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{
    "pk": 40953,
    "title": "XX Settembre  1870: Rome’s Capture as a Contested Public Memory",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "The Kingdom of Italy’s capture of Rome, on 20 September 1870, signaled the end of the Catholic Church’s temporal power and the completion of the \nRisorgimento\n, but the day is no longer officially celebrated and has been largely forgotten by the public except for its prominent use in street names. The political and cultural amnesia surrounding the significance of September 20th to national unity reflects the unresolved challenges that Prime Minister Camillo Cavour had articulated when advocating for a free Church in a free State in 1861. Declared a national holiday by Francesco Crispi’s government in 1895, Mussolini stripped the date of its status to enhance his own in 1930. Postwar efforts to elevate its official standing have all failed, and the date’s significance has been marginalized across the political spectrum albeit with dissenting voices. Paradoxically, since Vatican II, the Catholic Church has reinterpreted its loss of temporal power as a providential act and, thus, Pope Francis emerged as the leading public celebrant of the sesquicentennial anniversary of September 20th in 2020. This article examines the historical events surrounding Rome’s capture and the subsequent treatment of those events in various understudied materials including those of journalists (e.g., Ugo Pesci, Roberto Stuart), patriotic painters (e.g., Carlo Ademollo’s \nLa breccia di Porta Pia\n, Michele Cammarano’s \nCarica dei bersaglieri alle mura di Roma\n), contemporary photographers (Gioacchino Altobelli, Lodovico Tuminello), encomiastic writers (e.g., Raffaele Cadorna, Edmondo De Amicis), and television/films (e.g., \nLa presa di Roma\n, \nSuperfantozzi\n). This cultural documentation also exposes inconsistencies (e.g., the circumstances surrounding the death of the decorated \nBersagliere\n, Major Giacomo Pagliari) that challenge the hegemonic narrative. The article’s analysis of material representations of September 20th is complemented by a reconstruction of both the political and religious responses to the date’s significance from 1870 to 2023. September 20th speaks to the unresolved issues identified by Cavour, and, hence, its contested interpretation remains relevant to current discussions of Church-State relations in Italy today.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial  4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "20 September 1870"
        },
        {
            "word": "Giacomo Pagliari"
        },
        {
            "word": "Risorgimento"
        },
        {
            "word": "Camillo Cavour"
        },
        {
            "word": "Italy"
        },
        {
            "word": "Rome"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Critical Essays and Articles",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2v33188r",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Piero",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Garofalo",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of New Hampshire",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2023-11-01T22:32:29Z",
    "date_accepted": "2023-11-01T22:32:29Z",
    "date_published": "2024-11-03T15:50:45Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cisj/article/40953/galley/30655/download/"
        }
    ]
}