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{
    "pk": 42022,
    "title": "Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Self-directed Violence Presenting to Trauma Centers in the United States",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Psychiatric conditions are common presentations to the emergency department, and their prevalence has been steadily increasing. Part of this spectrum of presentations is self-directed violence. Self-directed violence involves suicidal acts and non-suicidal self-injuries that can result in serious morbidity and mortality. This study examines characteristics and outcomes of patients who presented to US trauma centers with self-inflicted injuries and identifies factors associated with survival to hospital discharge in this patient population.</p>\n<p><strong>Methods:</strong> We extracted data in a retrospective, observational manner from the 2020 National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) 2020. The NTDB includes data from over 900 trauma centers (900/2,294 total trauma centers in the United States, 39.2%). We performed a descriptive analysis of characteristics, injury patterns and outcomes. All variables were tabulated by outcome (died: yes/no). We then conducted a multivariable logistic regression using a stepwise technique to identify factors associated with the patients’ survival to hospital discharge.</p>\n<p><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 12,824 patients with self-inflicted injuries were included in this analysis. Their median age was 35 years (interquartile range 25-50), and they were mostly males (74.7%) and White (69.6%). Patients were mostly transported by ground ambulance (78.9%) to Level I (60.6%) and Level II (33.5%) trauma centers. Most patients had a pre-existing condition (70.2%). These included mental/personality disorder (48.2%), alcohol use disorder (11.5%), and substance use disorder (17.7%). The most common mechanism of injury was penetrating trauma (71.6%), followed by blunt trauma (18.0%) and burns (1%). Cutting/piercing was the most common penetrating mechanism (60%) compared with firearm-related trauma (40%). Severe injury (Injury Severity Score ≥ 16) was present in 32.8% of patients. A positive alcohol screen and/or a positive drug screen were reported in 30.2% and 31.2% of patients, respectively. Most patients were admitted to hospital (86%). Overall mortality rate at hospital discharge was 21.7%. We identified Important factors associated with survival to hospital discharge in this patient population.</p>\n<p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Patients with self-inflicted injuries treated at US trauma centers have high rates of injury severity and a high mortality rate. This study sheds light on the complex and resource- intensive care needed for this vulnerable patient population.</p>",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Psychiatric Emergency"
        },
        {
            "word": "Trauma"
        },
        {
            "word": "Mental Health"
        },
        {
            "word": "Suicide"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Injury Prevention and Population Health",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8c984357",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Gregory",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Jasani",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Department of Emergency Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Garrett",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Cavaliere",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Rana",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Bachir",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "American University of Beirut Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Sarah",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Van Remmen",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, Maryland",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Mazen",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "El-Sayed",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Department of Emergency Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; American University of Beirut Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2025-01-23T16:41:25.279000Z",
    "date_accepted": "2025-06-16T02:13:45.534000Z",
    "date_published": "2025-07-18T11:32:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "PDF",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/42022/galley/37033/download/"
        }
    ]
}