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{
    "pk": 49189,
    "title": "Two paths to variation in semantic judgments: How ambiguity and conceptual diversity drive individual differences in meaning",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Why do individuals differ in the way they assign semantic labels to the same perceptual referent? One possible source of disagreement is referential ambiguity, where stimuli near category boundaries are harder to label. Another is latent diversity in conceptual representations, leading to labeling differences even for confidently categorized referents. To distinguish between these sources of variation, we used Gibbs Sampling to search through the multidimensional Chernoff face space to find faces that are prototypically happy or sad, or ambiguous (Experiment 1, N = 253). Then in Experiment 2 (N = 684), we asked a naive group of participants to rate the emotions of these faces, finding that ambiguous faces elicited greater individual differences in valence interpretation and a medium level of variation when being labeled using basic emotional terms. Simultaneously, even well-categorized happy and sad faces triggered variability in their consensus labels, though showing less disagreement when mapped onto an obviously inappropriate label. These findings suggest that both categorical boundaries and within-category variability shape individual differences in semantic interpretation.",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "",
        "short_name": "",
        "text": null,
        "url": ""
    },
    "keywords": [],
    "section": "Papers with Oral Presentation",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9mt887ck",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Di",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Liu",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Johns Hopkins University",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Raja",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Marjieh",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Princeton University",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Nori",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Jacoby",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Cornell University",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Robert",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Hawkins",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Stanford University",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": null,
    "date_accepted": null,
    "date_published": "2025-01-01T18:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
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            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/49189/galley/37150/download/"
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            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/49189/galley/38695/download/"
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}