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{
    "pk": 41762,
    "title": "Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods (Mollusca), including recognition of three new species: Implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "The Paleogene cypraeoidean fauna of the northeast Pacific region (NEP), extending from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada southward to Baja California Sur, México, consists of 12 genera, 20 named species (three of which are new), six open-nomenclature species, one Cypraeidae, indeterminate to genus and species, one cf. species, and four nomina dubia. All taxa are figured here. Species reassigned at the genus level are \nProtocypraea\n? \nsimiensis \n(Nelson, 1925) and \nLuponovula maniobraensis\n (Squires and Advocate, 1986). Improved documentation of known NEP species include \nPropustularia kemperae\n (Nelson, 1925), \nGrovesia castacensis\n (Stewart, 1926) [1927]), \nG. mathewsonii\n (Gabb, 1864), and \nEratotrivia crescentensis\n (Weaver and Palmer, 1922). The three new species, \nSubepona leahae\n, \nBernaya kaylinae\n, and \nEocypraea judithsmithae\n are from the upper lower Eocene Llajas Formation of Simi Valley, Ventura County and Devil Canyon, Los Angeles County, California. Six open-nomenclature species need better preserved material; they are: \nBernaya \nsp., two \nProtocypraea\n? sp., \nGisortia \nsp., \nEocypraea \nsp., and \nCypraedia \nsp., as does an indeterminate cypraeid from the Lodo Formation of central California. Nomina dubia are “\nBernaya\n” \nfresnoensis \n(Anderson, 1905), “\nEocypraea\n” \nbayerquei \n(Gabb, 1864), “\nSphaerocypraea\n” \nmartini \n(Dickerson, 1914), and “\nSulcocypraea\n” \noakvillensis \n(Van Winkle, 1918). \nEratotrivia \nmackini (Durham, 1944) is herein reassigned to the synonymy of \nGrovesia mathewsonii \n(Gabb, 1869). The NEP Paleocene cypraeoidean fauna consists of four genera, a cypraeid of unknown generic affinity, and two nomina dubia. The early Eocene “Capay Stage” cypraeoidean fauna is comprised of eight genera and two nomina dubia. That was during the peak of NEP cypraeoidean biodiversity, which coincided with the “Early Eocene Climate Optimum” (EECO), the warmest time of the Paleogene. At the end of “Capay” time, biodiversity abruptly decreased, and this trend continued to the end of “Domengine Stage” time, when a faunal turnover took place. The cypraeoidean faunas in the subsequent “Tejon Stage” and Galvinian Stage continued to be diminished because of the ongoing cooling of the ocean waters. Continued global cooling eventually caused the disappearance of the thermophilic Paleogene NEP cypraeoideans before the beginning of the Oligocene. Most of the NEP cypraeoidean fauna is very similar morphologically to species found in the Tethys region of Europe, especially France, Italy, and Ukraine. These similar species are indicative that the introduction of most of the NEP cyraeoidean genera into the NEP region was via a westward-directed, warm-water current originating in the ancient Tethys Sea region of western Europe. The point of origin of the Paleocene \nPropustularia \nis unknown, and the late Eocene \nNuceolaria \nmost likely arrived in the NEP region via a Pacific Ocean route.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0",
        "text": "<p><!-- x-tinymce/html --></p>\n<p>Readers are free to:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Share</strong> — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format</li>\n<li><strong>Adapt</strong> — remix, transform, and build upon the material<br><br>The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Under the following terms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Attribution</strong> — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.</li>\n<li><strong>NonCommercial</strong> — You may not use the material for commercial purposes .</li>\n<li><strong>ShareAlike</strong> — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.<br><br>No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Notices:</p>\n<p>You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.</p>\n<p>No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.</p>",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Paleocene, Eocene, cypraeids, eocypraeids, faunal changes"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1dd6d638",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Lindsey",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Groves",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Invertebrate Paleontology Department, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California, 90007",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Richard",
            "middle_name": "L.",
            "last_name": "Squires",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Research Associate, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Invertebrate Paleontology Department, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California, 90007; Professor Emeritus, Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California, 91330-8266, USA",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2022-06-16T18:50:20Z",
    "date_accepted": "2022-06-16T18:50:20Z",
    "date_published": "2023-08-10T07:00:00Z",
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}