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{
    "pk": 21217,
    "title": "When multiple talker exposure is necessary for cross-talker generalization: Insights into the emergence of sociolinguistic perception",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "<p>Sociolinguistic research finds that: (i) the speech signal contains talker-specific and socio-indexical structure, with talkers varying idiosyncratically within the same social category and systematically across categories; (ii) both talker-specific and socio-indexical variation influence speech perception. What is unclear is how sociolinguistic perception arises—following exposure to an unfamiliar, socially-mediated variant, how do listeners learn that this feature is characteristic of a broader social group and can generalize to other group members? The current study exposed listeners to an unattested variant in L1-English (a /p/ to [b] phonetic shift), investigating how the number of exposure talkers mediates cross-talker generalization. All participants completed an exposure phase (phrase-final keyword identification) followed by a test phase (categorization along a <em>buy–pie</em> continuum for a novel female and male talker in separate blocks). Experiment 1 exposed listeners to a single shifted female talker (“The novel is now in <em>brint</em>”) and a single unshifted male talker. Experiment 2 presented two shifted female and two shifted male talkers. We find: (i) no generalization in Experiment 1 (no difference in <em>buy–pie</em> response between the novel talkers); (ii) robust generalization in Experiment 2 (greater <em>pie</em> response for the novel female than the novel male talker), but only when the novel female block is presented first (i.e., generalization is short-lived). Taken together, the results support a <em>numerosity account</em>: when a previously unheard social variant is presented, multiple talkers per social group seem to be necessary for socially-mediated, cross-talker generalization. This study highlights a critical role of the listener’s social experiences on generalization—multi-talker exposure might be unnecessary when exposed to more familiar types of speech (e.g., L2-accented English) and necessary when exposed to completely unfamiliar variants. Overall, the present experiments enhance our theoretical understanding of cross-talker generalization and offer insights into the emergence of sociolinguistic perception.</p>",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [],
    "section": "Regular Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7m13r0xc",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Nicholas",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Aoki",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California, Davis",
            "department": "Department of Linguistics"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Georgia",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Zellou",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California, Davis",
            "department": "Department of Linguistics"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2024-06-25T21:13:35.753000Z",
    "date_accepted": "2025-01-15T18:08:22.818000Z",
    "date_published": "2025-03-25T14:00:00Z",
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