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{
    "pk": 5155,
    "title": "The Effects of Housing on Zoo Elephant Behavior: A Quantitative Case Study of Diurnal and Seasonal Variation",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "One of the greatest challenges for zoo managers is ensuring the best possible welfare for zoo elephants. Few studies have focused on behavioral health of elephants over a 24-hour period and across seasons, making evaluations of behavioral variation challenging. This study examined the behavior of two zoo-housed African elephants (\nLoxodonta africana\n) over a two-year period to determine the roles of 1) indoor/outdoor housing, 2) time of day, and 3) seasonal variation on activity. Daytime behavioral differences were contrasted with nighttime activity, and across seasons. Significant differences were noted when the elephants were indoors vs. outdoors, between day and night, and between summer and winter, suggesting that evaluations of zoo elephant activity should occur throughout circadian cycles and account for seasonal variability",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "The EffectInternational Journal of Comparative Psychology"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavior"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behaviour"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavioral Taxonomy"
        },
        {
            "word": "learning"
        },
        {
            "word": "cognition"
        },
        {
            "word": "Cognitive Processes"
        },
        {
            "word": "Conditioning"
        },
        {
            "word": "housing"
        },
        {
            "word": "Zoo"
        },
        {
            "word": "Elephant"
        },
        {
            "word": "quantitative"
        },
        {
            "word": "Study"
        },
        {
            "word": "Diurnal"
        },
        {
            "word": "seasonal"
        },
        {
            "word": "Variation"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Research Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0z8722ss",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Beth",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Posta",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Toledo Zoological Society",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Robert",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Huber",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Bowling Green State University",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Donald",
            "middle_name": "E.",
            "last_name": "Moore III",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2013-11-03T15:42:52-05:00",
    "date_accepted": "2013-11-03T15:42:52-05:00",
    "date_published": "2013-02-01T03:00:00-05:00",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5155/galley/3035/download/"
        }
    ]
}