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{
    "pk": 13641,
    "title": "Point-of-sale Naloxone: Novel Community-based Research  to Identify Naloxone Availability",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Introduction:\n Expanding naloxone availability is important to reduce opioid-related deaths. Recent data suggest low, variable urban naloxone availability. No reports describe naloxone availability at the point of sale (POSN). We characterize POSN without prescription across a Midwestern metropolitan area, via a unique poison center-based study.\nMethods:\n Pharmacies were randomly sampled within a seven-county metropolitan area, geospatially mapped, and distributed among seven investigators, who visited pharmacies and asked, “May I purchase naloxone here without a prescription from my doctor?” Following “No,” investigators asked, “Are you aware of the state statute that allows you to dispense naloxone to the public under a standing order?” Materials describing statutory support for POSN were provided. Responses were uploaded to REDCap in real time. We excluded specialty (veterinary, mail order, or infusion) pharmacies a priori. POSN availability is presented as descriptive statistics; characteristics of individual sites associated with POSN availability are reported.\nResults:\n In total, 150 pharmacies were prospectively randomized, with 52 subsequently excluded or unavailable for survey. Thus, 98 were included in the final analysis. POSN was available at 71 (72.5%) of 98 pharmacies. POSN availability was more likely at chain than independent pharmacies (84.7% vs 38.5%, p<0.001); rural areas were more commonly served by independent than chain pharmacies (47.4% vs 21.5%, p = 0.022). Five chain and five independent pharmacies (18.5% each) were unaware of state statutory support for collaborative POSN agreements. Statutory awareness was similar between independent and chain pharmacies (68.8% vs 54.6%, p = 0.453). Rationale for no POSN varied.\nConclusion: \nPOSN is widely available in this metropolitan area. Variability exists between chain and independent pharmacies, and among pharmacies of the same chain; awareness of statutory guidance does not. Poison centers can act to define local POSN availability via direct inquiry in their communities.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Naloxone, Poison Center, community-based research, advocacy, harm reduction"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Behavioral Health",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3r99w05w",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Travis",
            "middle_name": "D.",
            "last_name": "Olives",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota\nMinnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Laurie",
            "middle_name": "A.",
            "last_name": "Willhite",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota\nMinnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Samantha",
            "middle_name": "C.",
            "last_name": "Lee",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Danika",
            "middle_name": "K.",
            "last_name": "Evans",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Ashley",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Jensen",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Hsiao-Ting",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Regelman",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Eric",
            "middle_name": "S.",
            "last_name": "McGillis",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Calgary, Department of Emergency Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2020-04-10T00:07:25+05:30",
    "date_accepted": "2020-04-10T00:07:25+05:30",
    "date_published": "2020-08-25T03:22:42+05:30",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/13641/galley/7124/download/"
        }
    ]
}