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{
    "pk": 35468,
    "title": "The Category of Engagement in Chhitkul-Rākchham (West-Himalayish): The Post-Verbal Clitic =<em>niŋ</em>",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "<p>Chhitkul-Rākchham has a postverbal marker, =<em>niŋ</em>, denoting “engagement”, a newly proposed category that encodes the relative accessibility of a state of affairs to the speaker and addressee. Statistically rare (60 instantiations in an 8-hour corpus consisting of monologues, conversations and stimuli tasks) and with its occurrence entirely pragmatically motivated, =<em>niŋ</em> is constrained to contexts where the speaker confidently assumes that the interlocutor shares the knowledge about the situation expressed by the clause to which it is attached. As such, it differs from two additional members of the same category, the tags <em>man</em>=<em>ta</em> and <em>ne</em>=<em>te</em>, which convey a lesser degree of assertiveness in comparison. Whereas =<em>niŋ</em> is independent from evidentiality (but not from reliability judgements), the previous two tags, where the perceptual =<em>ta</em> or an alternant (=<em>te</em>) is a key component, are not. Engagement is otherwise found to be incompatible with unexpectedness and common knowledge, two pragmatic functions sometimes served by evidentials cross-linguistically. The Chhitkul-Rākchham case thus suggests that any idea of a clear-cut distinction between engagement and evidentiality is inconclusive. </p>",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial  4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "knowledge management"
        },
        {
            "word": "evidentiality"
        },
        {
            "word": "epistemic modality"
        },
        {
            "word": "common knowledge"
        },
        {
            "word": "Engagement"
        },
        {
            "word": "Intersubjectivity"
        },
        {
            "word": "Tibeto-Burman"
        },
        {
            "word": "Chhitkul-Rākchham"
        },
        {
            "word": "Kurtőp"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Articles",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zw4c601",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Philippe",
            "middle_name": "Antoine",
            "last_name": "Martinez",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Other",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2024-09-19T03:48:38.544000-07:00",
    "date_accepted": "2025-06-12T22:31:00.424000-07:00",
    "date_published": "2025-08-21T11:40:00-07:00",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "Final author approved typeset article",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/himalayanlinguistics/article/35468/galley/38788/download/"
        }
    ]
}