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{
    "pk": 49374,
    "title": "Is AI-assisted Creativity an \"Original Sin\"?: Lay Judgments of Qualities Justifying Copyright Protection for Artworks Derived from AI- vs. Human-generated Sources",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Recent legal rulings have denied copyright protection to artworks derived from AI-generated sources, because AI is assumed to be incompatible with qualities that define human authorship. We empirically test lay intuitions related to these assumptions in two studies (N = 235, N = 119) by investigating how creator attribution of initial source material (AI- vs. human-generated), effort investment in generating source material, and modification level of a derivative work influence perceptions of transformativeness, essence change, and creativity in derivative artworks. Modification level exerted the strongest influence across all measures, with dramatic modifications rated significantly higher than slight or no modifications. Effort investment in generating source material only influenced creativity ratings, with less effort sometimes perceived as more creative. Most notably, creator attribution for source material had minimal impact. These results challenge current copyright doctrine by demonstrating that lay human observers prioritize degree of transformation over both effort and creator attribution for source material. Our findings suggest that legal frameworks should recognize that  AI assistance in generating artworks does not preclude a genuine human contribution that merits copyright protection.",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "",
        "short_name": "",
        "text": null,
        "url": ""
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Artificial Intelligence; Psychology; Art and Cognition; Creativity; Human-computer interaction"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Papers with Poster Presentation",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xs2q18p",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "David G.",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Kamper",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Alice",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Lin",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Keith",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Holyoak",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of California, Los Angeles",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": null,
    "date_accepted": null,
    "date_published": "2025-01-01T18:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "PDF",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/49374/galley/37336/download/"
        }
    ]
}