserving mapping between them: they are isoharmonic (at least approximately). A companion paper (Legendre, Miyata, & Smolensky, 1990; henceforth \"LMS2\") describes the theoretical basis for the two level approach, starting from general connectionist principles. In this paper, we discuss the problem of unaccusativity, give a high level characterization of harmonic syntax, and present a higher level network to account for unaccusativity data in French. W e interpret this network as a fragment of the grammar and lexicon of French expressed in \"soft rules.\" Of the 760 sentence types represented in our data, the network correctly predicts the acceptability in all but two cases. This coverage of real, problematic syntactic data greatly exceeds that of any other formal account of unaccusativity of which we are aware.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/86r2f4fc", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Geraldine", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Legendre", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Colorado at Boulder", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yoshiro", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Miyata", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Colorado at Boulder", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Paul", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Smolensky", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Colorado at Boulder", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30987/galley/20836/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30926, "title": "Harmonic Grammar - A Formal Multi-Level Connectionist Theory of Linguistic Wll-formedness: Theoretical Foundations", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this paper, we derive the formalism of harmonic grammar, a connectionist-based theory of linguistic well formedness. Harmonic grammar is a two-level theory, involving a low level connectionist network using a particular kind of distributed representation, and a second, higher level network that uses local representations and which approximately and incompletely describes the aggregate computational behavior of the lower level network. The central hypothesis is that the connectionist well-formedness measure Harmon)^ can be used to model linguistic well-formedness; what is crucial about the relation between the lower and higher level networks is that there is a harmony-preserving mapping between them: they are isoharmonic (at least approximately). In a companion paper (Legendre, Miyata, & Smolensky, 1990; henceforth, \"LMSi\"), we apply harmonic grammar to a syntactic problem, unaccusativity, and show that the resulting network is capable of a degree of coverage of difficult data that is unparallelled by symbolic approaches of which we are aware: of the 760 sentence types represented in our data, the network correctly predicts the acceptability in all but two cases. In the present paper, we describe the theoretical basis for the two level approach, illustrating the general theory through the derivation from first principles of the unaccusativity network of LMSj.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0ww6k3g3", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Geraldine", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Legendre", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Institute of Cognitive Science", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yoshiro", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Miyata", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Colorado at Boulder", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Paul", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Smolensky", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Colorado at Boulder", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30926/galley/20775/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30938, "title": "How to Describe What? Towards a Theory of Modality Utilization", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "this paper we outline the first steps of an investigation of the nature of representations information, an investigation that uses as a starting point the various ways in which people tend to communicate different kinds of information. Our hope is that by identifying the regularities of presentation, in particular by finding out when people decide to switch presentation modalities and what they tlien tend to do, we will be able to shed light on the nature of the underlying representations and processes of communication between people.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9j89d4nm", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Yigal", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Arens", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Southern California", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Eduard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hovy", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Southern California", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30938/galley/20787/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30994, "title": "Ill-Structured Problem Solving in Instructional Design", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This work extends the information-processing theory of problem solving to the domain of ill-structured problems by presenting a framework for understanding instructional design. The design task is dominated by constructive versus search processes. Verbal protocols are analyzed in terms of knowledge and processes used.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/54740998", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "G.", "last_name": "Greeno", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Margaret", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Korpi", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Douglass", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Jackson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Vera", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Michelchik", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [] }, { "pk": 30958, "title": "Imagery and Problem Solving", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this paper we discuss the role of imagery in understanding problems and the processes of using images to solve problems. On the basis of two experiments and computer simulation, we show how subjects, in solving a particular problem, form mental images to represent a changing physical state. By \"running\" and watching the mental Image they can draw qualitative conclusions about the situation, then derive a quantitative equation to solve the problem.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 3: Vision", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/40h3894w", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Yulin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Qin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Herbert", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Simon", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30958/galley/20807/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30916, "title": "Improving Explanatory Competence", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Explanation plays an important role in acquiring knowledge, solving problems, and establishing the credibility of conclusions. One approach to gaining explanatory competence is to acquire proofs of the domain inference rules used during problem solving. Acquiring proofs enables a system to strengthen an imperfect theory by connecting unexplained rules to the underlying principles and tacit assumptions that justify their use. This paper formalizes the task of improving explanatory competence through acquiring proofs of domain inference rules and describes KI, a knowledge acquisition tool that discovers proofs of rules as it integrates new information into a knowledge base. KI's learning method includes techniques for controlling the search for proofs and evaluating multiple explanations of a proposition to determine when they cim be transformed into proofs of domain inference rules.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4518f815", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kenneth", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Murray", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Texas at Austin", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30916/galley/20765/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30917, "title": "Incremental Envisioning: The Flexible Use of Multiple Representations in Complex Problem Solving", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this paper we describe two properties of most psychological and AI models of scientific problem solving: they are one-peiss, and feed forward. W e then discuss the results of an experiment which suggests that experts use problem solving representations more flexibly than these models suggest. W e introduce the concept of incremental envisioning to account for this flexible behavior. Finally, we discuss the implications of this work for psychological models of scientific problem solving and for AI programs which solve problems in scientific domains.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2sk7f5vj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Malcolm", "middle_name": "I.", "last_name": "Bauer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Brian", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Reiser", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30917/galley/20766/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30968, "title": "Indexing Libraries of Programming Plans", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This study extends the work of Druhan et al. (1989) and Mathews et al. (1989b) by applying their computational model of implicit learning to the task of learning artificial grammars (AG) without feedback. The ability of two induction algorithms, the forgetting algorithm which learns by inducing new rules from presented exemplars and the genetic algorithm which heuristically explores the space of possible rules, to induce the grammar rules through experience with exemplars of the grammar is evaluated and compared with data collected from human subjects performing the same A G task. The computational model, based on Holland et al.'s (1986) induction theory represents knowledge about the grammar as a set of partially valid condition-action rules that compete for control of response selection. The induction algorithms induce new rules that enter into competition with existing rules. The strengths of rules are modified by internally generated feedback. Strength accrues to those rules that best represent the structure present in the presented exemplars. W e hypothesized that the forgetting algorithm would successfully learn to discriminate valid &t)m invalid exemplars when the set of exemplars was high in family resemblance. W e also proposed that the genetic algorithm would perform better than chaiKe but not as well as the forgetting algorithm. Results supported those hypotheses. Interestingly, the Mathews et al. (1989a) subjects performed no better than chance on the same A G learning task. W e concluded that this discrepancy between the simulation results and the human data is caused by interference from unconstrained hypotheses generation of our human subjects. Support for this conclusion is two-fold: (1) subjects are able to learn the A G when the task is designed so that hypothesis geno^tion is inhibited, and (2) informal inspection of verbal protocols bom human subjects indicates they are generating and maintaining hypotheses of little or no validity.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 4: Learning and Memory", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6g28m7vz", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Lewis", "middle_name": "G.", "last_name": "Roussel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Louisiana State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Mathews", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Louisiana State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Barry", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Druhan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Louisiana State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30968/galley/20817/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30961, "title": "Integration Imagery and Visual Representations", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 3: Vision", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5x41063c", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "B.", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Chandrasekaran", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The Ohio State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "N.", "middle_name": "H.", "last_name": "Narayanan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The Ohio State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30961/galley/20810/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30884, "title": "Internal Analogy: A Model of Transfer within Problems", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Understanding problem solving and methods for learning is a main goal of cognitive science. Analogical reasoning simplifies problem solving by transferring previously learned knowledge from a source problem to the current target problem in order to reduce search. To provide a more detailed analysis of the mechanisms of transfer, w e describe a process called internal analogy that transfers experience from a completed subgoal in the same problem to solve the current target subgoal. W e explain what constitutes an appropriate source problem and what knowledge to transfer from that source, in addition to examining the associated memory organization. Unlike case-based reasoning methods, this process does not require large amounts of accumulated experience before it is effective; it provides useful search control at the outset of problem solving. Data from a study of subjects solving DC-circuit problems designed to facilitate transfer supports the psychological validity of the mechanism.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6zw847gq", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Angela", "middle_name": "Kennedy", "last_name": "Hickman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jill", "middle_name": "H.", "last_name": "Larkin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30884/galley/20733/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30893, "title": "Is There a Default Similarity Distance for Categories?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "How do people decide whether or not an item belongs to a new category, the variability o-f which they do not know We postulate that people have a de-fault similarity distance (DSD) which they use when no other in-formation about the variability o-f a category is available. To test our claim, subjects were asked to tell how they would instruct a being from another world to distinguish members o-f a category, by shoMnng pictures. The categories were from different levels thus dif-fering in variability. For highly variable categories subjects tended to present multiple positive instances (thus indicating their extraordinary variability), whereas -for narrow categories they tended to present negative instances (thus explicitly delimiting them). These results indicated that a norm, relative to which additional in-formation is supplied, lay in between. Indeed, there was a level at which subjects apparently relied on DSD, -finding it sufficient to show but a single exemplar of the categor/. This happened with basic-level categories -for 3th graders and adults and with subordinate categories -for 2nd graders, thus demonstrating a developmental trend in what is considered a normal standard category.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pb2r17m", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Yaakov", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kareev", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The Hebrew University of Jersualem", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Judith", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Avrahami", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The Hebrew University of Jersualem", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30893/galley/20742/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 36660, "title": "Journals Revisited: Student-Centered Materials for Teaching Writing", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "CATESOL Exchange", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7w72k508", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Margaret", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Grant", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "San Francisco State University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Susan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Caesar", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "San Francisco State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36660/galley/27510/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30894, "title": "Judgement, Graininess and Categories", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6571z9g7", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ilan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Yaniv", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Chicago", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Dean", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Foster", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Chicago", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30894/galley/20743/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30903, "title": "Knowledge Goals: A Theory of Interestingness", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "mbinatorial explosion of inferences has always been one of the classic problems in AI. Resources are limited, and inferences potentially infinite; a reasoner needs to be able to determine which inferences are useful to draw from a given piece of text. But unless one considers the goals of the reasoner, it is very difficult to give a principled definition of what it means for an inference to be \"useful.\" This paper presents a theory of inference control based on the notion of interestingness. W e introduce knowledge goals, the goals of a reasoner to acquire some piece of knowledge required for a reasoning task, as the focussing criteria for inference control. W e argue that knowledge goals correspond to the interests of the reasoner, and present a theory of interestingness that is functionally motivated by consideration of the needs of the reasoner. Although we use story understanding as the reasoning task, many of the arguments carry over to other cognitive tasks as well.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8m66t6t0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ashwin", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ram", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Georgia Institute of Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30903/galley/20752/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30962, "title": "Language Acquisition via Strange Automata", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Sequential Cascaded Networks are recturent higher order connectionist networks which are used, like fiuoite state automata, to recognize lansuages. Such networks may be viewed as discrete dynamical systems (Dynamical Recognizers) wnose states are points inside a multi-dimensional hypercube, whose transitions are defined not by a list of rules, out by a parameterized non-linear function, and whose acceptance decision is defined by a threshold applied to one dimension. Learning proceeds by the ad^tation of weight parameters under error-driven feedback from performance on a teacher-suppbed set of exemplars. The weights give rise to a landscape where input tokens cause transitions between attractive points or regions, and induction in this framework corresponds to the clustering, splitting and joining of these regions. Usually, the resulting landscape settles into a finite set of attractive regions, and is isomorphic to a classical finite-state automaton. Occasionally, however, the landscape contains a \"Strange Attractor\" (e.g fig 3g), to which there is no direct analogy ia finite automata theory.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 4: Learning and Memory", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3594492n", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jordan", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Pollack", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "The Ohio State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30962/galley/20811/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30895, "title": "Learning Attribute Relevance in Context in Instance-Based Learning Algorithms", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "There has been an upsurge of interest, in both artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology, in exemplar based process models of categorization, which preserve specific instances instead of maintaining abstractions derived from them. Recent exemplar-based models provided accurate fits for subject results in a variety of experiments because, in accordance with Shepard's (1987) observations, they define similarity to degrade exponentially with the distance between instances in psychological space. Although several researchers have shown that an attribute's relevance in similarity calculations varies according to its context (i.e., the values of the other attributes in the instance and the target concept), previous exemplar models define attribute relevance to be invariant across all instances. This paper introduces the G C M - I S W model, an extension of Nosofsky's G C M model that uses context-specific attribute weights for categorization tasks. Since several researchers have reported that humans make context-sensitive classification decisions, our model will fit subject data more accurately when attribute relevance is context-sensitive. W e also introduce a process component for G C M - I S W and show that its learning rate is significantly faster than the rates of previous exemplar-based process models when attribute relevance varies among instances. G C M - I S W is both computationally more efficient and more psychologically plausible than previous exemplar-based models.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/97k2z8vv", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "W.", "last_name": "Aha", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Irvine", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Goldstone", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Michigan", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30895/galley/20744/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30974, "title": "Learning from indifferent Agents", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In many situations, learners have the opportunity to observe other agents solving problems similar to their own. While not as favorable as learning from fully explained solutions, this has advantages over solving problems in isolation. In this paper we describe the general situation of learning from indifferent agents and outline a preliminary theory of how it may afford improved performance. Because one of our long-term goals is to improve educational methods, we identify a domain that allows us to observe humans learning from indifferent agents, and we summarize verbal protocol evidence indicating when and how humans learn.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "multi-agent domains" }, { "word": "learning by doing" }, { "word": "learning from examples" }, { "word": "Protocol" } ], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 5: Cognition in Context", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33k3z1mv", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Lisa", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Dent", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jeffrey", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Schlimmer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30974/galley/20823/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30937, "title": "Learning Lexical Knowledge in Context: Experiments with Recurrent Feed Forward Networks", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Recent work on representation in simple recursive feed forward connecdonist networks suggests that a computational device can learn linguistic behaviors without any explicit representation of linguistic knowledge in the form of rules, facts, or procedures. This paper presents an extension of these methods to the study of lexical ambiguity resolution and semantic parsing. Five specific hypotheses are discussed regarding network architectures for lexical ambiguity resolution and the nature of their performance: (1) A simple recurrent feed forward network using back propagation can learn to predict correctly the object of ambiguous verb \"take out\" in specific contexts; (2) Such a network can likewise predict a pronoun of the correct gender in the appropriate contexts; (3) The effect of specific contextual features increases with their proximity to the ambiguous word or words; (4) The training of hidden recurrent networks for lexical ambiguity resolution improves significantly when the input consists of two words rather than a single word; and (5) The principal components of the hidden units in the trained networks reflect an internal representation of linguistic knowledge. Experimental results supporting these hypotheses are presented, including analysis of network performance and acquired representations. The paper concludes with a discussion of the work in terms of computational neuropsychology, with potential impact on clinical and basic neuroscience.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1kc38931", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Steven", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Small", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pittsburgh", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30937/galley/20786/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30898, "title": "Learning Overlapping Categories", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Models of human category learning have predominately assumed that both the structure in the world and the analogous structure of the internal cognitive representations are best modeled by hierarchies of disjoint categories. Strict taxonomies do, in fact, capture important structure of the world. However, there are realistic situations in which systems of overlapping categories can engender more accurate inferences than can taxonomies. Two preliminary models for learning overlapping categories are presented and their benefit is illustrated. The models are discussed with respect to their potential implications for theory-based category learning and conceptual combination.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1j4999ww", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Joel", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Martin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Georgia Institute of Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30898/galley/20747/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30966, "title": "Learning The Structure of Event Sequences", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "How is complex sequential material acquired, processed, and represented wlien there is no intention to learn ? Recent research (Lewicki, Hill & Bizot, 1988) has demonstrated that subjects placed in a choice reaction time task progressively become sensitive to the sequential structure of the stimulus material despite their unawareness of its existence. This paper aims to provide a detailed information-processing model of this phenomenon in an experimental situation involving complex and probabilistic temporal contingencies. We report on two experiments exploring a 6-choice serial reaction time task. Unbeknownst to subjects, successive stimuli followed a sequence derived from \"noisy\" finite-state grammars. After considerable practice (60,000 exposures), subjects acquired a body of procedural knowledge about the sequential structure of the material, although they were unaware of the manipulation, and displayed little or no verbalizable knowledge about it. Experiment 2 attempted to identify limits on subjects' ability to encode the temporal context by using more distant contingencies that spanned irrelevant material. Taken together, the results indicate that subjects become progressively more sensitive to the temporal context set by previous elements of the sequence, up to three elements. Responses are also affected by carryover effects from recent trials. A PDP model that incorporates sensitivity to the sequential structure and carry-over effects is shown to capture key", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 4: Learning and Memory", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6m1166wh", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Axel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cleeremans", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "McClelland", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30966/galley/20815/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30936, "title": "Lexical Cooccurrence Relations in Text Generation\\", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this paper we address the organization and use of the lexicon giving special consideration to how the salience of certain aspects of abstract semantic structure may be expressed. We propose an organization of the lexicon and its interaction with grammar and knowledge that makes extensive use of lexical functions from the Meaning-Text-Theory of Mel'cuk. W e integrate this approach with the architecture of the PENMAN text generation system, showing some areas where that architecture is insufficient, and illustrating how the lexicon can provide functionally oriented guidance for the generation process.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6hb6p57m", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Leo", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wanner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Projeckt KOMET", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Bateman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Southern California", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30936/galley/20785/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30885, "title": "Making SME greedy and pragmatic", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The Structure-Mapping Engine (SME) has successfully modeled several aspects of human analogical processing. However, it has two significant drawbacks: (l) SME constructs all structurally consistent interpretations of an analogy. While useful for theoretical explorations, this aspect of the algorithm is both psychologically implausible and computationally inefficient. (2) SME contains no mechanism for focusing on interpretations relevant to an analogizer's goals. This paper describes modifications to SME which overcome these flaws. W e describe a greedy merge algorithm which efficiently computes an approximate \"best\" interpretation, and can generate alternate interpretations when necessary. W e describe pragmatic marking, a technique which focuses the mapping to produce relevant, yet novel, inferences. W e illustrate these techniques via example and evaluate their performance using empirical data and theoretical analysis.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5j92335d", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kenneth", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Forbus", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Dan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Oblinger", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30885/galley/20734/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30963, "title": "Miniature Language Acquisition: A touchstone for cognitive science", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Cognitive Science, whose genesis was interdisciplinary, shows signs of reverting to a disjoint collection of fields. This paper presents a compact, theory-free task that inherently requires an integrated solution. The basic problem is learning a subset of an arbitrary natural language from picture-sentence pairs. W e describe a very specific instance of this task and show how it presents fundamental (but not impossible) challenges to several areas of cognitive science including vision, language, inference and learning.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 4: Learning and Memory", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8z04k178", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jerome", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Feldman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "International Computer Science Institute", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "George", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lakoff", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "International Computer Science Institute", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Andreas", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Stolcke", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "International Computer Science Institute", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Susan", "middle_name": "Hollbach", "last_name": "Weber", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "International Computer Science Institute", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30963/galley/20812/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30979, "title": "Models of Neuromodulation and Information Processing Deficits in Schizophrenia", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper illustrates the use of connectionist models to explore the relationship between biological variables and cognitive deficits. The models show how empirical observations about biological and psychological deficits can be catpured within the same framework to account for specific aspects of behavior. W e present simulation models of three attentional and linguistic tasks in which schizophrenics show performance deficits. At the cognitive level, the models suggest that a disturbance in the processing of context can account for schizophrenic patterns of performance in both attention and language-related tasks. At the same time, the models incorporate a mechanism for processing context that can be identified with the function of the prefrontal cortex, and a parameter that corresponds to the effects of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. A disturbance in this parameter is sufficient to account for schizophrenic patterns of performance in the three cognitive tasks simulated. Thus, the models offer an explanatory mechanism linking performance deficits to a disturbance in the processing of context which, in turn, is attributed to a reduction of dopaminergic activity in prefrontal cortex.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 5: Cognition in Context", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8rt222qp", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Servan-Schreiber", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Johnathan", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Cohen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pittsburgh", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30979/galley/20828/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30887, "title": "Multiple Abstracted Representations in Problem Solving and Discovery in Physics", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We discuss the process of mathematization in science, focusing on uses that theorists make of physical representations that w e refer to as abstracted models. W e review abstracted models constructed by Faraday and Maxwell in the mathematization of electromagnetic phenomena, including Maxwell's use of an analogy between continuum dynamics and electromagnetism. W e discuss ways in which this example requires major modifications of current cognitive theories of analogical reasoning and scientific induction, especially in the need to understand the use of abstracted models containing theoretically meaningful objects that can be manipulated and modified in the development of new concepts and mathematized representations.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0p42x70s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Nancy", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Nersessian", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "G.", "last_name": "Greeno", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30887/galley/20736/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 31005, "title": "Neonate Cognition Symposium", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Invited Symposia", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m10q984", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Held", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jane", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gwiazda", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Renee", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Baillargeon", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Adele", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Diamond", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31005/galley/20851/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30991, "title": "Networks Modeling The Involvement of the Frontal Lobes in Learning and Performance of Flexible Movement Sequences", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Networks that model the planning and execution of goal directed sequences of movements are described, including the involvement of both the prefrontal cortex and the corpus striatum. These networks model behavioral data indicating that frontal damage does not disrupt the learning and performance of an invariant sequence of movements. If the order of performance of the movements is allowed to vary, however, frontal", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9g15t8g2", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Raju", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Bapi", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Texas at Arlington", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Daniel", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Levine", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Texas at Arlington", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30991/galley/20840/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30914, "title": "Not All Potential Cheaters are Equal: Pragmatic Strategies In Deductive Reasoning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This work briefly discusses one of the central problems in the current psychology of reasoning: that of explaining the effects of content. T w o competing theories recently proposed to explain such effects (pragmatic reasoning schemas and social contract theories) are illustrated with reference to an experiment on reasoning in children employing a selection problem, which requires a search for the potential counterexamples of a conditional rule. On the one hand, the theory of pragmatic schemas (i.e. clusters of rules related to pragmatically relevant actions and goals) predicts that correct selection performance derives from the activation of specific contractual schemas, such as obligation and permission, the production rules of which correspond to the logic of implication. On the other hand, according to the social contract theory, people are able to detect potential counterexamples only when they correspond to the potential cheaters of rules having the form 'If benefit A is received, then cost B must be paid'. The results of the experiment show that performance on tasks of this kind is not determined simply by the possibility of representing the rule in question in cost-benefit terms; to predict performance one necessary factor is knowledge of the nature of the possible cheating behaviour that one is requested to check.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6q38f99p", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Vittorio", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Girotto", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "National Research Council of Italy", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Paolo", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Legrenzi", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Trieste", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30914/galley/20763/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30908, "title": "Noticing Opportunities in a Rich Environment", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Opportunistic planning requires a talent for noticing plans' conditions of applicability in the world. In a reasonably complex environment, there is a great proliferation of features, and their relations to useful plans are very intricate. Thus, ''noticing\" is a very complicated affair. To compound difficulties, the need to efficiently perceive conditions of applicability is simultaneously true for the thousands of possible plans an agent might use. We examine the implications of this problem for memory and planning behavior, and present an architecture developed to address it. Tools from signal detection theory and numerical optimization provide the model with a form of learning.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0ks286sg", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Matthew", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Brand", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Northwestern University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Lawrence", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Birnbaum", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Northwestern University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30908/galley/20757/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30973, "title": "On the Domain Specificity of Expertise in an Ill-Structured Domain", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "An important issue concerns the relation between expertise in highly-structured domains and ill structured domains. This study explored the information processing abilities associated with expertise in literature, an ill-structured domain. Literary experts were superior to novices in gist level recall, the extraction of interpretations and the breadth of aspects addressed of literary texts but not of a scientific text. The results indicate that expertise in literature appears to share features with expertise in highly-structured domains, including domain-specificity and an absu^ct level of representation.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 4: Learning and Memory", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/54h4s99w", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Colleen", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Zeitz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pittsburgh", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30973/galley/20822/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30951, "title": "On the Evolution of a Visual Percept", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "n processing systems face a continual challenge of extracting only the most important information from the environment, resulting in awareness of some but not all of the available Information. The? current study investigates the psychophysical determinants of awareness. It examines the hypothesis that relative energy level of a stimulus is the critical factor in determining what comes to consciousness. In Experiments 1 and 3 two conceptually incompatible stimuli (one lexical, one pictorial) are presented successively in the same position of a tachistoscope for only 1 msec each, with a zero interstimulus interval. Observers report seeing one or the other, or nothing at all, at a more-or-less chance level when the stimulus durations are equal. As soon as one stimulus is given as little as onequarter to one-half a millisecond more duration than the other, the longer stimulus is reported on 68% to 84% of the test trials. In Experiment 2 an advantage for word perception at these low energy levels was investigated and measured. The results of these experiments indicate that extremely small differences in duration (about .25 or .50 msec) were sufficient to bring one concept to the consciousness of the observer at the expense of the other. Small stimulus intensity differences were investigated in Experiment 4, yielding similar results. The results can be accounted for by contemporary parallel-distributed-processing, connectionist network models of perception and cognition which use a winner-take-all decision rule.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 3: Vision", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7j7315v0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Theios", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin, Madison", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Stephen", "middle_name": "T.", "last_name": "Morgan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin, Madison", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30951/galley/20800/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30945, "title": "Parallel Processes During Question Answering", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Question answering involves several processes: representation of the question concept, identification of the question type, menwry search and/or inference generation, and output. Researchers tend to view these processes as stages and have developed primarily serial models of question-answering. Word-by-word reading times of questions, however, suggest that some processing is done in parallel. Questions were read more slowly but answered quicker when the question type was apparent from the first question word (the usual English construction of a question) when compared to cases when the question word came last Serial models can not explain such data easily. It is argued that the processes associated with a particular question type are active during processing of the question concept and that they can direct memory search during question parsing. Some parallel models of question answering consistent with the data are discussed.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/59d9q8tj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Scott", "middle_name": "P.", "last_name": "Robertson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Rutgers University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kimberly", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Weber", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Rutgers University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30945/galley/20794/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30942, "title": "Participating in Plan-Oriented Dialogs", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Participants in plan-oriented dialogs often state beliefs about plan applicability conditions, enablements, and effects. Often, they provide these beliefs as pieces of mostly unstated chains of reasoning that justify their holding various beliefs. Understanding a dialog response requires recognizing which beliefs are being justified and inferring the unstated but necessary beliefs that are part of the justification. And producing a response requires determining which beliefs need to be justified and constructing the reasoning chains that justify holding these beliefs. This paper presents a knowledgestructure approach to these tasks. It shows how participants can use general, conunonsense planning heuristics to recognize which reasoning chains are being used, and to construct the reasoning chains that justify their beliefs. Our work differs from other work on understanding dialog responses in that we focus on recognizing justifications for beliefs about a participant's plans and goals, rather than simply recognizing the plans and goals themselves. And our work differs from other work on producing dialog responses in that we rely solely on domain-independent knowledge about planning, rather than on domain- or task-specific heuristics. This approach allows us to recognize and formulate novel belief justifications.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/42x676mf", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Alex", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Quilici", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30942/galley/20791/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30988, "title": "PDP Models for Meter Perception", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A basic problem in music perception is how a listener develops a hierarchical representation of the metric structure of music of the sort proposed in the generative theory of Lerdahl & Jackendoff (1983).'This paper describes work on a constraint satisfaction approach to the perception of the metric structure of music in which many independent \"agents\" respond to particular events in the music, and where a representation of the metric structure emerges as a result of distributed local interactions between the agents. This approach has been implemented in two P D P simulation models that instantiate the constraints in different ways. The goal of this work is to develop psychologically and physiologically plausible models of meter perception.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1q21117r", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jacqueline", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Jones", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Brooklyn College of the City University of New York", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30988/galley/20837/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 31006, "title": "Perception, Computation, and Categorization", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Invited Symposia", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4w86658f", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Whitman", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Richards", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Aaron", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bobick", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "SRI International", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ken", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Nakayama", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Harvard University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Allan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Jepson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Toronto", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31006/galley/20852/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30921, "title": "Phonological Rule Induction: An Architectural Solution", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Acquiring phonological rules is hard, especially when they do not describe generalizations that hold for all surface forms. W e believe it can be made easier by adopting a more cognitively natural architecture for phonological processing. W e briefly review the structure of M^P, our connectionist Many Maps Model of Phonology, in which extrinsic rule ordering is virtually eliminated, and \"iterative\" processes arc handled by a parallel clustering mechanism. W e then describe a program for inducing phonological rules from examples. Our examples, drawn from Yawelmani, involve several complex rule interactions. The parallel nature of M ^ P rule application greatly simplifies the description of these phenomena, and makes a computational model of rule acquisition feasible.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1sv690z6", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Touretzky", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Gillette", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Elvgren", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Deirdre", "middle_name": "W.", "last_name": "Wheeler", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pittsburgh", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30921/galley/20770/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30910, "title": "Planning to Learn", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The thesis of this paper is that learning is planful, goal-directed activity - that acquiring knowledge is intentional action. I present evidence that learning from one's experiences requires making decisions about what is worth learning, regardless of the specific mechanisms underlying the learning or of the degree of consciousness or automaticity or level of effort of the learning. Decisions about what is worth learning are the expressions of desires about knowledge. I then sketch a theory of whence desires for knowledge arise, how they are represented, and how they are used. A taxonomy of learning actions is also proposed. This theory has been partially implemented in two computer models, which are briefly described.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1pm6690m", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Lawrence", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hunter", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "National Library of Medicine", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30910/galley/20759/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 36653, "title": "Potential Problems with Peer Responding in ESL Writing Classes", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Many native speaker composition classes and increasing numbers of ESL composition classes use small group work and peer responding to improve writing. Teachers who have used peer responding are generally convinced of its usefulness, but many are unaware of the special problems ESL writers and readers face when asked to comment on a classmate’s writing. These problems stem partly from ESL students’ lack of experience in using techniques like peer responding and partly from the varying rhetorical expectations that readers from other cultures bring to a text. This paper discusses the issues surrounding the attempt to bring ESL writers into the American academic discourse community through the use of peer responding in ESL writing classes.", "language": "eng", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Theme Section - Articles", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5kw4c25v", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ilona", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Leki", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Tennessee", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/catesoljournal/article/36653/galley/27503/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30971, "title": "Predictive Utility In Case-Based Memory Retrieval", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The problem of access to prior cases in memory is a central Issue in the case-based reasoning Previous work on thematic knowledge structures has shown that using a complete exemplar of a thematic pattern allows access to the structure and related cases in memory. However, the knowledge and expectations provided by such structures can aid in planning and problem-solving. Therefore, to be most useful, the Information should become available before the Input pattern Is complete. Retrieval must therefore be possible based on only a subset of the features present In the full thematic pattern. This study investigated whether a pattern that contains elements predicting an outcome, but not the outcome itself, would result In access comparable to that found when a full pattern is used. The results showed that subjects were less successful accessing the thematic structure using partial patterns than they were when using full patterns. However, remindings based on partial patterns occurred more often than would be expected by chance. W e conclude that partial patterns contain some predictive features that can allow access to a thematic knowledge structure before the pattern Is complete.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 4: Learning and Memory", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6nk4c45v", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Hollyn", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Johnson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Michigan", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Colleen", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Seifert", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Michigan", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30971/galley/20820/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 31007, "title": "Principle-Based Parsing: A Symposium", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Invited Symposia", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1p3739hg", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Berwick", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Steven", "middle_name": "P.", "last_name": "Abney", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Bell Communications Research", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Bonnie", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Dorr", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Sandiway", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Fong", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Mark", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Johnson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Brown University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Edward", "middle_name": "P.", "last_name": "Stabler", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/31007/galley/20853/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30959, "title": "Psychological Simulation and Beyond", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this paper, we examine the suggestion that inferences about another person's state of mind can proceed by simulation. According to that suggestion, one performs such reasoning by imagining oneself in that person's state of mind, and observing the evolution of that imagined cognitive state. However, this simulation-based theory of psychological inference suffers from a number of limitations. In particular, whilst one can perhaps observe the probable effects of an given cognitive state by putting oneself in that state, one cannot thus observe its probable causes. The purpose of this paper is to propose a solution to this problem, within the spirit of the simulation-based theory of psychological inference. According to the indexing thesis, certain cognitive mechanisms required for non-psychological inference can be re-used for hypothesising psychological causes. The paper concludes by discussing some of the possible implications of the indexing thesis.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 3: Vision", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/82d8v14v", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ian", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pratt", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Unversity of Manchester", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30959/galley/20808/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30995, "title": "Psychological Test of an Algorithm for Recognizing Subjectivity in Narrative Text", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper reports on a psychological study that tested part of an algorithm for recognizing subjectivity in third-person fictional narrative text (Wiebe 1990). In particular, we tested the part of the algorithm concerned with interpretations of private-state sentences, sentences about psychological states such as wanting and perceptual states such as seeing, by manipulating paragraph breaks and subjective elements. Six passages from natural narratives were selected. Two versions of each passae were used, the original version and an experimental one, which was created by moving paragraph breaks or removing subjective elements. Test statements were used to determine whether readers interpreted private-state sentences as private-state reports or as represented thoughts or perceptions. As predicted by the algorithm, deletion of subjective elements or discontinuities introduced by paragraph breaks decreased readers' tendencies to interpret private-state sentences as represented thoughts or perceptions.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2187p5w1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Gail", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Bruder", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "State University of New York at Buffalo", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Janyce", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Wiebe", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Toronto", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [] }, { "pk": 30892, "title": "Qualitative Reasoning about the Geometry of Fluid Flow", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Understanding the interaction between dynamics and geometry is crucial to capturing commonsense physics. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the direction of fluid flow. This analysis is dependent on qualitative descriptions of the surface geometry of rigid bodies in contact with the fluid and a pressure change in fluid. The key problem in designing an intelligent system to reason about fluid motion is how to partition the fluid at an appropriate level of representation. The basic idea of our approach is to incrementally generate the qualitatively different parts of fluid. We do this by dynamically analyzing the intereiction of geometry and pressure disturbance. Using this technique, we can derive all possible fluid flows.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7d51q40n", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Hyun-Kyung", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kim", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30892/galley/20741/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30890, "title": "Reasoning Directly from Cases in a Case-Based Planner", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A good deal of the reasoning done in a case-based planning system can be done directly from (episodic) cases, as opposed to specialized memory structures. In this paper, we examine the issues involved in such direct reasoning including how this representation can support multiple uses, and what role execution plays in such a framework. We illustrate our points using COOKIE, a direct case-based planner in the food preparation domain.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7w17f9jj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "McCartney", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Connecticut", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30890/galley/20739/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30913, "title": "Reasoning With Function Symbols In A Connectionist System", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "One important problem to be addressed in realizing connectionist reasoning systems is that of dynamically creating more complex structured objects out of simpler ones during the reasoning process. In rule based reasoning, this problem typically manifests as the problem of dynamically binding objects to the arguments of a relation. In [1,7], w e described a rule-based reasoning system based on the idea of using synchronous activation to represent bindings. A s done in almost all other connectionist reasoning systems developed so far, there, w e restricted our focus on the problem of binding only static objects to arguments. This paper describes how the synchronous activation approach can be extended to bind dynamically created objects to arguments, to form more complex dynamic objects. This extension allows the rule-based reasoning system to deal with function symbols. A forward reasoning system incorporating function terms is described in some detail. A backward reasoning system with similar capabilities is briefly sketched and the way of encoding long-term facts involving function terms is indicated. Several extensions to the work are briefly described, one of them being that of combining the rule based reasoner with a parallelly operating equality reasoner. The equality reasoner derives new facts by substituting equivalent terms for the terms occurring in the facts derived by the rule-based reasoner.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 1: Reasoning", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3p55f3zz", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Venkat", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Ajjanagadde", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pennsylvania", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30913/galley/20762/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30924, "title": "Recency Preference and Garden-Path Effects", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Following Fodor (1983), it is assumed that the language processor is an automatic device that maintains only the best of the set of all compatible representations for an input string. One way to make this idea explicit is to assume the serial hypothesis: at most one representation for an input string is permitted at any time (e.g.. Frazier & Fodor (1978), Frazier (1979), and Pritchett (1988)). This paper assumes an alternative formulation of local memory restrictions within a parallel framework. First of all, it is assumed that there exists a number of structural properties, each of which is associated with a processing load. One structure is preferred over another if the processing load associated with the first structure is markedly lower than the processing load associated with the second. Thus a garden-path effect results if the unpreferred structure is necessary for a grammatical sentence. This paper presents three structural properties within this framework: the first two- the Properties of Thematic Assignment and Reception- derivable from the ^-Criterion of Government and Binding Theory (Chomsky (1981)); and the third- the Property of Recency Preference- that prefers local attachments over more distant atuchments. This paper shows how these properties interact to give appropriate predictions- garden-path effects or not- for a large array of local ambiguities.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Paper Presentations -- Group 2: Language", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4p7118xn", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Edward", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gibson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1990-01-01T13:00:00-05:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30924/galley/20773/download/" } ] } ] }