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{
    "pk": 43574,
    "title": "Following the North Star: Movement Toward Universal Writing Assessment",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "<p>Pursuing universal writing assessments is a paradox. Universal writing assessments need to be designed for all students, and yet there is no one-size-fits-all method or practice that will work equally for all students. Therefore, universal writing assessment requires flexibility and the acknowledgement of difference. Universal writing assessment means that students won’t necessarily be doing the same things and being evaluated in the same ways, which is steeped into foundational notions of fairness, ranking, and comparison in assessment. Educators have also been lulled into a false sense of security, believing that our current approaches are sufficiently inclusive, but that is not the case. We still adopt ableist or accommodationist approaches to writing assessment even when we know universal writing assessment would be better for all involved. The extent to which universal writing assessment is possible will be largely dependent on local contexts and situations. In many ways it’s an impossibility, and yet one worth pursuing.</p>",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs  4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.\r\n\r\nNoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "universal design"
        },
        {
            "word": "Writing Assessment"
        },
        {
            "word": "flexibility"
        },
        {
            "word": "reflection"
        },
        {
            "word": "inclusivity"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Special Issue on Neurodivergence & Disability in Writing Assessment",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/15b5n3hd",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Michael",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Neal",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Florida State University",
            "department": "English"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2025-02-25T18:58:32.539000+03:00",
    "date_accepted": "2026-03-04T18:21:49.779720+03:00",
    "date_published": "2026-05-18T17:36:35.700851+03:00",
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        "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/jwa/article/43574/galley/49460/download/"
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}