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{
    "pk": 25017,
    "title": "Tracking the Early History of the Upper Great Lakes Using Anishinaabeg’s Histories: From Ma’iingan (Wolf) to Animosh (Dog)",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "<p>The oral traditions of the Anishinaabeg accurately describe the processes that formed the Great Lakes, the mass extinctions that followed, and adaptations made by animals and people from the Younger Dryas (12,600–11,700 YBP) to the Early Holocene (c. 11,700–8,000 YBP) periods. By exploring the geophilosophical tracks of indigenous oral tradition alongside modern academic methodologies, this article highlights the important cultural shift of the Anishinaabeg’s reliance on the <em>ma’iingan</em> (wolf or <em>canis lupus</em>) to the <em>animosh</em> (dog or <em>canis lupus familiaris</em>). The human-wolf relationship was so intrinsic to their survival during this period that it has been preserved within accounts of the Original Man (often depicted as Nanabush). Such accounts describe this mutually beneficial relationship of humans and wolves hunting together, which made hunting more efficient for both humans and wolves. This is an early example of <em>mino bimaadiziwin</em> (living a good life). The contrast between two Anishinaabe stories (the “Original Man and Wolf” and the “Story of Dogs”) in the context of a new world (after a Great Flood) speaks to important shifts. One is the selective breeding of <em>animosh</em> (dog), which distinguishes this species from its cousin the <em>ma’iingan</em> (wolf), recorded in oral traditions that emphasizes the importance of the Anishinaabeg’s connection to their environment and to the animal world. The use of animal patterns, ecological models, and oral traditions therefore helps to demonstrate that the distinct Anishinaabeg-woodland identity began to be formed among the populations on the St. Mary’s River several millennia earlier than generally believed.</p>",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial  4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [],
    "section": "Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/87w4g6kg",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Colin",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Elder",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Salford",
            "department": "Centre for Applied Archaeology"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2024-07-01T09:15:02.149000Z",
    "date_accepted": "2025-03-10T19:13:43.788000Z",
    "date_published": "2025-12-07T18:37:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
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            "label": "PDF",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/aicrj/article/25017/galley/45927/download/"
        }
    ]
}