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{
    "pk": 43073,
    "title": "Mary Church Terrell, The Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, and Germany’s \"schwarze Schmach\" Campaign, 1918 - 1922",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "This article\n \ncenters on Mary Church Terrell’s membership in the first transnational feminist organization following World War One and the ways race shaped the participation of this prominent African American feminist with extensive ties to Germany – and that of other African American women’s participation – in the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. In tracing Terrell’s activities, the article unpacks her response to Germany’s Rhineland Campaign – which erupted into an international scandal and debate on race, sex, and claims to national citizenship after World War One. Terrell’s intervention made her a broker of German-American transatlantic diplomacy via conversations about race. Of equal importance, the essay explores the complex threads of the “\nschwarze Schmach\n” (Black Shame), as it unearths the motives that precipitated white American and European feminists’ willing involvement. With African American participation in World War One and its aftermath as the backdrop to Terrell’s intervention in the Rhineland Campaign, the article traces the arc of African American women’s activism from a domestic-focused agenda to an international-focused agenda. It argues that\n \nTerrell’s approach to the international arena redefined African American women’s potential role in transnational organizations and debates.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives  4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.\n\nNoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Mary Church Terrell"
        },
        {
            "word": "African American feminism"
        },
        {
            "word": "transnational, modern Germany"
        },
        {
            "word": "schwarze Schmach"
        },
        {
            "word": "Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom"
        },
        {
            "word": "sexualized racism"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Articles",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/46z2f4cc",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Noaquia",
            "middle_name": "Callahan",
            "last_name": "Banks",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Long Beach City College",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2021-10-28T23:43:59Z",
    "date_accepted": "2021-10-28T23:43:59Z",
    "date_published": "2023-05-28T07:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/jtas/article/43073/galley/32094/download/"
        }
    ]
}