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{
    "pk": 30808,
    "title": "Empirical Analyses of Self-Explanation and Transfer in Learning to Program",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Building upon recent work on production system models of transfer and analysis-based generalization techniques, we present analyses of three studies of learning to program recursion. In Experiment 1, a production system model was used to identify problem solving that involved previously acquired skills or required novel solutions. A mathematical model based on this analysis accounts for inter-problem transfer. Programming performance was also affected by particular examples presented in instruction. Experiment 2 examined these example effects in finer detail. Using a production system analysis, examples were found to affect the initial error rates, but not the learning rates on cognitive skills. Experiment 3 examined relations between the ways in which people explain examples to themselves and subsequent learning. Results suggest that good learners engage in more metacognition, generate more domain-specific elaborations of examples, make connections between examples and abstract text, and focus on the semantics of programs rather than syntax.",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "",
        "short_name": "",
        "text": null,
        "url": ""
    },
    "keywords": [],
    "section": "Paper Presentations",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5d30m4kj",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Peter",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Pirolli",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California, Berkeley",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Kate",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Bielaczyc",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California, Berkeley",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": null,
    "date_accepted": null,
    "date_published": "1989-01-01T18:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
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            "label": "PDF",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/30808/galley/20657/download/"
        }
    ]
}