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{
    "pk": 41416,
    "title": "Construction and application of infectious citrus viroids for biological indexing",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Viroid species identified in citrus induce a range of symptoms in this host as well as in non-citrus hosts. Currently, 7 citrus viroid species are recognized including \nCitrus bent leaf viroid \n(CBLVd), \nHop stunt viroid \n(HSVd), \nCitrus dwarfing viroid\n (CDVd), \nCitrus bark cracking viroid \n(CBCVd), \nCitrus viroid V \n(CVd-V), \nCitrus viroid VI\n (CVd-VI) and \nCitrus exocortis viroid \n(CEVd). Cachexia-inducing variants of HSVd and CEVd, which causes exocortis, are considered severe pathogens of citrus, whereas other viroid species induce less severe symptoms such as stunting, either singly or in combination. Some viroid species, such as CDVd, have previously been used to deliberately induce stunting for high density planting of citrus, but studies on the effects of commercial orchards are limited. Research on the effect of viroid species requires the isolation of single viroid species. Biological isolation of single species from naturally infected citrus is challenging since viroids seldom occur as single infections and are often found in combination with various other pathogens. The production of single viroid species clones for \nin vitro \ntranscription enables the generation of a single viroid species inoculum for research applications and circumvents the need for maintenance of sources in plants. Complete genomes of 7 viroid strains including CBLVd, 2 HSVd variants (CVd-IIa and CVd-IIb), CDVd, CBCVd, CVd-V and CEVd were cloned with a leading T7 promoter sequence to facilitate \nin vitro\n transcription. Circularized RNA transcripts were successfully used to transfect ‘Etrog’ citron (\nCitrus medica\n) by slash-inoculation that developed typical citrus viroid symptoms.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Citrus viroids, in vitro transcription, slash-inoculation, infectious"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Articles",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0057d2hb",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "C",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Steyn",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 28, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "G",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Cook",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 28, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "J",
            "middle_name": "T",
            "last_name": "Burger",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "H",
            "middle_name": "J",
            "last_name": "Maree",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (The Fruit, Vine and Wine Institute), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch7599, South Africa",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2017-11-20T20:51:29Z",
    "date_accepted": "2017-11-20T20:51:29Z",
    "date_published": "2017-11-28T00:33:54Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/iocv_journalcitruspathology/article/41416/galley/31010/download/"
        }
    ]
}