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{
    "pk": 17216,
    "title": "Race, Healthcare, and Health Disparities: A Critical Review and Recommendations for Advancing Health Equity",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "An overwhelming body of evidence points to an inextricable link between race and health disparities in the United States. Although race is best understood as a social construct, its role in health outcomes has historically been attributed to increasingly debunked theories of underlying biological and genetic differences across races. Recently, growing calls for health equity and social justice have raised awareness of the impact of implicit bias and structural racism on social determinants of health, healthcare quality, and ultimately, health outcomes. This more nuanced recognition of the role of race in health disparities has, in turn, facilitated introspective racial disparities research, root cause analyses, and changes in practice within the medical community. Examining the complex interplay between race, social determinants of health, and health outcomes allows systems of health to create mechanisms for checks and balances that mitigate unfair and avoidable health inequalities.\nAs one of the specialties most intertwined with social medicine, emergency medicine (EM) is ideally positioned to address racism in medicine, develop health equity metrics, monitor disparities in clinical performance data, identify research gaps, implement processes and policies to eliminate racial health inequities, and promote anti-racist ideals as advocates for structural change. In this critical review our aim was to (a) provide a synopsis of racial disparities across a broad scope of clinical pathology interests addressed in emergency departments—communicable diseases, non-communicable conditions, and injuries—and (b) through a race-conscious analysis, develop EM practice recommendations for advancing a culture of equity with the potential for measurable impact on healthcare quality and health outcomes.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "health disparities"
        },
        {
            "word": "social determinants of health"
        },
        {
            "word": "structural racism"
        },
        {
            "word": "implicit bias"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Health Equity",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/31g3t8kp",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Wendy",
            "middle_name": "L.",
            "last_name": "Macias-Konstantopoulos",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Center for Social Justice and Health Equity, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School,Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Kimberly",
            "middle_name": "A.",
            "last_name": "Collins",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Rosemarie",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Diaz",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California-Los Angeles, Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles, California",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Herbert",
            "middle_name": "C.",
            "last_name": "Duber",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Seattle, Washington; Washington State Department of Health, Tumwater, Washington",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Courtney",
            "middle_name": "D.",
            "last_name": "Edwards",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Samford University, Moffett & Sanders School of Nursing, Birmingham, Alabama",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Anthony",
            "middle_name": "P.",
            "last_name": "Hsu",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Trinity Health Ann Arbor Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ypsilanti, Michigan",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Megan",
            "middle_name": "L.",
            "last_name": "Ranney",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Yale University, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Ralph",
            "middle_name": "J.",
            "last_name": "Riviello",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Texas Health San Antonio, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio, Texas",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Zachary",
            "middle_name": "S.",
            "last_name": "Wettstein",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Seattle, Washington",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Carolyn",
            "middle_name": "J.",
            "last_name": "Sachs",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Ronald Reagan-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles, California",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2022-08-16T04:49:55Z",
    "date_accepted": "2022-08-16T04:49:55Z",
    "date_published": "2023-08-08T18:09:23Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
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            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/17216/galley/8703/download/"
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    ]
}