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{ "pk": 1593, "title": "Isolating the extra-logical features of <em>but </em>and <em>so</em> by comparing their processing to <em>and</em>'s: An investigation with thematically neutral content", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "<p>Connectives such as <em>and</em>, <em>but</em>, and <em>so</em> conjoin two elements of discourse in characteristic ways. While highlighting (i) the conjunctive contribution of all three and (ii) the rich procedural information in the latter two, we posit that discourse connectives such as <em>but</em> and <em>so</em> convey specific kinds of extra-logical inferences, concerning <em>contrast</em> and causality, <em>respectively</em>. Unlike previous processing studies, which have focused either on the integration of a given connective to a provided thematic discourse representation or on its effect on processing downstream, we focus on the inferential potential of discourse connectives from the moment they are presented and in a largely thematically-neutral scenario. In order to systematically vary the processing import of discourse connectives, while holding constant all other variables, we present participants a repeatable game in which they determine whether a provided sentence – concerning a pair of letters – is true or false with respect to a provided three-letter word. For example, in one trial participants determine whether or not the sentence <em>There is a B </em>but<em> there is no T</em> is true with respect to the word <em>BET</em>. To isolate the processing contribution of the connective, the sentence is broken up into two segments (with the first containing the connective) in a self-paced task. This led to two pre-registered reading time experiments. In Experiment 1, in which the three-letter word is presented before the sentence, we found that <em>but</em> and <em>so</em> themselves are processed more slowly than and and that they each create specific discourse expectations, which are observable in post-connective reaction times. In Experiment 2, in which the word comes at the end of a trial (which means sentence-processing takes place without knowledge of the segments’ truth values), we confirmed the findings of Experiment 1. Overall, this study provides evidence showing that the extra-logical contributions in <em>but</em> and in <em>so</em> (i) come with processing costs that (ii) are due to rigid and complex procedures that addressees aim to cash out.</p>", "language": "eng", "license": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0", "short_name": "CC BY 4.0", "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" }, "keywords": [], "section": "Regular Article", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fc3t67c", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Cecile", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Larralde", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de linguistique formelle / Moor House Research and Training Institute", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Morgan", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Moyer", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Sorbonne Université", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nausicaa", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Pouscoulous", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University College London", "department": "Department of Linguistics" }, { "first_name": "Ira", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Noveck", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de linguistique formelle", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2023-08-07T08:17:57.174000-07:00", "date_accepted": "2025-03-05T17:36:10.553000-08:00", "date_published": "2025-05-05T17:55:00-07:00", "render_galley": { "label": "XML", "type": "xml", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/glossapsycholinguistics/article/1593/galley/35591/download/" }, "galleys": [ { "label": "PDF", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/glossapsycholinguistics/article/1593/galley/35590/download/" }, { "label": "XML", "type": "xml", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/glossapsycholinguistics/article/1593/galley/35591/download/" } ] }