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{
    "pk": 25307,
    "title": "Ancient bat remains illustrate the role of caves as habitat anchors in the temporally dynamic landscape of the Grand Canyon",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Globally, caves provide important refugia for bats. The Grand Canyon, more than 400 km (250 mi) long, consists of steep-sided, rocky formations with hundreds to thousands of natural caves. Two of these, Double Bopper and Leandras Caves, are remarkable because of the presence of desiccated bat carcasses, ranging in condition from skeletal to well-preserved animals identifiable to species. Both caves are complex but differ in length and structure. Double Bopper Cave, >60 km (37 mi) long, is variable with narrow passages. Leandras Cave, 24 km (15 mi) long, has wide, open passages. We surveyed both caves, collecting information for 482 specimens. We initially hypothesized that a single catastrophic event caused the deaths of many individuals or that bats died of various causes over a long period. We expected bat communities to differ between caves, since different cave structures would favor different species based on flight maneuverability. Radiocarbon dating of 67 samples found ages ranged from modern to >45,800 cal BP, spanning the Last Glacial Maximum. The dominant bat species in each cave differed, with Townsend’s big-eared bat (\nCorynorhinus townsendii\n), a cave obligate, dominant in Double Bopper Cave and silver-haired bat (\nLasionycteris noctivagans\n) dominant in Leandras Cave. Bats continue to use these caves today, as evidenced by the presence of fresh guano. The remarkable evidence of long-term continuous use of these caves by bats illustrates the importance of protection and conservation to provide habitat for them. The caves also provide an unprecedented time machine to study bat communities from the past, understand long-term patterns of habitat use, and prepare for climate change.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial  4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [],
    "section": "Featured Theme Articles",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9wf0f6t5",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Carol",
            "middle_name": "L.",
            "last_name": "Chambers",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Shawn",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Thomas",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Vincent",
            "middle_name": "L.",
            "last_name": "Santucci",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Hattie",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Oswald",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Jason",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Ballensky",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2024-01-11T14:44:59-08:00",
    "date_accepted": "2024-01-11T14:44:59-08:00",
    "date_published": "2024-01-15T00:00:00-08:00",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/psf/article/25307/galley/14936/download/"
        }
    ]
}