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{
    "pk": 49077,
    "title": "Towards the Reconstruction of Proto-Japonic Demonstratives: A Conceptual Framework",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "<p>This paper discusses the issue of reconstructing Proto-Japonic demonstratives. Since demonstratives constitute a small and closed set, they are subject to internal pressures from other items within the paradigm. Therefore, a theoretical approach that emphasizes analogy, compounding, and reduction—processes operating within the system—is required.<br>Building on this framework, the paper explains the differences between Old Japanese and Proto-Ryukyuan as resulting from two reductive processes from Proto-Japonic: *<em>sə</em>- &gt; <em>ə-</em> (&gt; <em>o-</em>) in Proto-Ryukyuan, and <em>ka-</em> &gt; <em>a-</em> in Proto-Northern Ryukyuan.<br>These developments support identifying the Proto-Japonic demonstrative system as comprising <em>kə-</em> and <em>ka-</em> for proximate and distal deictic nouns, respectively, and <em>sə-</em> for anaphoric nouns, with adverbial <em>ka-</em> used to refer to proximate manner.<br>Although the status of the anaphoric pronoun <em>si</em> in Old Japanese remains unclear, further investigation of the Ryukyuan languages may help clarify its relationship to <em>sə-</em> in Proto-Japonic.</p>",
    "language": null,
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives  4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.\n\nNoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [],
    "section": "Oral Presentations",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xj448cq",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Tomohide",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Kinuhata",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Fukuoka University",
            "department": "Faculty of Humanities"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2025-07-22T04:51:40.576000Z",
    "date_accepted": "2025-07-22T05:38:54.717000Z",
    "date_published": "2025-07-07T07:00:00Z",
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        "type": "pdf",
        "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/japanesekoreanlinguistics/article/49077/galley/37052/download/"
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}