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{
    "pk": 47317,
    "title": "Rhotics in general, but not trills in particular, are associated with roughness: Experimental evidence from Maltese",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "<p>Recent work on sound symbolism has established a relation between roughness and the alveolar trill (e.g., Ćwiek et al., 2024). The available evidence is, however, ambiguous as to whether the phonetic properties of an alveolar trill or the phonological properties of rhotics are associated with roughness. This was tested in Maltese, which uses both alveolar approximants and alveolar trills for /r/. Participants were presented with a product that had either a rough or a smooth surface and were asked to choose a potential product name from two options, one containing an /r/ and the other an /l/. The /r/ was produced either as a trill or an approximant. The /r/-bearing word was chosen more often when the product was rough, but this was independent of the phonetic implementation of the /r/. This indicates that the phonological properties of rhotics, and not the phonetic properties of the trill, support the association of /r/ with roughness.</p>",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [],
    "section": "Brief Article",
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    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/592472fg",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Holger",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Mitterer",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Malta",
            "department": "Cognitive Science"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Martha",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Arvanitidou",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Malta",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Julia",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Balzan",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Malta",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Daniela",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Borg",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Malta",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Ritienne",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Demanuele",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Malta",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Laura-Viviane",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Engels",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Malta",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Nadia",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Grixti",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Malta",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Patrycjusz",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Koczyk",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Malta",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Anna",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Thorsteinsdottir",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Malta",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2025-04-30T10:47:13.983000+02:00",
    "date_accepted": "2026-01-20T16:49:35.060000+01:00",
    "date_published": "2026-03-26T20:00:00+01:00",
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