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{
    "pk": 10359,
    "title": "Pain Perception in Latino vs. Caucasian and Male vs. Female Patients: Is There Really a Difference?",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Introduction:\n Pain is a common emergency department (ED) complaint. It is important tounderstand the differences in pain perception among different ethnic and demographic populations.\nMethods:\n We applied a standardized painful stimulus to Caucasian and Latino adult patients todetermine whether the level of pain reported differed depending on ethnicity (N=100; 50 Caucasian[C], 50 Latino [L] patients) and gender (N=100; 59 female, 41 male). Patients had an initial painscore of 0 or 1. A blood pressure cuff was inflated 20 mm HG above the patient’s systolic bloodpressure and held for three minutes. Pain scores, using both a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) anda five-point Likert scale, were taken at the point of maximal stimulus (2 minutes 50 seconds afterinflation), and at one- and two-minute intervals post deflation.\nResults:\n There was a statistically significant difference between the Likert scale scores of Caucasianand Latino patients at 2min 50sec (mean rank: 4.35 [C] vs. 5.75 [L], p<0.01), but not on the VAS(mean value: 2.94 [C] vs. 3.46 [L], p=0.255). Women had a higher perception of pain than males at2min 50sec on the VAS (mean value: 3.86 [F] vs. 2.24 [M], p<0.0001), and the Likert scale (meanrank: 5.63 [F] vs. 4.21 [M], p<0.01).\nConclusion:\n Latinos and women report greater pain with a standardized pain stimulus as comparedto Caucasians and men.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "gender, ethnicity, pain, emergency department"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Health Outcomes",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2n54f3rj",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Molly",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Aufiero",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "St. Luke’s University Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem,\nPennsylvania",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Holly",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Stankewicz",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "St. Luke’s University Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bethlehem,\nPennsylvania",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Shaila",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Quazi",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Aria Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Philadelphia,\nPennsylvania",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Jeanne",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Jacoby",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Lehigh Valley Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Allentown,\nPennsylvania",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Jill",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Stoltzfus",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "St. Luke’s University Hospital, Research institute, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2016-10-02T00:39:52Z",
    "date_accepted": "2016-10-02T00:39:52Z",
    "date_published": "2017-04-17T16:18:49Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/10359/galley/5697/download/"
        }
    ]
}