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{
    "pk": 5123,
    "title": "Startle-Freeze Behavior in Weaned Pigs",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Pigs may express a startle response and then freeze after they have heard an auditory stimulus. The objective of this study was to induce startle-freeze behaviour,describe it and to seek potential variables that might influence it. A startle-freeze response lasting 1 to 12 seconds was produced in 36 pigs 5-6 weeks old penned in 12 groups (3 pigs per group), using a cymbal (26 cm radius) to produce a sound of 1 10 dB intensity. This was repeated at 4 minute intervals for 8 stimuli over 28 minutes. The duration of the startle-freeze response decreased over presentations and all pigs had ceased to respond by the seventh stimulus. The frequencies of social interaction, ingestion and lying or sitting behaviours before freezing decreased after the freeze period, and standing or walking increased. The behaviours shown before and after immobilisation were not independent (x\\ = 101.9, p < 0.001). The social status of each group was determined from videotape records. The dominance rank of the pig was significantly related to the onset of immobilization; the most dominant pigs responded to the noise first, often 1 to 2 seconds ahead of lower ranked pigs (x\\ = 15.74, p < 0.05). In conclusion, pigs show a clear startle-freeze response to a novel auditory stimulus, they habituate rapidly and the onset of startle-freeze behaviour depends upon their social status.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "International Journal of Comparative Psychology"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavior"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behaviour"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavioral Taxonomy"
        },
        {
            "word": "learning"
        },
        {
            "word": "cognition"
        },
        {
            "word": "Cognitive Processes"
        },
        {
            "word": "Conditioning"
        },
        {
            "word": "Startle-Freeze"
        },
        {
            "word": "Weaned"
        },
        {
            "word": "Pig"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Research Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/70c6n652",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Judith",
            "middle_name": "K",
            "last_name": "Blackshaw",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Alan",
            "middle_name": "W",
            "last_name": "Blackshaw",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "John",
            "middle_name": "J",
            "last_name": "McGlone",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2012-11-09T14:28:05-08:00",
    "date_accepted": "2012-11-09T14:28:05-08:00",
    "date_published": "2012-11-09T14:28:44-08:00",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5123/galley/3002/download/"
        }
    ]
}