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{
    "pk": 25400,
    "title": "Teaching Children to Attribute Second-order False Beliefs: A Training Study with Feedback",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "The ability to reason about another person’s mental states,\nsuch as belief, desires and knowledge – first-order theory of\nmind – develops between the ages three and four. On the\nother hand, children need one or two more years to reason\nabout a person who reasons about another person – secondorder\ntheory of mind. Is it possible to accelerate the\ndevelopment of theory of mind? There are several training\nstudies that showed that it is possible to teach preschool\nchildren to pass first-order false belief tasks. However, the\nliterature is missing analogous training effects for school-age\nchildren with respect to second-order false belief tasks. In this\nstudy, we focus on the role of feedback in the development of\nsecond-order false belief reasoning in two different conditions\nin children between the ages five and six: (i) feedback with\nexplanation, (ii) feedback without explanation. Children’s\nperformance improved in both conditions. Previous theories\nsuggest either that children’s development of second-order\ntheory of mind requires conceptual changes or that 4-5 year\nold children have cognitive constraints that need to be\novercome in order for them to be able to apply second-order\ntheory of mind. In line with our findings, however, we argue\nthat five-year-old children who cannot yet pass the secondorder\nfalse belief task reason about the false belief questions\nbased on the reasoning strategy that they most frequently use\nin daily life (i.e. first-order or zero-order theory of mind).\nMoreover, we argue that most of the time children can revise\ntheir wrong reasoning strategy and change to the correct\nsecond-order reasoning strategy based on repeated exposure\nto the feedback “Correct/Wrong” together with the correct\nanswer.",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "",
        "short_name": "",
        "text": null,
        "url": ""
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Second-order theory of mind"
        },
        {
            "word": "false belief\nreasoning"
        },
        {
            "word": "Feedback"
        },
        {
            "word": "training"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Papers",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zw9683d",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Burcu",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Arslan",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Institute of Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Rineke",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Verbrugge",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Institute of Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Niels",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Taatgen",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Institute of Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Bart",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Hollebrands",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Faculty of Arts, University of Groningen",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": null,
    "date_accepted": null,
    "date_published": "2015-01-01T18:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "PDF",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/25400/galley/15024/download/"
        }
    ]
}