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{
    "pk": 5163,
    "title": "Underwater Mirror Exposure to Free-Ranging Naïve Atlantic Spotted Dolphins (\nStenella frontalis\n) in the Bahamas",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "The “mirror state,” described for human self-recognition, has been found in captive or human-raised species. In marine mammals, bottlenose dolphins and killer whales have shown evidence of body examination, self-directed and contingency checking behaviors whereas false killer whales appeared ambiguous and California sea lions did not recognize themselves in a mirror. Self-recognition processes in wild cetaceans remain unknown. Since 1985, a resident community of Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) has been studied underwater in the Bahamas. We describe the reaction of free-ranging dolphins during 14 exposures to the presence of a mirror from 1994/1995 and 2004/2005. Responses to the mirror were mixed. Initial reactions of mother/calf groups were to swim around mirror and stay in close physical proximity. Others ignored the mirror entirely, or swam around or underneath. A single male became stationary and postured in an aggressive stance in front of the mirror. The wild spotted dolphins showed a significant preference to exposing and/or orienting their right side to the mirror versustheir left side. We suggest that the animals assign different meanings to a mirror in the wild versus the same object in captivity.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "International Journal of Comparative Psychology"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavior"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behaviour"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavioral Taxonomy"
        },
        {
            "word": "learning"
        },
        {
            "word": "cognition"
        },
        {
            "word": "Cognitive Processes"
        },
        {
            "word": "Conditioning"
        },
        {
            "word": "Intelligence"
        },
        {
            "word": "Underwater"
        },
        {
            "word": "Mirror"
        },
        {
            "word": "exposure"
        },
        {
            "word": "Free-Ranging"
        },
        {
            "word": "Naïve"
        },
        {
            "word": "Atlantic"
        },
        {
            "word": "Spotted"
        },
        {
            "word": "Dolphin"
        },
        {
            "word": "Bahamas"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Research Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/06c1802x",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Fabienne",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Delfour",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Animaux et Compagnies, France\nWild Dolphin Project",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Denise",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Herzing",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Florida Atlantic University\nWild Dolphin Project",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2013-11-04T04:18:06+05:30",
    "date_accepted": "2013-11-04T04:18:06+05:30",
    "date_published": "2013-05-01T12:30:00+05:30",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5163/galley/3043/download/"
        }
    ]
}