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{
    "pk": 33112,
    "title": "Learning to count without a counter : A case study of dynamics and activation landscapes in recurrent networks",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "The broad context of this study is the investigation of the nature of computation in recurrent networks (RNs). The cur?rent study has two parts. The first is to show that a R N can solve a problem that we take to be of interest (a counting task), and the second is to use the solution as a platform for develop?ing a more general understanding of RN s as computational mechanisms. W e begin by presenting the empirical results of training RN s on the counting task. The task {a b ) is the sim?plest possible grammar that requires a PD A or counter A R N was trained to predict the deterministic elements in sequences of the form a\"b\" * where n=l to 12. After training, it general?ized to n=18. Contrary to our expectations, on analyzing the hidden unit dynamics, we find no evidence of units acting like counters. Instead, we find an oscillator W e then explore the possible range of behaviors of oscillators using iterated maps and in the second part of the paper we describe the use of iter?ated maps for understanding R N mechanisms in terms of \"activation landscapes\". This analysis leads to used an under?standing of the behavior of network generated in the simula?tion study.",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "",
        "short_name": "",
        "text": null,
        "url": ""
    },
    "keywords": [],
    "section": "17",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8mm1t679",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Janet",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Wiles",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Queensland",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Jeff",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Elman",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California, San Diego",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": null,
    "date_accepted": null,
    "date_published": "1995-01-01T18:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
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            "label": "PDF",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/33112/galley/24173/download/"
        }
    ]
}