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{
    "pk": 5161,
    "title": "Directionality of Sexual Activities During Mixed-Species Encounters between Atlantic Spotted Dolphins (\nStenella frontalis\n) and Bottlenose Dolphins (\nTursiops truncatus\n)",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "In the Bahamas, interspecific groups of Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis, and bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, have been observed underwater since 1985 on Little Bahama Bank. Mixed-species groups engage in associative behaviors and aggression on a regular basis. Because of their complex cognitive behaviors and large brain encephalization, dolphins are likely capable of complex social interactions, even between species.Between 1993-2003, 177 Mixed-Species Encounters (MSE) were categorized by the age class of male spotted dolphins, the ratio of spotted dolphins to bottlenose dolphins, behavior as Associative (traveling, babysitting, play) or Aggressive (chases, mounting, head to heads) and by directionality of sexual behavior. The majority (68%) of MSE involved adult spotted dolphin. Associative behaviors were observed more than aggressive behaviors in groups where no adult male spotted dolphin, only male calves, or male juvenile spotted dolphins were present. Aggressive behaviors were observed more frequently than associative behaviors in adult male spotted dolphin groups. When groups were unbalanced in favor of one species or the other, differences in social interactions occurred. Male spotted dolphins were never observed attempting to mount male bottlenose dolphin although they chased them. Despite the larger ratio of male spotted dolphins to bottlenose dolphins during MSE, directionality of male-to-male sexual contact was primarily one-way. Male bottlenose dolphin mounted and copulated with male spotted dolphins but not the reverse. Opportunities for cross-species mating and hybridization clearly occurred. Male bottlenose dolphins copulated with female spotted dolphins and male spotted dolphins copulated with female bottlenose dolphins. These sympatric dolphins in the Bahamas have a complex and dynamic relationship that varies with sex and age and revolves around potential reproductive isolation issues.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "International Journal of Comparative Psychology"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavior"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behaviour"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavioral Taxonomy"
        },
        {
            "word": "learning"
        },
        {
            "word": "cognition"
        },
        {
            "word": "Cognitive Processes"
        },
        {
            "word": "Conditioning"
        },
        {
            "word": "Directionality"
        },
        {
            "word": "Sexual"
        },
        {
            "word": "activities"
        },
        {
            "word": "Mixed-Species"
        },
        {
            "word": "Atlantic"
        },
        {
            "word": "Spotted"
        },
        {
            "word": "Bottlenose"
        },
        {
            "word": "Dolphin"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Research Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3np7z795",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Denise",
            "middle_name": "L.",
            "last_name": "Herzing",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Florida Atlantic University\nWild Dolphin Project",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Cindy",
            "middle_name": "R.",
            "last_name": "Elliser",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Indian River State College\nWild Dolphin Project",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2013-11-03T17:37:05-05:00",
    "date_accepted": "2013-11-03T17:37:05-05:00",
    "date_published": "2013-05-01T03:00:00-04:00",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5161/galley/3041/download/"
        }
    ]
}