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{ "count": 38386, "next": "https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=api&limit=100&offset=36700", "previous": "https://eartharxiv.org/api/articles/?format=api&limit=100&offset=36500", "results": [ { "pk": 30534, "title": "Anatomising Lexical Decision In Phrasal Contexts: When Does Truck Not Prime Car", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Context effects on lexical decisions were anatomised bymanipulating lexical relatedness in syntactic andasyntactic sequences. In a Syntactic condition, relatedor unrelated word-pairs were embedded in simplesequences (e.g., a truck or a CAR/FLOOR). In aScrambled condition, two inapposite function words weresubstituted between the related and unrelated nouns(e.g., the truck that before CAR/FLOOR). The phraseswere presented serially and subjects made lexicaldecisions to their terminal elements. Substantialrelatedness effects were found only in syntacticsequences, whether presentation rate was slow or whetherit exceeded the rate of normal reading. The syntacticrelatedness effect was shown to consist, in equalproportions, of facilitation of related words andinhibition of unrelated words. These results argueagainst a role for intralexical priming in on-linereading. They point up the roles of syntacticconnectedness and of the current interpretation even invery rudimentary contexts.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vw16792", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Padraig", "middle_name": "G.", "last_name": "O'Seaghdha", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Unviersity of Rochester", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30534/galley/20384/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30528, "title": "A Neural Network Theory of Frontal Lobe Function", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2k0427md", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Daniel", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Levine", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Texas at Arlington", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30528/galley/20378/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30521, "title": "A Neural Simulation of Classical Conditioning in Aplysia", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8np4c82t", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Howard", "middle_name": "N.", "last_name": "Henry", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Irvine", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30521/galley/20371/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30502, "title": "Application of Cognitive Science Methods to Psychotheraputic Problem Solving: A Case Study and Some Theory", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this paper we present a case-study to demonstrate an application of concepts of\nknowledge representation from cognitive science and AI to problem solving in\npsychotherapeutic situations. In particular, a special type of frame, the so-called \"Thematic\nOrganization Point\", or TOP, is used to characterize generic conflictive patterns of\ninteraction, and to elucidate the meaning of a \"psychotherapeutic interpretation\". The\nconcept of \"failure-driven memory\" is related to the process of evoking memories in\npatients. A belief systems analysis is used to explain why in some situations people are\nincapable of learning in spite of repetitive expectation failures. The underlying theory is\nsummarized as a set of \"Theorems\". It is concluded that a cognitive science approach to\ntherapeutic problem solving not only clarifies theoretical concepts but enables the derivation of powerful heuristics to be used by therapists in their practical work,", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35s1h8st", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Rolf", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pfeifer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Zurich", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Marianne", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Leuzinger-Bohleber", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Ulm", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30502/galley/20352/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30516, "title": "A Psychological Investigation Into The Deictic Center", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/54z3d08c", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Joyce", "middle_name": "H.", "last_name": "Daniels", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "SUNY Buffalo", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30516/galley/20366/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30536, "title": "A Real-Time Attentional-Associative Network For Classical Conditioning of the Rabbit's NMR", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7n04c75c", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Nestor", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Schmajuk", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Boston University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "W.", "last_name": "Moore", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30536/galley/20385/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30498, "title": "A Theory of Discourse Structure", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this talk I will present the basic elements of a computational theory of discourse\nstructure.^ A proper account of discourse structure is needed both as the basis of an\naccount of discourse meaning (a semantic task) and to underlie a model of discourse\nprocessing. It provides the former by specifying the basic units a discourse comprises and\nthe ways in which they can relate. It plays a key role in discourse processing by\nstipulating constraints on those portions of a discourse to which any given utterance in\nthe discourse must be related.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4bd4v4z9", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Barbara", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Grosz", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "SRI International", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30498/galley/20347/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30507, "title": "Attractor dynamics and parallelism in a connectionist sequential machine", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Fluent human sequential behavior, such as that observed in speech production, ischaracterized by a high degree of parallelbm, fiizzy boundaries, and insensitivity toperturbations, hi this paper, I consider a theoretical treatment of sequential behaviorwhich is based on data from speech production. A networi^ is discussed which tsessentially a sequential machine built out of connectionist components. The networkrelies on distributed representations and a hi(^ degree of parallelism at the level of thecomponent processing units. These properties lead to parallelism at the level at whichwhole output vectors arise, and constraints must be imposed to make the performanceof the network more sequential. The sequential tr^ectories that are realized by thenetwork have dynamic properties that are analogous to those observed in networkswith point attractors (Hopfield, 1982): learned tn^ectories generalize, and attractorssuch as limit cycles can arise.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1fg2j76h", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "I.", "last_name": "Jordan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30507/galley/20357/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30514, "title": "Belief Maintenance with Uncertainty", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A framework for representing and reasoning with uncertain information is described.A network knowledge structure is used which makes the reasons for believing or not believing a proposition explicit. These reasons, or endorsements, are quantified by a measureof belief and certainty. Heuristics are integrated with the knowledge structure to collect, andevaluate the endorsements.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4vr5h2sw", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "A.", "middle_name": "Julian", "last_name": "Craddock", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Queen's University at Kingston", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Roger", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Browse", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Queen's University at Kingston", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30514/galley/20364/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30506, "title": "BoltsCONS: Reconciling Connectionism with the Recursive Nature of Stacks and Trees", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Stacks and trees are implemented as distributed activity patterns in a simulated neural network\ncalled BoltzCONS. The BoltzCONS architecture employs three ideas from connectionist symbol\nprocessing -- coarse coded distributed memories, pullout networks, and variable binding spaces, that first appeared together in Touretzky and Hinton's neural net production system interpreter. In BoltzCONS, a distributed memory is used to store triples of symbols that encode cons cells, the building blocks of linked lists. Stacks and trees can then be represented as list structures. A pullout network and several variable binding spaces provide the machinery for associative retrieval of cons cells, which is central to BoltzCONS' operation. Retrieval is performed via the Boltzmann Machine simulated annealing algorithm, with Hopfield's energy measure serving to assess the results. The network's ability to recognize shallow energy minima as failed retrievals makes it possible to traverse binary trees of unbounded depth without maintaining a control stack. The implications of this work for cognitive science and connectionism are discussed.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0n516283", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Toretzky", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie-Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30506/galley/20356/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30478, "title": "Causal Reasoning About Quantities", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Causality plays an important role in human thinking. Yet we are far from having a complete account of causal reasoning. This paper presents an analysis of causal reasoning about changes in quantities. W e abstract from AI theories of qualitative physics three dimensions along which causal reasoning about quantities may be decomposed. W e then use this framework to make some psychological predictions.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4tc1f2nq", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kenneth", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Forbus", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Dedre", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gentmer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30478/galley/20327/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30512, "title": "Cluster: An Approach to Modeling Context", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4fp6x6qt", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Yigal", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Arens", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Southern California", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30512/galley/20362/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30532, "title": "Cognitive Control of Autonomous Mobile Robots: Nested Hierarchicall Intelligent Module", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5511h6hv", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "A.", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Meystel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Drexel University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30532/galley/20382/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30544, "title": "Complement Selection and the Lexicon In Japanese", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This study is on the extended line of Grimshaw 1979,which explains the complement selection in Japanese. Byextending Grimshaw's analysis that the combination ofpredicates and their complements are explicable by imposing well-formedness conditions on two differentlevels of representation: one at the syntactic level;the other at the semantic level, the analysis givenhere which utilizes two semantic restrictive featuresunder the semantic feature: [+presupposition] and[±factive], is able to explain the anomalies concerningthe complementizer selection in Kuno 1973.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8mc346f0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Toshiyuki", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Tamamoto", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "West Virginia University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30544/galley/20393/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30526, "title": "Computer Strategy of DEcision Making Under Time Pressure", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/43b1f1bj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Daniel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lacombe", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Montreal", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Claude", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Sarrazin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Montreal", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Claude", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Alain", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Montreal", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30526/galley/20376/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30473, "title": "Conditioning and Cetegorization Some Common Effects of Informational Variables in Animal and Human Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fh6h7pz", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Mark", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Gluck", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Gordon", "middle_name": "H.", "last_name": "Bower", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30473/galley/20322/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30487, "title": "Counterfactual Conditional and the Conjunction Fallacy", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88g01770", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Miyamoto", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Washington", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Emily", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Dibble", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Washington", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30487/galley/20336/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30485, "title": "Default Defeaters in Explanation-Based Reasoning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/83q7b308", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Gilbert", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Harman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cullingford", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Georgia Institure of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Marie", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bienkowski", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Bell Communications Research", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Kenneth", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Salem", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Ian", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pratt", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30485/galley/20334/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30513, "title": "Effects of Focal Brain Damage on Categorization of Visual and Haptic Features", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Previous research has shown that stimulus values on a sensorycontinuum are perceived in a categorical manner by human subjects andby rhesus monkeys (Wilson, 1972; Streitfeld & Wilson, in press). Thatis, stimuli which are judged to belong to different perceptualcategories are discriminated more accurately than are stimuli whichare perceived as belonging to the same perceptual category. In theseexperiments, the category boundary was defined as the adaptation level(AL) established by the stimulus series presented to the subject.Wilson and DeBauche (1981) showed that resection of visual\"association cortex\" in monkey abolished categorical perception ofvisual features and they hypothesized that modality-specific neuralsubstrates that preserve the effects of stimulation provide aninternal referent which determines the manner in which given stimulusvalues are identified and discriminated. In the study described here,the effects of focal brain damage on categorical perception of threestimulus continua was examined in neurological patients. Processingof visual features as members of perceptual categories was doublydissociated from processing of haptic stimuli; posterior lesions inthe right hemisphere selectively impaired categorization of visualstimuli differing in length and orientation while anterior lesions inthe left hemisphere selectively impaired categorical perception ofweight. Implications for the neural dynamics of categorization arediscussed in the context of AL theory and principles of neuralorganization.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4579z68z", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Bruce", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bolster", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Winnipeg", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Janet", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Honeyman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Winnipeg", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Valeria", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gillis", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Winnipeg", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Martha", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wilson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Connecticut", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30513/galley/20363/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30503, "title": "Encoding Planning Knowledge for Recognition, Construction, and Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper discusses a method for representing thematic level structures, i.e. abstract\nplan/goal combinations. W e make the case that the processes for both recognition and\nconstruction of plans use the s a m e memory structures. In particular, w e are looking at\nthe knowledge structures for recognizing and avoiding bad planning. The learning\nprocedure w e describe starts by observing the bad planning behavior of narrative\ncharacters and combines old descriptions of planning errors to create new abstract\nstructures. The learning method discussed is a one-trial, schema acquisition method,\nwhich is similar to DeJong's [DeJong 1983]. The method used involves taking\nschemas for planning situations that are found in an actual narrative situation, and\nusing causal reasoning to construct a new schema which better characterizes the\nsituation. This work is part of the M O R R I S project at U C L A [Dyer 1983a]. The planning\nsituations are represented using Thematic Abstraction Units (TAUs) [Dyer 1983b.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13h380j8", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Charles", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Dolan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Dyer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30503/galley/20353/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30492, "title": "Focus and Learning in Program Design", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The construction and retrieval of plan schemas was studied using a programming task. Novice programmers were asked to write programs and their problem solving strategies analysed from the manner in which they expanded a program goal. Four programs were used in the study, comprising two sets of problem isomorphs. These isomorphs required the same programming plans for solution, but differed in their cover stories. Plan development withm a prob em solving episode and across episodes was thus easily tracked. Development of a plan to achieve a problem goal showed a focus of attention on the current goal to the exclusion of concerns about other parts of the program. A solution was not found by a process of reasoning and top-down design. Rather, one goal was selected for expansion and in the process of this expansion new goals were discovered and solved to the extent required by the current context. The program was built up from solving individual goals, not down from the problem specification. The development of plans to achieve three of these goals, the selection, simple (non-looping) sum and read loop goals, is discussed in some detail to show the relation between problem solving and schema formation. Evidence of top-down design using schemas appeared only late in the study, suggesting that its use in teaching should be delayed until the novice can 'speak the language' of schema retrieval.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/46p626tr", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Rist", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30492/galley/20341/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30523, "title": "Illusory Conjunctions of Objects and Forms: Integration Errors in a Very Short-term Store", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Two experiments tested the predictions of an integrative buffer model of visual processing, regarding the illusory conjunction of components of rapidly presented displays. Color pictures of objects were presented at a rate of 9/s, in the same spatial location. Experiment 1 used a modified report procedure to test the hypothesis that Stroop-like response competition, during naming, not a perceptual error, resulted in the high confidence \"illusory conjunctions\" reported in previous research. Subjects were provided with the naem of a picture in advance and reported \"yes\" or\"no\" to indicate if that picture was the one in the frame. Contrary to the response competition hypothesis, high confidence errors occured frequently under these conditions. Experiment 2 tested the hypothesis that the direction of migration (preceding or following picture) is the result of a difference in the sequential allocation of attention to the frame first or to its \"host\" picture first on different trials. As predicted by the integrative buffer model, subjects were faster in detecting the frame when they confidently reported it around the preceding picture than around the followuing picture in the sequence, and reaction times associated with correct reports fell between the two.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04v4g5zh", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Helene", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Intraub", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Delaware", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30523/galley/20373/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30545, "title": "I, me, mine (1) Psycholinguisic Constraints of French Clitics in Sentence Generation", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This paper describes an implemented tutoring system, designedto show various ways of converting a given meaning structureinto its corresponding surface expression. The system is meantto be a teaching tool for students who learn French as a foreignlanguage.Vihile showing various ways of converting a ijiven ineaning structure into its corresponding surface expression, the system helpsnot only to discover WHAT data to process but also MOW this information processing should take place. In other words, we are concerneiJ wii't Hrficiency in verbal planning (flexibility and economy of performance).Recognizing that the same result can be obtained by various methods, the student should find out which one is best suited tothe circumstances (what is known, task demands etc). Informational stato:5, lienoe tlie processor's needs, may vary to a great extent, as may his STRATEGIES or cognitive styles. In consequence,in order to become an efficient processor, the student has toacquire not only STRUCTURAL or RULE-KNOWLEDGE but also PROCEDURALKNOWLEDGE (skill).With this in mind we have designed three modules in order tofoster a reflective, experimental attitude in the learner, helping hln to discover insightfully the most efficient strategy.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/72g353sn", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michaek", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Zock", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "LIMSI, Langues Naturelles", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Gerard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Sabrah", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30545/galley/20394/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30491, "title": "Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Scientific Inquiry Skills", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We describe the initial prototypes of several Intelligent tutoring systems\ndesigned to build students' scientific Inquiry skills. These Inquiry skills are\ntaught In the context of acquiring knowledge of principles from a mlcroworld\nthat models a specific domain. We have Implemented microworlds for\nmicroeconomics, electricity, and light refraction. All of the systems are highly\ninteractive; students can pose questions, conduct experiments by manipulating\ndomain specific factors, and record results. Using protocol studies of expert\nand non-expert learners using these microworlds we identify important inquiry\nstrategies. W e have represented these strategies formally, allowing the\nmlcroworld to detect effective and ineffective Inquiry strategies. W e conclude\nwith a description of a partially implemented 'inquiry coach*. This coach will\nbe incorporated into the microworlds and teach the Inquiry strategies in the\ncontext of the specific mlcroworld domain knowledge.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0115j0ds", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Valerie", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Shute", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pittsburgh", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jeffrey", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Bonar", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Pittsburgh", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30491/galley/20340/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30540, "title": "Interest When Nothing Happens; A Note on Narrative Retardation", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xj2d1q9", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ed", "middle_name": "S.H.", "last_name": "Tan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Amsterdam", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30540/galley/20389/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30477, "title": "Introspection and Reasoning about the Beliefs of other Agents", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "cognitive agent uses representations to reason about the world. An\n\"introspective\" cognitive agent has the ability to manipulate representations\n(meta representations) of its own representations. If such an agent were to embody its beliefs in its representations, then the agent could reason about its own beliefs by manipulating its meta representations. A \"belief reasoner\" can reason about the beliefs of other agents. There has been considerable research in the construction of belief reasoners. This paper observes that the construction of such systems can, in large part, be reduced to the task of constructing introspective systems. We illustrate how an introspective agent can use analogy-based reasoning to construct an architecture for belief reasoning on the basis of examining its own architecture.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/24s0m9r2", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Anthony", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Maida", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Pennsylvania State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30477/galley/20326/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30543, "title": "Inversting A Connectionist Network Mapping By Back-Propagation of Error", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The back-propagation learning algorithm (Rumelhart, Hintoa, & Williams, 1986) for connectionist networks works by adjusting the weights along the negative of the gradient in weight space of astandard error measure. The back-propagation technique is simply an efficient and entirely local means of computing this gradient. Using what is essentially the same back-propagation scheme, onemay instead compute the gradient of this error measure in the space of input activation vectors; thisgives rise to an algorithm for inverting the mapping performed by a network with specified weights.In this case the error is propagated back to the input units and it is the activations of these units —rather than the values of the weights in the network — that are adjusted so that a specified outputpattern is evoked. This technique is illustrated here with a small network which is a much simplifiedversion of the NETtalk text-to-specch network studied by Sejnowski and Rosenburg (1986). The ideais to run this network backward so that it attempts to spell words based on their phonetic representations. This example further illustrates the use of this technique in a sequential interpretation settingin which phonemes are presented to the system one at a time and the system must refine its previousguess at the correct spelling as each new phoneme is presented.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9054f864", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Ronald", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Williams", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, San Diego", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30543/galley/20392/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30518, "title": "Is Distributed Connectionism Compatible with the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pj8b7k8", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Mark", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Derthick", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie-Mellon University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Plaut", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie-Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30518/galley/20368/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30500, "title": "Knowing What to Ask Next and Why: Asking Pertinent Questions Using Cases and Hypotheticals", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7ps9h2f0", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kevin", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Ashley", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30500/galley/20350/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30463, "title": "Learning Distributed Representations of Concepts", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Concepts can be represented by distributed patterns of activity in networks of neuron-like units. One advantage of this kind of representation is that it leads to automatic generalization. When the weights in the network are changed to incorporate new knowledge about one concept, the changes affect the knowledge associated with other concepts that are represented by similar activity patterns. There have been numerous\ndemonstrations of sensible generalization which have depended on the experimenter choosing appropriately similar patterns for different concepts. This paper shows how the network can be made to choose the patterns itself when shown a set of propositions that use the concepts. It chooses patterns which make explicit the underlying features that are only implicit in the propositions it is shown.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/79w838g1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Geoffrey", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Hinton", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie-Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30463/galley/20312/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30542, "title": "Mental Representation of Spatial Information: A Production System Model For Priming and Verification", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this contribution we investigate the mental representation of spatial information. In a previous paper (Wender & Wagener, 1985) we reported results that suppoerted the idea of spatial information being mentally represented in an analogue format. THis paper extends the previous results. Furthermore a simulation model is developed that descries the data from two different experimental tasks, a priming technique and a sentence verification test. These experimental tasks gave results that in part look contradictory. The model discussed is an attempt to account for this contradiction.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1139g2ps", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kerl", "middle_name": "F.", "last_name": "Wender", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Technische Universitat Braunschweig", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Monika", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wagener", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Technische Universitat Braunschweig", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Bernd", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wittman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Technische Universitat Braunschweig", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30542/galley/20391/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30480, "title": "Methods For Evaluating The Validity of Hypothesized Analogies", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "presented indicating that spontaneously\ngenerated analogies can play a significant role in expert problem\nsolving. Since not all analogies are valid, it is important for\nthe subject to have a way to evaluate their validity. Three\nmethods for evaluating analogical validity are identified using\nobservations from thinking aloud problem solving protocols as well\nas examples from Newton and Galileo. In particular, this paper\nfocuses on an evaluation strategy called bridging that has been\nobserved in solutions to both science and mathematics problems. In constructing a bridge, the subject finds an intermediate case that is seen as \"in between\" the analogous case and the problem situation because it shares important features of both. Many of the bridges observed appeared to be novel inventions created by\nthe subject. These empirical studies have led to the construction of a more detailed theory for how analogies can be used effectively in instruction. Some of the strategies observed in experts appear to have high potential for helping science students overcome persistent misconceptions in the classroom.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30d3n67f", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Clement", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30480/galley/20329/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30483, "title": "Midbrain Mechanisms for Orienting Visual Attention", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The role of midbrain visual centers for orienting attention was studied in chronometric experiments measuring the effect of pre-cues on simple reaction time to detect a peripheral luminance change. Two types of cues were tested: Exogenous cues—a peripheral luminance change which did not predict target location; and Endogenous cues—a central arrow vrfiich predicted the likely target location. Patients with peri-tectal midbrain degeneration from progressive supranuclear palsy showed deficits in orienting to both types of cues. In normal human subjects tested monocularly, we compared orienting into the tenporal hemifield which has more direct access to the midbrain superior colliculus) with orienting into the nasal hemifield. Exogenous cues produced equivalent speeding of detection at cued locations in both hemifields; but nasal cues produced more slowing of detection at uncued locations. Endogenous nasal cues produced earlier speeding of detection at cued locations than temporal cues; and at later intervals, they produced more slowing of detection at uncued locations. Both cortical and subcortical visual systems appear to be integrated in orienting to both exogenous and endogenous information. Whereas the subcortical pathway receives input mainly from the temporal hemifield, the cortical system is biased in orienting to the nasal hemifield; and its committment produces moreslowing of detection at unattended locations.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2br2j3m1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "D.", "last_name": "Rafal", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Brown University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Albrecht", "middle_name": "W.", "last_name": "Inhoff", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of New Hampshire", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30483/galley/20332/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30525, "title": "Modifying Explanations to Understand Stories", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We describe a system that learns new schemas by modifying old ones, in order to understand anomalous events in stories that it reads. W e discuss how these schemas (called Explanation Patterns[Schank 86]) are structured in order to make them modifiable, and how the understanding processapplies and modifies them. This model bridges the gap between two previous models of understanding,which were based on either application of prestored schemas or understanding-time inference chaining.By employing modifiable schemzis, our model is more flexible than the former and more efficient thanthe latter.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0hp1v431", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Alex", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kass", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30525/galley/20375/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30479, "title": "Neither Pictures Nor Propositions: The Intensionality of Mental Imagery", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7ks8127v", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Daniel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Reisberg", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Reed College", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Deborah", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Chambers", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "New School For Social Research", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30479/galley/20328/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30530, "title": "Operating Principles and Personal Theories: An Outline of Their Roles in Early Lexical Development", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4722958q", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Carolyn", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Mervis", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts, Amherst", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30530/galley/20380/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30527, "title": "Organizing Memory for Explanation", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We present a mechanism for remembering explanations and re-using them to explain newepisodes. This task requires a representation scheme for explanations, a dynamically organizedmemory, and a means of modifying old explanations to fit new facts. In this paper we focus onmemory organization. W e describe strategies for indexing and retrieving explanations, for usingcausal knowledge to select relevant features of episodes and for guiding generalization. W e discusswork in progress on a computer implementation of this model.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8bx384g5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "David", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Leake", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Christopher", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Owens", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30527/galley/20377/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30469, "title": "Processing Verb Phrase Anaphors", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/63c8k60q", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "K.", "last_name": "Tanenhaus", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Rochester", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Greg", "middle_name": "N.", "last_name": "Carlson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Iowa", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30469/galley/20318/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30522, "title": "Putting Affect Into Text", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "How is affect communicated in language? Natural languages contain a large number oftechniques for injecting affect into text, both explicitly and implicitly. This paper discussessome techniques that speakers use to slant their text, and describes what is required for acomputer program to generate differently slanted versions of a single underlying representation.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6t84c1sj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Eduard", "middle_name": "H.", "last_name": "Hovy", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30522/galley/20372/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30490, "title": "Reflexibility in Problem Solving: The Social Context of Expertise", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "What are the factors that cause a problem solver to become blocked?\nAnd what are the factors that allow a person to become unblocked?\nThese are the motivating questions for a set of studies we conducted\nof individual and joint problem solving. By constructing an isomorph\nof the classic \"water jar\" problems (Luchins, 1942) as a dynamic\ngraphic microworld, we were able to identify several factors involved\nin producing blocked states. By comparing the behavior of\nindividuals tackling the \"missionaries and cannibals\" problem to\npairs of people solving this problem, we have been able to identify\nways in which problem solvers operating in a social context are able\nto overcome problem solving blocks that are difficult for\nindividuals. These studies point to the importance of \"reflection\"\n(evaluation of problem solving results) for flexible problem\nsolving. These results may also account for the difficulty in showing\nlearning in \"discovery learning\" uses of computers, such as the use\nof Logo, since such uses also often do not encourage students to\nreflect on the outcome of their problem solving.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fp4390j", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Levin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Illinois", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Margaret", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Riel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, San Diego", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Moshe", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Cohen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Goeller", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, San Diego", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Naomi", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Miyake", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Aoyama Gakuin Woman's College", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30490/galley/20339/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30497, "title": "Remarks on the Psychological Reality of the Subset Principle: Its Relation to Universal Grammar as a Model of the Initial State", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68p1q7g2", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Barbara", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Lust", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Cornell University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30497/galley/20346/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30495, "title": "Repertory Actors' Memory for their Parts", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1j32s05c", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "William", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Oliver", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Colorado", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "K.", "middle_name": "Anders", "last_name": "Ericsson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Colorado", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30495/galley/20344/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30484, "title": "Repetition-Sensitive Components of Neural Activation: Evidence From intracranial Recordings From The Human Medial Temporal Lobe", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Neuropsychological studies indicate that hippocampal formation in the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) plays a crucial role in the formation and retrieval of memories for recent events. We have found that components of neural activity recorded from the MTL during recognition memory testing discriminate between repeated and nonrepeated words. Such recordings are made possible via intracranial electrodes implanted for the isolation of seizure foci in epileptic patients. Similar activity can be elicited during lexical decision tasks, where it is also sensitive to stimulus repetition. It has been suggested that repetition effects on lexical decision performance measures are a reflection of procedural learning, unlike the type of learning that underlies recognition memory performance, does not involve the MTL. However similar changes in the MTL response during both lexical decision and recognition memory suggests that a common mechanism contributes to repetition effects across tasks. These potentials provide a juncture for studies at both the psychological and synaptic levels of analysis.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35j0d5s1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Smith", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Eric", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Halgren", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "V.A. Southwest Regional Epilepsy Center", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Gary", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Heit", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Stanford University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30484/galley/20333/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30464, "title": "Representing Causal Schemata in Connectionist Systems", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/62w271mh", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Golden", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Brown University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30464/galley/20313/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30467, "title": "Representing Magnitude by Memory Resonance", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Qualitative judgment, the ability to evaluate attributes that imply some degree of 'goodness' or preference, poses important problems for the information processing paradigm. In this paper one form of qualitative judgment, contextual judgment of magnitude, is analysed in some detail. The results of psychophysical experiments are consistent with the idea that human magnitude representation is based on a contextual coding process in which an actual stimulus is compared with a sample of traces of previously encountered similar stimuli. Such a coding process is hard to realize\nin a conventional memory system. A distributed model for contextual magnitude judgment is described, in which this trace sampling process is feasible, when special provisions for the use of resonance information are made. Resonance coding involves the representation within a memory system of the memory activity caused by specific patterns of stimulation. A possible implementation of resonance coding, detection of dissonance, is briefly described. The hypothesis is put forward that evaluation of memory resonance plays an equally important role in other forms of qualitative judgment.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7hv9216s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Marten", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "den Uyl", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Amsterdam", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30467/galley/20316/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30510, "title": "Seeing-More-Than-is-There: A Probe of Retinoid Networks", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Dynamic properties of a model post-retinal, short-terra visualstore called a retinoid are presented. The retinoid modelgenerates specific predictions about visual perception in several variants of the seeing-more-than-is-there (SMTT) paradigm.Three experiments were conducted to test for the predictedeffects. Performance curves are presented and discussed. Anew visual illusion of motion is shown to follow from the properties of the retinoid model.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xh977qj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Arnold", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Trehub", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts, Amherst", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Alexander", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pollatsek", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts, Amherst", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30510/galley/20360/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30533, "title": "Self-supervised Learning: A Scheme for Discovery of \"Natural\" Categories by Single Units", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Several dynamical systems have been previously pTX>posed to give a neural-Iike (i.e. connectionist)description of category formation. These typically either involve supervised training (as in Sutton &.Barto, 1981; Reilly et al., 1982) or identify dense regions (\"clusters') in the stimulus distribution asnatural categories (Amari & Takeuchi, 1978; Rumelhart & Zipser, 198S). By combining two existingconnectionist-type learning procedures, one supervised and one unsupervised, a hybrid 'self-supervisedleamingf (SSL) mechanism for concept and category learning has been developed. Each unit in thenetwork comes to represent some concept of the order of complexity of a single word; the activity ofthe unit signals the contribution of its associated concept to the current mental state. A crucialassumption of this i^proach is that every concept unit (C-unit) receives inputs from two or moreinformation streams. The self-supervised learning process is governed by a data-driven dynamical rulewhich results in a two-stage learning process. In the first stage, a C-unit becomes selectively responsiveto a particular pattern •\"'• from one of the information streams, ignoring all other patterns in thatstream. This is followed by an associative stage in which the unit develops graded response propertiesto stimulus patterns incident from the other information stream(s). The trigger feature thus becomes akind of prototype for the concept to be formed by the C-unit. Populations of C-units display interesting representational properties; these are seen to have attributes of both local and distributed representations.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5cb9f9dj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Paul", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Munro", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, San Diego", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30533/galley/20383/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30488, "title": "Should we use Probability in Uncertain Inference Systems", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Criticisms of probability as being epistenxjlogically inadequate as a basis for\nreasoning under uncertainty in Al and rule-based expert systems are largely\nmisplaced. Probabilistic schemes appear to be the best way to deal with\ndependent evidence, and to properly combine diagnostic and predictive inference.\nSuggestions that expert systems should duplicate human inference strategies, with\ntheir documented biases, seem ill-advised. There is evidence that popular\nschemes perform quite poorly under some circumstances and there is an urgent\nneed for careful study of when they can be relied upon. Some promising\nprobabilistic alternatives are available, but they need to be demonstrated in\nrealistic applications.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jh818t9", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Max", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Henrion", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie Mellion University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30488/galley/20337/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30476, "title": "Simulation of the Classically Conditioned Nictitating Membrane Response by a Neuron-Like Adaptive Element: A Real-Time Variant of the Sutton-Barto Model", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Sutton-Barto (SB) model of learning is based on a neuron-like adaptive element. The\nmodel has computational features suitable for describins a variety of classical conditioning phenomena, including blocking, conditioned inhibition, and higher-order conditioning. However,\nit presently does not describe within-trial phenomena related to conditioned response (CR)\ntopography. W e here describe in detail an extension of the SB element, referred to as the\nSutton-Barto-Desmond (SBD) model, which is capable of simulating topography of the conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR) of the rabbit. The SBD model places certain\nconstraints on the SB modePs parameters and makes some additonal assumptions about the\nform of inputs to the element. The model describes (1) the gradually increasing amplitude of\nthe C R within a trial with the peak amplitude at the temporal locus of the US, (2) the decrease\nin C R onset latency over training, and (3) appropriate interstimulus interval (ISI) functions, with optimal learning occurring with an ISI of .25 seconds. In addition, the model lends itself to descriptions of neuronal firing related to the CR. W e believe the S B D model may have implications for neurobiological studies of learning and memory.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3wn052cw", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Diana", "middle_name": "E.J.", "last_name": "Blazis", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Desmond", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "John", "middle_name": "W.", "last_name": "Moore", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nell", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Berthier", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30476/galley/20325/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30474, "title": "Simultaneous Configural Classical Conditioning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Humans and animals have the ability to learn complicated configurations of environmental\ncues that are predictive of important events. In cljissical conditioning, this task\nis called configural conditioning. Psychologists have studied this phenomenon since\nPavlov's time, yet several of the contemporary learning models provide only partially\nsatisfactory explanations. Most models provide mechanisms which select among possible\npredictive stimuli, but they fail to explicitly identify predictive combinations of stimuli and are thus restricted to learning only a relatively simple set of possible associations. In this paper we discuss a learning method which accounts for some configural\nconditioning results. Using an implemented system, we demonstrate the effectiveness\nof this method by modeling configural conditioning data from a pair of representative\nexperimental studies.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/002739k5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jeffrey", "middle_name": "C.", "last_name": "Schlimmer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Irvine", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "H.", "last_name": "Granger", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Irvine", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30474/galley/20323/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30465, "title": "Skill Learning and Repitiation Priming In Symmetry Detection: Parallel Studies of Human Subjects and Connectionist Models", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The present paper is a preliminary report of our work exploring\nskill learning and repetition priming in parallel studies of\nmirror symmetry detection in humans and network models. The\nmemory mechanisms supporting the acquisition of skill and\nrepetition priming in humans have been the subject of much\nspeculation. On one account, drawing on the distinction between\nprocedural and declarative learning, these learning phenomena grow\nout of experience-based tuning and reorganization of processing\nmodules engaged by performance in a given domain, in a manner that\nis intimately tied to the operation of those modules. Such\nlearning appears similar to that suggested by the Incremental\nlearning algorithms currently being explored in massively-parallel\nconnectionist models (e.g., the Boltzmann machine). In the\npresent work, both learning phenomena were observed in the\nbehavioral data from human subjects and the simulation data from\nthe network models. The network models showed priming effects\nfrom the start of de novo learning despite being designed to\nhandle generalization to new materials - the essence of skill\nlearning - and without additional mechanisms designed to provide a\ntemporary advantage for recently presented material. Priming\noccurred for the human subjects despite the use of novel materials\nfor which pre-existing representations cannot already be present\nin memory. These findings support the notion that skill learning\nand repetition priming are linked to basic incremental learning\nmechanisms that serve to configure and reorganize processing\nmodules engaged by experience.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7r48n3g6", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Neal", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Cohen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Irene", "middle_name": "T.", "last_name": "Abrams", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Walter", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Harley", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Lisa", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Tabor", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Terrence", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Sejnowski", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30465/galley/20314/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30505, "title": "Solving Puzzles with a Connectionist Network using a Hill-Climbing Heuristic", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A connectionist network has been used to simulate the solution, using a hill-climbing heuristic,of the DOG - > CA T puzzle (changing 1 letter at a time, generate a sequence of 3-letter wordsbeginning with DO G and ending with C A T ) and a simpler variant of the 8-tile puzzle, thedog-cat-mouse (DCM ) ^'uzzle devised by Klahr (1985). Distributed representations have beenused to represent the dilFcrent possible states of the puzzles. These states are learned by thenetwork and become local energy minima of the system. T o simulate the sequence of statescorresponding to a solution of the puzzle, the initial state of the network is set to the startstate, and the goal state is presented to the network as a continuous input. A sequence oi\"states is generated by habituation, a short-term modification of the connection strengths whenever all the elements in the network are maximally or minimally activated, and by exploitingthe property that successive states comprising the solution are similar.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8652b881", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Alan", "middle_name": "H.", "last_name": "Kawamoto", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Carnegie-Mellon University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30505/galley/20355/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30515, "title": "Some Factors Influencing The Comprehension of Pronouns in Texts", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/44x2q92s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Rosalind", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Crawley", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Durham", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30515/galley/20365/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30494, "title": "Speak of the Devil: Representing Deictic and Speech Act Knowledge in an Integrated Lexical Memory", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4t45k55b", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gasser", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "G.", "last_name": "Dyer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30494/galley/20343/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30489, "title": "Specificity of Expertise in Clinical Reasoning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2n49248s", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Guy-Marie", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Joseph", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Vimla", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Patel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30489/galley/20338/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30486, "title": "Sphexishness, Epistemic Bounds, And A Priori Psychology", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5053s44v", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "M.", "middle_name": "P.", "last_name": "Smith", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Duke University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30486/galley/20335/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30535, "title": "Streategy Selection and Degree of Expertise in Medical Reasoning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7jh031hm", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Vimla", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Patel", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Jose", "middle_name": "F.", "last_name": "Arocha", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Guy", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Groen", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "McGill University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [] }, { "pk": 30531, "title": "Studying the Problem Solving Behavior of Experts and Novices in Physics Via Computer-Bassed Problem-Analysis Environments", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The design and architecture of two user-controlled, computer-based problemanalysis environments in classical mechanics are discussed. In theexpert-like environment, the user analyzes problems according to ahierarchical concept schema consistent with how experts analyze novel problemsin physics. In the second environment, the user searches a large equationdata-base utilizing novice-like, surface feature keywords in order to locatethe appropriate equation(s) to use in solving a problem. Cognitive andpedagogical implications of the research are discussed.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9v03n9vn", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jose", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Mestre", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts, Amherst", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "William", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gerace", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts, Amherst", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30531/galley/20381/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30472, "title": "The Comprehension of Conceptual Anaphora in Discourse", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A primary constraint on using a pronominal anaphor is that it must agree\nwith its antecedent in number. However, there are situations in which\npronouns act as conceptual anaphors. For example, in the discourse, \"I\nthink I'll order a frozen margarita. I just love them.\", the pronoun\n\"them\" does not refer to a single margarita, but perhaps all the\nmargarltas the speaker has ever tasted. When anaphors operate in this\nway, they are often mismatched with their ILteral antecedent in number.\nThree situtations when conceptual anaphora occurs are identified: when\nreferring to the members of a Collective Set (as opposed to the set per\nse), a Multiply occurring Item or Event (v/ersus a Unique Item/Event), or\na Generic Type (versus a Specific Token). Two experiments are reported.\nThe first demonstrated that subjects consider a mismatched, plural\npronoun more natural than a matched, singular pronoun when it follows a\nCollective Set, Multiple Item/Event, or Generic Type noun. Conversely, subjects consider a matched, singular pronoun more natural when it follows an Individual Member of a set, Unique Item/Event, or Specific Token noun. The second experiment demonstrated that subjects comprehend a mismatched, plural pronoun faster than a matched, singular pronoun when it follows a Collective Set, Multiple Item/Event, or Generic Type\nnoun, but they comprehend a matched, singular pronoun faster when it follows an Individual Member, Unique Item/Event, or Specific Token noun. This suggests that when comprehenders encounter conceptual—though mismatched anaphors—they do not have to reinstate the multiple entities into their mental representations.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5bx148qf", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Morton", "middle_name": "Ann", "last_name": "Gernsbacher", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Oregon", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30472/galley/20321/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30470, "title": "The Effect of The Discourse Center on the Local Coherence of a Discourse", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1c23g0h8", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Susan", "middle_name": "B.", "last_name": "Hudson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Rochester", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "K.", "last_name": "Tanenhaus", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Rochester", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Gary", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Dell", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Rochester", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30470/galley/20319/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30504, "title": "The Law as a Learning System", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "In this paper, we present three examples of the development of legal concepts and rules analyze them in therms of AI learning methods, in particular, the candidate elimination algorithm. The three areas of legal doctrine are: (1) the doctrine of the liability of manufacturers to third party buyers; (2) the Fourth Amendment doctrine relating to stop-and-frisk searches; and (3) the doctrine of attractive nuisance. For each of the legal areas, we give a synopsis of the legal developments and show how it can be viewed from an Ai point of view.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3sb9h54w", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Edwina", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Rissland", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "T.", "last_name": "Collins", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30504/galley/20354/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30524, "title": "The literate listener: Effects of spelling on syllable judgements", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "We investigated the effects of spelling knowledge on the representationof spoken language. In the experiment, subjects first saw the written form ofa nonsense word, then heard it and judged the number of syllables. For theidentical acoustic tokens, the number of judged syllables varied with theaccoitpanying spelling. The effect of spelling was stronger for one syllablepronunciations than for two syllable pronunciations. The results arediscussed in relation to the role of spelling knowledge in listeners'representations of phonology.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2nx519r5", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Jola", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Jakimik", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin-Madison", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Rebecca", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Treiman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Wayne State University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30524/galley/20374/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30508, "title": "The Representation of Objects for Grasping", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "As the human hand reaches out to grasp an object, it preshapes into a shape suitable for theanticipated interaction. As it gets close to the object, it encloses it. Behavioral studies haveshown interactions between grasping components and arm transport components. Biomechanicalstudies look at human hand postures, while neurophysiologists try to suggest how those posturesare formed and controlled. In order to evaluate such studies, models are needed which can beused to predict grasping behavior characteristics from a few basic object properties. By lookingat the action-perception cycle in primate hand movement, we hope to gain insight into neocorticalorganization, thus being able to suggest algorithms which could also be at work at all levels ofhuman intelligence.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rf405pw", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Thea", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Iberall", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Massachusetts", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30508/galley/20358/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30468, "title": "The Spacing Effect on Nettalk a Massively-Parallel Network", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "NETtalk is a massively-parallel network that leams to convert English text to phonemes. In NETtalk, the memory representations are shared among many processing units, and these representations are learned by practice. In humans, distributed practice is more effective for longterm retention than massed practice, and we wondered whether learning in NETtalk had similar properties. NETtalk was tested on cued paired-associate recall using nonwords as stimuli. Retention of these target items was measured as a function of spacing, or the number of interspersed items between successive repetitions of the target. A significant advantage for spaced or distributed items was found for spacings of up to forty intervening items when tested at a retention interval of 64 items. Conversely, a significant advantage for massed items was found if testing immediately followed study. These results are strikingly similar to the results of many experiments using human subjects and suggest an explanation based on distributed representations in massively-parallel network architectures.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1kj1k2sj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Charles", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Rosenberg", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Princeton University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Terrence", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Sejnowski", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Johns Hopkins University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30468/galley/20317/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30471, "title": "The Time Course of Pronoun Comprehension", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5f1349m6", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Rosemary", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Stephenson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Durham", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30471/galley/20320/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30499, "title": "The Use of Remindings in Planning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "recent years, much research has been aimed at the study of episodic reminding and\nits relationship to the process of understanding in both man and machines. Because of the\nill defined nature of the functionality of episodic remindings in the understanding process,\nhowever, little progress has been made in uncovering the nature of the memory organization that supports these remindings or how they are used to help in understanding.\nThis paper will present a functional view of episodic reminding from the perspective of\nplanning rather than understanding. Because of the clearer functionality of planning, a more straightforward view of the use of these remindings and the memory organization that supports them is possible. This paper will discuss three situations in which episodic memories can be used in planning: problem anticipation, plan construction and plan repair. The memory organization that each of these uses implies will also be discussed. This view of memory will be presented in terms of a case-based planner, CHEF, which makes extensive use of episodic remindings in constructing new plans.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/77m9448n", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Kristian", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Hammond", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30499/galley/20348/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30520, "title": "Three Constructive Algorithms For Network Learning", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Machine learning methods for connectionist models usuallyoperate by attaching weights to a prespecified network so that a certainfunctionality is achieved. This is the classical credit assignment problem.This paper explores a constructive approach to connectionist learningwhere both a network and weights must be generated. It is argued that thisis an easier problem to solve and is sufficient for many applications sincenetwork topology is usually not as important as functionality.Three algorithms are presented for constructing networks from trainingexamples. A s cells are added and iterations are made, each method produces a network having optimal expected behavior (i.e. it correctly classifiesthe maximu m number of training examples possible) with arbitrarily highprobability p < 1.Learning speed for these algorithms is currently being investigated.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "learning" }, { "word": "Connectionist Models" }, { "word": "Pocket Algorithm" } ], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8vs2d03f", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Stephen", "middle_name": "I.", "last_name": "Gallant", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Northeastern University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30520/galley/20370/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30519, "title": "Topological and Dynamical Aspects of a Neural Network Model for Generation of Pursuit Motor Programs", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "A computational model of a motor program generator (MPG) forhorizontal pursuit eye movements (PEM) is proposed. The MPG modelconsists of two neural networks (velocity maps). Neurons arearranged in a single circular layer with lattice structure andconnected only to their immediate neighbors. During PEM one ofthe two maps always features an activity peak (AP) which travelswith constant velocity from one neuron to the next. A memory traceof the most recent portion of the trajectory is created by meansof a temporary increase of the interneuronal connectivity strengthbetween previously activated neurons. This novel MPG model may beuseful for designing parallel processors for motor control ofrobots.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84c470nr", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "R.", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Eckmiller", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Dusseldorf", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30519/galley/20369/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30517, "title": "Towards A Comparative Psychology of Cognitive Content: Exploring Tree Preference Asymmetries In Humans, Pigeons, and Monkeys", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Conceptual structure in humans, pigeons, and monkeys was investigatedusing a multidimensional scaling procedure. Pigeons and monkeys wereinitially trained to discriminate between stimultaneously presented treeand nontree pictorial stimuli. Preference data was collected by insertingprobe trials In which the animals were forced to choose between two treestimuli. Analogous data for human subjects was collected by havingsubjects rate their preferences for the same stimuli. Tree preferencerelationships in the different datasets were obtained using the DEDICO Mprocedure. These analyses revealed striking interspecies differences inconceptual structure. The analysis of human tree preferences revealed a'whole vs. part' pattern in which stimulus preference was a function ofstimulus completeness. Pigeon tree preferences were qualitatively differentfrom human tree preferences, and also appeared to be less elaborate. Ingeneral, 'branchy' stimuli were preferred over 'leafy' stimuli, and a 'wholevs. part' pattern did not emerge. The data for monkeys also illustrated apreference for 'branchy' structures over 'leafy' structures. Individualdifferences between monkey preferences were also revealed, and were foundto be related to performance on the initial discrimination task. Monkeysthat had a well-defined tree preference pattern learned this task fasterthan did monkeys with a less defined structure. The results of all of theanalyses demonstrated interspecies differences in tree concepts, and suggested the possibility that these may be related to different functional experiences or requirements.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0qx0p58z", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Michael", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Dawson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Western Ontario", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Dwight", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Mazmanian", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Western Ontario", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "William", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Roberts", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Western Ontario", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30517/galley/20367/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30501, "title": "Towards a Memory Architecture that Supports Reminding", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The phenomena of reminding has been receiving quite a bit of attention in the past few years. Researchers have been looking at how previous experience can help in understanding and problem solving. As much of this work has shown, reminding is a complicated process. In this paper, we present requirements on a cognitive architecture that can promote and support these observations. The architectural requirements are those needed by a machine that can use experience to reason. To motivate these requirements, we present observations of reminding that are based on analyses of both actual remindings and hypothetical cases.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xb6b3fp", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Janet", "middle_name": "L.", "last_name": "Kolodner", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Georgia Institure of Technology", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Cullingford", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Georgia Institure of Technology", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30501/galley/20351/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30493, "title": "Towards Completely Integrated Parsing and Inferencing", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Our goal is the complete integration of natural language understanding with the rest of cognition. Two mechanisms that we have developed and implemented to achieve this goal are: (l) the Direct Memory Access Parsing (DMAP) algorithm, based on the notion of lexically-guided memory search and concept refinement, and (2) an inference-triggering process based on the notion of concept refinement failures. Together, these two mechanisms form a tightly-integrated system of parsing and inferencing, with no artificial boundaries between them.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7hn4p57m", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Christopher", "middle_name": "K.", "last_name": "Risesbeck", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Charles", "middle_name": "E.", "last_name": "Martin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Yale University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30493/galley/20342/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30539, "title": "Two Problems With Backpropagation and Other Steepest-Descent Learning Procedures For Networks", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "This article contributes to the theory of network learning procedures by identifyingand analyzing two problems with the backpropagation procedure of Rumelhart, Hinton,and Williams (1985) that may slow its learning. Both problems are due to backpropagation's being a gradient- or steepest-descent method in the weight space of the network. Thefirst problem is that steepest descent is a particularly poor descent procedure for surfacescontaining ravines—places which curve more sharply in some directions than others—andsuch ravines are common and pronounced in performance surfaces arising from networks.The second problem is that steepest descent results in a high level of interference betweenlearning with different patterns, because those units that have so far been found most useful are also those most likely to be changed to handle new patterns. The same problemsprobably also arise with the Boltzmann machine learning procedure (Ackley, Hinton andSejnowski, 1985) and with reinforcement learning procedures (Barto and Anderson, 1985),as these are also steepest-descent procedures. Finally, some directions in which to lookfor improvements to backpropagation based on alternative descent procedures are brieflyconsidered.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2z66t36g", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "S.", "last_name": "Sutton", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "GTE Laboratories Incorporated", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30539/galley/20388/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30481, "title": "Using Frequency- And Orientation- Tuned Channels To Determine Surface Slant", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Presented Papers", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1r3957mf", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Paul", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Kube", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Berkeley", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30481/galley/20330/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30537, "title": "Using Mental Schemata: An expeimental Analysis of Computer Skill Acquisition", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Although mental schemata are central to many contemporary learning theories, theprecise relationship between such schemata and specific types of learning remains vague.This paper describes an analysis of subjects learning basic computer skills when presentedwith four different kinds of elaborations that should influence subjects' schemata: (I) asimple description with no model: (2) a redundant elaborated text also with no explicitmodel: (3) a functional model: (4) a descriptive analogy. Subjects were tested onprocedures, general comman d concepts, and system questions. Models and analogies wereshown to improve initial performance on all types of questions. However only systemquestions showed this advantage after a delay. It is argued that the utility of building amental model through elaboration depends on the specific tasks that are analyzed.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8r49p18m", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Marc", "middle_name": "M.", "last_name": "Sebrechts", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Weylan University", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Charlotte", "middle_name": "T.", "last_name": "Furstenberg", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Weylan University", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30537/galley/20386/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 30529, "title": "Views From a Kill", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Metaphor is a problem for natural language knowledge acquisition systems. Experts will make utterances based upon domain metaphors whichthe acquisition system ma y not possess. A n approach is presented whichuses knowledge about previously understood metaphors to process new uses.This approach is contrasted with several formal proposals for metaphorunderstanding which do not use explicit knowledge about metaphors. Asystem for representing metaphorical knowledge, as part of a generalknowledge representation language, has been built. A knowledge acquisition system, UCTeacher, is described which can process newly encounteredmetaphors using knowledge of the domain and explicit knowledge abouthow similar metaphors have been used before. A detailed example from thesystem is presented.", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Poster Presentations", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6m49b0mv", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "H.", "last_name": "Martin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of California, Berkeley", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": null, "date_accepted": null, "date_published": "1986-01-01T19:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30529/galley/20379/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 55877, "title": "African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "No abstract", "language": "en", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Book Reviews", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6b34h1nx", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "n/a", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "P.G.O.", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-03-18T13:42:26+01:00", "date_accepted": "2013-03-18T13:42:26+01:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55877/galley/42264/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 55862, "title": "African States and the South African Problem", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "No abstract", "language": "en", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Articles", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6tf4w3jk", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Boniface", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Obichere", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-03-18T13:35:53+01:00", "date_accepted": "2013-03-18T13:35:53+01:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55862/galley/42249/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 60357, "title": "An Assessment of the Role of Local Government in Environmental Regulation", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "[No abstract]", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Comments", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/28h5j1zd", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Pamela", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Corrie", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-06-27T07:49:46+02:00", "date_accepted": "2013-06-27T07:49:46+02:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_jelp/article/60357/galley/46320/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 55882, "title": "Anti-Apartheid War Situation", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "No abstract", "language": "en", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Poetry", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3m5794tr", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Odumu", "middle_name": "Onche", "last_name": "Amali", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-03-18T13:43:55+01:00", "date_accepted": "2013-03-18T13:43:55+01:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55882/galley/42269/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 55881, "title": "Back Matter", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "n/a", "language": "en", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Back Matter", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1c8819gf", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "n/a", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "n/a", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-03-18T13:43:52+01:00", "date_accepted": "2013-03-18T13:43:52+01:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55881/galley/42268/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 60365, "title": "Balancing Water Projects and Wildlife: New Authority for the California Water Resources Control Board", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "[No abstract]", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Comments", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4540g7n2", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Janet", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Gawthrop", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-06-27T21:25:34+02:00", "date_accepted": "2013-06-27T21:25:34+02:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_jelp/article/60365/galley/46328/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 55873, "title": "Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "No abstract", "language": "en", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Book Reviews", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3tc6c2kj", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Shanafelt", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-03-18T13:40:56+01:00", "date_accepted": "2013-03-18T13:40:56+01:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55873/galley/42260/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 57553, "title": "Commencement Address University of Pittsburgh School of Law May 25, 1985", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Feature Story", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5mh148pf", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "N.C.", "last_name": "Nix Jr.", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2015-04-21T04:43:13+02:00", "date_accepted": "2015-04-21T04:43:13+02:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_nblj/article/57553/galley/43730/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 57554, "title": "Commonwealth v. Richardson\n: Voir Dire and the Consent Defense to an Interracial Rape in Pennsylvania: Finding Twelve Not-Too-Angry Men", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Case Note", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7v98j1fk", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "James", "middle_name": "A.", "last_name": "Buddie", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2015-04-21T04:46:01+02:00", "date_accepted": "2015-04-21T04:46:01+02:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_nblj/article/57554/galley/43731/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 57528, "title": "Contents", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Table of Contents", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/81k219p1", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "[No author]", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "NBLJ", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2015-04-21T03:40:50+02:00", "date_accepted": "2015-04-21T03:40:50+02:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_nblj/article/57528/galley/43705/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 60929, "title": "Contents", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Front Matter", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6m17x07z", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "[No author]", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "PBLJ", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2014-03-27T22:17:30+01:00", "date_accepted": "2014-03-27T22:17:30+01:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_pblj/article/60929/galley/46892/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 57549, "title": "Controlling and Regulating Handguns - A Way to Save Black Lives", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Articles", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qt0606x", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Robert", "middle_name": "Berkley", "last_name": "Harper", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2015-04-21T04:39:02+02:00", "date_accepted": "2015-04-21T04:39:02+02:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_nblj/article/57549/galley/43726/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 60358, "title": "Crisis at Kesterson: A Review of San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Drainage Problems and Possible Solutions", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "[No abstract]", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Comments", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6jq1k2dp", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Richard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rapaport", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-06-27T07:50:42+02:00", "date_accepted": "2013-06-27T07:50:42+02:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_jelp/article/60358/galley/46321/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 55876, "title": "Double Impact: France and Africa in the Age of Imperialism", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "No abstract", "language": "en", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Book Reviews", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6sz8h1c3", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "n/a", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "P.G.O.", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-03-18T13:42:00+01:00", "date_accepted": "2013-03-18T13:42:00+01:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55876/galley/42263/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 60937, "title": "Drug Lords and the Colombian Judiciary: A Story of Threats, Bribes and Bullets", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "[No abstract]", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Recent Developments", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/98r481wm", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Rachelle", "middle_name": "Marie", "last_name": "Bin", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2014-03-27T22:27:41+01:00", "date_accepted": "2014-03-27T22:27:41+01:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_pblj/article/60937/galley/46900/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 37367, "title": "[End Matter]", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "[No abstract]", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "Copyright", "short_name": "Copyright", "text": "", "url": "https://escholarship.org/terms" }, "keywords": [], "section": "End Matter", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/76d7g6dp", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "[No author]", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Mester", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "None" } ], "date_submitted": "2012-10-25T00:34:15+02:00", "date_accepted": "2012-10-25T00:34:15+02:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/mester/article/37367/galley/28149/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 60356, "title": "Environmental Quality, Water Marketing, and the Public Trust: Can They Coexist?", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "[No abstract]", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Essays", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pj3v5nx", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Thomas", "middle_name": "J.", "last_name": "Graff", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-06-27T07:48:50+02:00", "date_accepted": "2013-06-27T07:48:50+02:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_jelp/article/60356/galley/46319/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 55864, "title": "Finding Some Space: South African Women Writers", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "No abstract", "language": "en", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Articles", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4f65n21r", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Carole", "middle_name": "Boyce", "last_name": "Davies", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-03-18T13:36:49+01:00", "date_accepted": "2013-03-18T13:36:49+01:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55864/galley/42251/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 57552, "title": "Focus on the 1984 Bill Reform Act: Pretrial Detention Permitted", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Articles", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9h1931ds", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Sandra", "middle_name": "Dickerson", "last_name": "Jordan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2015-04-21T04:41:44+02:00", "date_accepted": "2015-04-21T04:41:44+02:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_nblj/article/57552/galley/43729/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 60930, "title": "Foreword", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "[No abstract]", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "", "short_name": "", "text": null, "url": "" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Front Matter", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xd944kr", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "J.", "middle_name": "Mark", "last_name": "Ramseyer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2014-03-27T22:18:18+01:00", "date_accepted": "2014-03-27T22:18:18+01:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclalaw_pblj/article/60930/galley/46893/download/" } ] }, { "pk": 55879, "title": "Freedom Fighter", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "No abstract", "language": "en", "license": null, "keywords": [], "section": "Poetry", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xh9f6t2", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Simon", "middle_name": "Zu", "last_name": "Mbako", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2013-03-18T13:43:12+01:00", "date_accepted": "2013-03-18T13:43:12+01:00", "date_published": "1986-01-01T01:00:00+01:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", 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