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{
    "pk": 41705,
    "title": "Nestling-sized hadrosaurine cranial material from the Hell Creek Formation of northeastern Montana, USA, with an analysis of cranial ontogeny in \nEdmontosaurus annectens",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Despite over a century of intense collecting, the Hell Creek Formation has produced exceedingly few specimens of small juveniles and nestling-sized dinosaurs. Here, we report on the first cranial material of nestling-sized hadrosaurid dinosaurs from the formation. The specimens were recovered from the Sandstone Basin locality in Garfield County, northeastern Montana. The material consists of two dentaries, a surangular, and a quadrate from disassociated individuals, which through ontogenetically independent characters allows assignment of the surangular (UCMP 235857) and quadrate (UCMP 235859) to Hadrosaurinae and the dentary (UCMP 235860) to \nEdmontosaurus\n. Since \nEdmontosaurus annectens\n is the only known hadrosaurid in the formation, we hypothesize that these specimens represent the earliest ontogenetic growth stage of \nE. annectens\n providing a significant ontogenetic extension when assessing aspects of cranial ontogeny in this taxon. Using the newly identified nestling cranial material as end members of ontogenetic series for each element in \nE. annectens\n, we evaluated ontogenetic variability in phylogenetic characters associated with these elements that are used in assessing phylogenetic relationships among hadrosaurids. Although the quadrate and surangular generally develop isometrically and show minimal ontogenetic variation in morphology, the dentary undergoes significant ontogenetic changes. In particular, the dental battery exhibits a high degree of intraspecific variability through ontogeny. Ontogenetic variability in the dentary should reflect a commensurate degree of variation in the jaws and facial skeleton, suggesting caution should be used when taxonomically identifying small edmontosaur material, such as that known from Alaska. Taxonomic identification of new taxa should be restricted to adult individuals until enough specimens are available to adequately assess taxonomic variation in ontogenetically equivalent semaphorants/ontogimorphs for a large range of complementing taxa.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0",
        "text": "<p><!-- x-tinymce/html --></p>\n<p>Readers are free to:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Share</strong> — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format</li>\n<li><strong>Adapt</strong> — remix, transform, and build upon the material<br><br>The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Under the following terms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Attribution</strong> — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.</li>\n<li><strong>NonCommercial</strong> — You may not use the material for commercial purposes .</li>\n<li><strong>ShareAlike</strong> — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.<br><br>No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Notices:</p>\n<p>You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.</p>\n<p>No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.</p>",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Edmontosaurus, Hell Creek Formation, Hadrosauridae, dinosaur, ontogeny, nestling"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6106g279",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Mateusz",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Wosik",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Misericordia University, 301 Lake Street, Dallas, PA, USA",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Mark",
            "middle_name": "B.",
            "last_name": "Goodwin",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Museum of Paleontology, University of California, 1101 Valley Life Sciences Bldg., \nBerkeley, California, 94720, USA",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "David",
            "middle_name": "C.",
            "last_name": "Evans",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 100 Queen’s Park, \nToronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6, Canada; Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, \nToronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6, Canada",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2019-07-16T03:15:04+05:30",
    "date_accepted": "2019-07-16T03:15:04+05:30",
    "date_published": "2019-07-15T12:30:00+05:30",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ucmp_paleobios/article/41705/galley/31199/download/"
        }
    ]
}