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{
    "pk": 30125,
    "title": "Visual Attention during E-Learning: Eye-tracking Shows that Making Salient Areas\nMore Prominent Helps Learning in Online Tutors",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "In this study, we investigate how high- and low-performance\nlearners (N=12) act differently while using a cognitive tutoring\nsystem. We examine three research questions: (1) Can we\npredict learners’ performance using only their visual attention\n(eye movement data)? (2) Can we predict learners’\nperformance from visual attention data and initial\nperformance? (3) Are age, gender, first language, where they\nlook, and the sequence of Areas of Interests (AOIs) significant\nfactors in the learners’ performance? Learners more correctly\nanswer questions taken from larger rather than smaller AOIs.\nOur results show that high-performance learners pay more\nattention to the content that contains answers to later questions.\nSurprisingly, the tutor did not change the learners’ visual\nsearch to a goal-oriented search. Our analyses can help\ninstructional designers create a more productive learning\nexperience because visual search behavior as part of a learner\nmodel with acceptable accuracy in early stages can be used in\nadaptive tutors. Additionally, we trained a classifier on the eye\nmovement data to predict learners’ performance for each\nquestion. Its results provide a list of suggestions for designing\nmore productive learning experiences, such as enticing user\nattention by increasing the size of the content that contains\nanswers and changing the order of contents.",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "",
        "short_name": "",
        "text": null,
        "url": ""
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "eye-tracking; eye movement data; learner\nmodeling; e-learning; online tutoring system; cognition\nanalysis; visual attention"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Poster Session 3",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/378612v5",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Farnaz",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Tehranchi",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Penn State",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Frank",
            "middle_name": "E.",
            "last_name": "Ritter",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Penn State",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Chungil",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Chae",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Penn State",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": null,
    "date_accepted": null,
    "date_published": "2020-01-01T18:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "PDF",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30125/galley/19979/download/"
        }
    ]
}