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{
    "pk": 20356,
    "title": "Drowning Among Children 1–4 Years of Age in California, 2017–2021",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "<p><strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> Drowning, the leading cause of unintentional injury death among California children less than five years of age, averaged 49 annual fatalities for the years 2010–2021. The California Pool Safety Act aims to reduce fatalities by requiring safety measures around residential pools. This study was designed to analyze annual fatality rates and drowning incidents in California among children 1–4 years of age from 2017–2021.</p>\n<p><strong>Methods:</strong> We identified fatalities, injury hospitalizations, and emergency department (ED) visits from California state vital statistics death data and state hospital and ED discharge data using the EpiCenter California Injury Data Online website.</p>\n<p><strong>Results: </strong>Over the five-year study period, 4,166 drowning incidents were identified: 234 were fatalities, 846 were hospitalizations, and 3,086 were ED visits. The observed difference in fatality rates from 2017 to 2021 failed to achieve statistical significance (P = 0.88). Location-based analysis of the 234 fatal drowning incidents revealed that pools were the most common injury site, accounting for 65% of the cases.</p>\n<p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Drowning remains the leading cause of unintentional, injury-related death among California children 1–4 years of age, as the annual rate of fatality over the five-year study period did not decline. While the EpiCenter California Injury Data Online website is excellent for analyzing annual rates of drowning incidents among California residents over time, it is limited in providing insight into modifiable risk factors and event circumstances that can further inform prevention. The development of robust integrated fatal and non-fatal local, state, and national systematic data collection systems could aid in moving the needle in decreasing pool fatalities among young children.</p>",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "drowning; children;"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Pediatrics",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7sv352pw",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Phyllis",
            "middle_name": "F.",
            "last_name": "Agran",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Irvine, California; American Academy of Pediatrics Orange County, Newport Beach, California; University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Irvine, California",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Diane",
            "middle_name": "G.",
            "last_name": "Winn",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "American Academy of Pediatrics Orange County, Newport Beach, California",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Soheil",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Saadat",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Irvine, California",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Jaya",
            "middle_name": "R.",
            "last_name": "Bhalla",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "American Academy of Pediatrics Orange County, Newport Beach, California",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Van",
            "middle_name": "Nguyen",
            "last_name": "Greco",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Irvine, California; American Academy of Pediatrics Orange County, Newport Beach, California",
            "department": "Pediatrics"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Nakia",
            "middle_name": "C.",
            "last_name": "Best",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California Irvine, Sue and Bill Gross School of Nursing, Irvine, California",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Shahram",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Lotfipour",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Irvine, California",
            "department": "Emergency Medicine"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2024-03-17T20:38:31.223000Z",
    "date_accepted": "2024-07-05T16:02:51.782000Z",
    "date_published": "2024-09-09T13:00:00Z",
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        "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/20356/galley/26263/download/"
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            "label": "Final Article",
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            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/20356/galley/26263/download/"
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}