Article Instance
API Endpoint for journals.
GET /api/articles/17663/?format=api
{ "pk": 17663, "title": "Skin Tone and Gender of High-Fidelity Simulation Manikins in Emergency Medicine Residency Training and Their Use in Cultural Humility Training", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "Introduction:\n It is important for physicians to learn how to provide culturally sensitive care. Cultural humility is defined as a lifelong process with a goal of fixing power imbalances and creating institutional accountability through learning about another’s culture as well as performing self-exploration about one’s own beliefs, identities, and biases. One way to teach cultural humility in medicine is simulation. However, there are no peer-reviewed published studies that examine whether the skin tone or gender of the high-fidelity simulation manikins (HFSM) used by emergency medicine (EM) residency programs reflects the US population nor whether high-fidelity simulation is used to teach cultural humility. We aimed to address that gap in the literature. Our primary objective was to evaluate what proportion of EM residency programs use HFS to teach cultural humility. Our secondary objective was to evaluate whether the skin tone and gender breakdown of the EM residency program HFSM is representative of the US population.\nMethods:\n We conducted a simple random sample of 80 EM residency programs to characterize HFSM and cultural humility training. Selected programs were emailed a questionnaire. Key outcomes included HFSM skin tone and gender and whether cultural humility was taught via HFSM. We calculated point and interval estimates for the proportion of dark-, medium-, and light-toned skin and the proportion of female and male manikins. Confidence intervals were employed to test the null hypothesis that dark/medium/light skin tone was 20/20/60 and that the female/male ratio was 50/50. Both ratios were extrapolated from the US Census data.\nResults: \nOur response rate was 74% (59/80). Fifty-five of 59 EM residency programs that had manikins (0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88–0.99) reported data on a total of 348 manikins. Thirty-nine of the 55 programs with manikins reported using HFS to teach cultural humility (0.71, 95% CI 0.60–0.82). Proportions of light-, medium-, and dark-toned manikins were 0.52 (0.43–0.62), 0.38 (0.29–0.47), and 0.10 (0.07–0.14), respectively. Proportions of male and female HFSM were 0.69 (0.64–0.76) and 0.31 (0.24–0.36), respectively. The null hypotheses that skin tone follows a 60/20/20 split and gender follows a 50/50 split were rejected, as not all confidence intervals contained these hypothesized values.\nConclusion: \nWhile most EM residency programs surveyed use high-fidelity simulation to teach cultural humility, the manikins do not reflect either the skin tone or gender of the US population. [West J Emerg Med. 2023;24(4)1–7.]", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0", "short_name": "CC BY 4.0", "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "cultural humility" }, { "word": "Simulation" }, { "word": "high-fidelity simulation" }, { "word": "Emergency Medicine Residency Education" }, { "word": "Diversity" }, { "word": "Equity" }, { "word": "Inclusion" } ], "section": "Health Equity", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7ps8c9z8", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Cortlyn", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Brown", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Atrium Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, Charlotte, North Carolina", "department": "None" }, { "first_name": "Marie", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wofford", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Atrium Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, Charlotte, North Carolina", "department": "None" }, { "first_name": "Bernard", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Walston", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina", "department": "None" }, { "first_name": "Heidi", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Whiteside", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Winston-Salem, North Carolina", "department": "None" }, { "first_name": "Joseph", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Rigdon", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Winston-Salem, North Carolina", "department": "None" }, { "first_name": "Philip", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Turk", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Data Science, Jackson, Mississippi", "department": "None" } ], "date_submitted": "2022-11-17T18:46:56Z", "date_accepted": "2022-11-17T18:46:56Z", "date_published": "2023-07-12T18:21:11Z", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/17663/galley/9017/download/" } ] }